Sikorsky S-92

S-92 / H-92 Superhawk
An S-92 of Bristow Helicopters
General information
TypeMedium-lift transport/utility helicopter
National originUnited States
ManufacturerSikorsky Aircraft
StatusIn service
Primary usersCHC Helicopter
Number builtat least 300[1]
History
Manufactured1998–present
Introduction date2004
First flightDecember 23, 1998
Developed fromSikorsky S-70
VariantsSikorsky CH-148 Cyclone
Sikorsky VH-92

The Sikorsky S-92 is an American twin-engine medium-lift helicopter built by Sikorsky Aircraft for the civil and military helicopter markets. The S-92 was developed from the Sikorsky S-70 helicopter and has similar parts such as flight control and rotor systems.

The H-92 Superhawk is a military version of the S-92 in the utility transport role, capable of carrying 22 troops. The H-92 can also be configured for specific missions, including search and rescue and executive transportation. The CH-148 Cyclone is a shipboard maritime helicopter variant developed for the Royal Canadian Air Force to support naval operations of the Royal Canadian Navy. The Sikorsky VH-92 is a variant under development to replace the United States Marine Corps' Marine One U.S. Presidential transport fleet.

Development

After the 1973 oil crisis, major oil and gas companies began exploration further offshore, thus creating a need for aircraft such as the S-92 with sufficient capability.[2]

Sikorsky Aircraft first displayed a S-92 mockup of the planned helicopter in 1992. The S-92 was to be offered for sale beginning in 1993, but due to a decline in the international market for helicopters, this was delayed. In 1995 Sikorsky formed Team S-92 with international partners and launched the helicopter program at the Paris Airshow that year.[3] Sikorsky developed the S-92 to compete with civil aircraft such as the Aerospatiale/Eurocopter Super Puma.[4] The helicopter uses a new airframe with dynamic components based on the S-70/H-60 components. The S-92 took its maiden flight on December 23, 1998 at the Sikorsky Development Flight Center, West Palm Beach, Florida.[4][5]

In July 2000, Sikorsky announced design changes to the S-92. The fuselage of prototype #3 was lengthened by 16 in (40 cm) aft of the cockpit, the tail pylon was shortened by 41 in (1.04 m), and the horizontal stabilizer was repositioned from the left side opposite the tail rotor to the right side at the base of the tail pylon. The modifications to the tail solved a pitch stability issue discovered during flight testing, and were reported to allow the aircraft to meet a key requirement of the Nordic Standard Helicopter Program (NSHP) for shipboard stowage. The lengthening of the fuselage and shortening of the tail pylon shifted the aircraft center of gravity (CG) forward, permitting a more level attitude in flight. The longer fuselage allowed for an additional row of three seats, as well as a larger passenger door option for Search and Rescue (SAR) customers. Sikorsky incorporated the changes into the following two prototypes as the production standard configuration.[6] Some reports suggested that the modifications were actually to resolve damage from structural design flaws.[7]

The S-92 is built and customized in Sikorsky's Coatesville, Pennsylvania facility. The S-92 received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) part 29 type certification on December 19, 2002,[8] and received International European Aviation Safety Agency/Joint Aviation Authorities (EASA/JAA) certification on June 8, 2004.[9] In June 2009, Sikorsky Aircraft entered into a joint-venture with Tata Advanced Systems for S-92 manufacturing in India for export and domestic markets. A US$200 million manufacturing plant will be operational in Hyderabad by 2010. Initially, TASL will supply the complete cabins for the S-92 to Sikorsky.[10][11] The first cabin was delivered in November 2010.[12]

Design

An S-92 at Sola Airport, Norway in July 2003

The S-92 is multi-purpose helicopter powered by twin GE CT7-8A turboshaft engines and has an aluminum airframe and some composite components. The four-bladed fully articulated composite main rotor blade is wider and has a longer radius than the Sikorsky S-70. The tapered blade tip sweeps back and angles downward to reduce noise and increase lift. Most of the rotor system components aside from the blades are titanium.[citation needed]

The S-92 features an active vibration control system, using vibration sensors and structurally mounted force generators to increase flight comfort and lower acoustic levels to below certification requirements.[13] A 2008 study by Norway's Flymedisinsk Institute found that the S-92's vibration levels were 42 percent above that of the Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma; Sikorsky disputed this finding, saying that the study hadn't used their latest anti-vibration technology.[14] In February 2011, as published on a Norwegian newspaper's website, the noise and vibration levels were reportedly subject to health concerns, allegedly causing tinnitus and heart problems.[15][16]

A number of safety features such as flaw tolerance, bird strike capability, and engine burst containment have been incorporated into the design. Adherence to FAA FAR part 29 has led the FAA certification board to call the S-92 the "safest helicopter in the world".[17] The S-92 was not able to meet the Federal Aviation Regulation "run dry" specification for loss of oil pressure in the main gearbox, but was certified with an exemption due to the unlikelihood of such a situation occurring; this was a factor in the fatal crash of Cougar Helicopters Flight 91 in 2009.[18]

Operational history

The S-92 received FAA certification in 2002,[8] and International certification in June 2004.[9] The first S-92 was delivered in late 2004 to launch customer PHI, Inc.[19][20]

Competitions

Sikorsky entered a Search and rescue variant of the H-92 in U.S. Air Force's CSAR-X combat search and rescue competition beginning in 2006. Its competitors were the AgustaWestland EH101 and HH-47, but by December 2012 all other manufacturers had withdrawn.[21] Flight International magazine expects Sikorsky to bid a version of its MH-60 special operations helicopter.[22]

After Sikorsky successfully challenged in court the preferred supplier status of NHIndustries NH90 for the Nordic Standard Helicopter Programme an open competition was held.[23] Sikorsky entered the S-92 as a candidate for the Norwegian All Weather Search and Rescue Helicopter (NAWSARH) that is planned to replace the Royal Norwegian Air Force Westland Sea King Mk.43B in 2015.[24] The other candidates for the NAWSARH contract of 10 to 12 helicopters were AgustaWestland AW101, Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, Eurocopter EC225, and NHIndustries NH90.[25] The V-22 was eliminated from the competition in 2012.[26] The S-92 was removed from the competition in July 2013 and was subsequently won by AgustaWestland with an order for 16 AW101s.[23]

The S-92 competed with the Eurocopter EC225 for the UK Search and Rescue – Helicopter (SAR-H) program.[27] In February 2010, the S-92 was selected by the UK in a £6bn deal to replace 40 Sea King search and rescue helicopters with 25 to 30 S-92s;[28] it subsequently announced that Soteria, the preferred supplier, will not be used due to irregularities with its bid.[29] The UK government subsequently opted for a smaller £2.5bn contract with the Bristow Group to operate 11 S-92s (and 11 AW189s) from 10 bases.[30]

The Irish Coast Guard replaced its Sikorsky S-61N fleet with the S-92, beginning in 2012. The aircraft are operated by CHC Helicopter.[31]

In the wake of the deadly 2016 crash of a Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma contracted by Statoil, that company announced that it would not use that type again and instead use the Sikorsky S-92 to meet its needs, stipulating that operators it contracts with, such as CHC Helikopter Service, will be required to use such equipment.[32]

Variants

S-92A

S-92A at Wagga Wagga Airport in 2015

The S-92A is the civilian variant and is available in a number of versions. The civil transport version has an airliner-type interior that seats 19 passengers. The utility transport version has 22 side-facing seats with a full cabin width rear ramp. The 733 sq ft (68.1 m2) interior cabin area can also be configured to accommodate up to three airline-style LD3 cargo containers. Additional stowage space is available in the 140 sq ft (13 m2) area located in the aft ramp compartment. During development it was referred to as the S-92C Helibus.

H-92 Superhawk

The H-92 Superhawk is the military variant of the S-92. It has been demonstrated to the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. The H-92 has more powerful GE CT7-8C engines, rated at 3,070 shp (2,290 kW) and, unlike the S-92, has fly-by-wire flight controls. The search and rescue variant provides space for seats, litters, auxiliary fuel cell and SAR emergency equipment.

In July 2004, the H-92 Superhawk was selected by Canada for its Maritime Helicopter Programme (MHP) as the CH-148 Cyclone. Canada ordered 28 helicopters in November 2004.[33] The program has been delayed multiple times.[34] As of November 2019, nineteen CH-148 Cyclones have been built, delivered, and accepted by the government of Canada. The Canadian military declared initial operational capacity in June 2018, and expects full operational capacity by 2022.[35]

VH-92

Main article: Sikorsky VH-92

The S-92A variant, designated VH-92 will be used as the next Marine One to fly the U.S. President.[36]

Operators

A Sikorsky S-92 from Bristow Helicopters

Civilian

 Australia
 Azerbaijan
 Brazil
A S-92 in service with Brunei Shell Petroleum at Anduki Airfield
 Brunei
 Canada
 China
 Mexico
 New Zealand
 Norway
An S-92 of CHC Helicopter operates in the search and rescue role on behalf of His Majesty's Coastguard
 Qatar
 United Kingdom
 United States

Military and government

 Azerbaijan
 Bahrain
 Canada
An S-92 from China Southern Airlines
S-92 VVIP used by the South Korean air force for presidential transport duties.
 Ireland
 Japan
 Kuwait
 Saudi Arabia
 South Korea
 Thailand
Gulf Helicopters S-92
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Uzbekistan

Notable accidents and incidents

  • On July 2, 2008, an S-92A servicing an oil platform in Australia lost gearbox oil pressure due to fractured oil pump studs and was forced to make an emergency landing.[71] This incident led to Sikorsky issuing a notice to replace titanium gearbox studs with steel studs. This refit had not yet been conducted on the Cougar Helicopters S-92 that crashed the following year.[citation needed]
  • On July 19, 2008, an S-92 carrying Rev. Sun Myung Moon crashed in South Korea.[72] The helicopter was flying in inclement weather that forced it down on a hillside. The 16 people aboard were slightly injured in the crash.[73][74]
  • On March 12, 2009, Cougar Helicopters Flight 91, an S-92A operated by Cougar Helicopters carrying 18 passengers and crew en route to oil platforms off the coast of Newfoundland, crashed and sank in 170 meters (560 ft) of water[75] during an attempted ditching. One person was rescued from the North Atlantic with serious injuries[76] and the others did not survive.[77] The crash was determined[78] to be caused by 16 separate factors. The primary cause was galling or fracture of titanium gearbox studs that had not yet been replaced with steel.[79]
  • On December 28, 2016, a S-92 (registration G-WNSR, serial number 920250[80]) operated by CHC Helicopter experienced "unexpected control responses" whilst in mid-air on a routine shuttle flight between two oil installations in the North Sea. The pilots conducted an emergency landing on the West Franklin platform.[81] The helicopter is reported to have spun on the helideck during the landing, damaging the helicopter wheels and rotor blades.[82] The helideck also sustained damage during the emergency landing.[82] There were no reported injuries amongst the nine passengers and two crew during the incident.[81] The aircraft was transported back to Aberdeen via ship, at which time the Air Accidents Investigation Branch began their investigation into the incident.[83] Sikorsky issued a notice on January 9, 2017 grounding all S-92 aircraft until the tail rotors have been inspected. The inspection work takes approximately 11 man hours to complete.[84] The Air Accidents Investigation Branch issued an update on January 11, 2017 that reported that the tail rotor pitch change shaft bearing had seized. The bearing showed signs of severe overheating and significant wear. The failure of the bearing allowed the tail rotor driveshaft to damage the tail rotor servo. The damage to the tail rotor servo is considered to be the cause of the loss of tail rotor control. The health and usage monitoring systems had discovered the flaw the day before flight, but the maintenance crew had not.[85]
  • On March 14, 2017, a S-92 operated by CHC Helicopter under contract to the Irish Coast Guard crashed off the west coast of Ireland with four crew members on board. Three of the crew were initially missing. Captain Dara Fitzpatrick was recovered from the water but later died in hospital.[86] The helicopter crashed into an unmapped island in poor weather. The helicopter fuselage was located.[87] Captain Mark Duffy's body was recovered in the helicopter's cockpit on March 26.[88]
  • On February 28, 2024, Bristow Group S-92 search and rescue helicopter crashed west of Bergen, Norway with six crew and passengers onboard.[89]

Specifications (S-92)

S-92 diagram

Data from Sikorsky S-92 specifications,[90] International Directory of Civil Aircraft[3]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot, co-pilot)
  • Capacity: 19 passengers
  • Length: 68 ft 6 in (20.88 m) [91]
  • Width: 17 ft 3 in (5.26 m) fuselage
  • Cabin dimensions: 20 ft (6 m) long by 6.6 ft (2 m) tall[91]
  • Height: 15 ft 5 in (4.70 m)
  • Empty weight: 15,500 lb (7,031 kg)
  • Gross weight: 26,500 lb (12,020 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,700 lb (12,565 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT7-8A turboshaft engines, 2,520 shp (1,880 kW) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 56 ft 4 in (17.17 m)
  • Main rotor area: 2,492.3 sq ft (231.54 m2)
  • Blade section: - root: Sikorsky SC2110; tip: Sikorsky SSC-A09[92]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 165 kn (190 mph, 306 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 151 kn (174 mph, 280 km/h)
  • Range: 539 nmi (620 mi, 998 km)
  • Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
  • Disk loading: 9.8 lb/sq ft (48 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.23 hp/lb (0.38 kW/kg)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

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Bibliography

  • Leoni, Ray D. (2007). Black Hawk: The Story of a World Class Helicopter. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 978-1-56347-918-2.
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List of serving air marshals of the Bangladesh Air Force

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is the list of serving Air Officers of the Bangladesh Air Force. At present, the air force has 1 Air Chief Marshal (ACM), no Air Marshal (AM), 14 Air Vice Marshals (AVM). Flag of the Bangladesh Air Force. Air Chief Marshal Air Chief Marshal ...

 

USS Hancock (CV-19)

Essex-class aircraft carrier of the US Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Hancock. CV-19 redirects here. For the disease, see COVID-19. USS Hancock off Pearl Harbor, 1968 History United States NameHancock NamesakeJohn Hancock BuilderFore River Shipyard Laid down26 January 1943 Launched24 January 1944 Commissioned15 April 1944 Decommissioned9 May 1947 Recommissioned15 February 1954 Decommissioned30 January 1976 General characteristics Class and typeEssex-class aircraft carrier Di...

 

Kota Davao

Peta Letak Davao Davao City (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Davao, Inggris: City of Davao, Davao City) merupakan kota terbesar dan ibu kota utama di Pulau Mindanao. Kota ini merupakan pusat regional Region Davao (Region XI). Kota ini memiliki luas wilayah 2.444 km² dengan memiliki jumlah penduduk sebanyak 1.464.301 jiwa (2010) atau 325.400 rumah tangga dengan memiliki angka kepadatan penduduk sebanyak 599 jiwa/km². Didirikan pada tahun 1848. Pembagian wilayah Secara administratif Davao City ini t...

International Control Commission (Albania)

Not to be confused with International Control Commission or International Commission of Control and Supervision. International Control Commission2nd Government of Albania1914Members of the International Control CommissionDate formed22 January 1914 (1914-01-22)Date dissolved17 March 1914 (1914-03-17)People and organisationsRepresentatives Léon-Alphonse-Thadée Krajewski Harry Harling Lamb Alessandro Leoni Aleksandr Mihajlovič Petrjaev Aristoteles Petrović Juliu...

 

Western theater of the American Revolutionary War

Area of conflict west of the Appalachian Mountains Western theaterPart of the American Revolutionary and Indian WarsThe Fall of Fort Sackville by F. C. Yohn shows the British surrender of Fort Sackville at Vincennes to George Rogers Clark, marking the beginning of the end of British domination in America’s western frontier.Date1775–1782LocationGreat Lakes region, Ohio River valley, and the Spanish province of LouisianaResult Status quo ante bellumBelligerents United Colonies(1775-1776) Un...

 

Daftar keuskupan di Sudan Selatan

Daftar keuskupan di Sudan Selatan adalah sebuah daftar yang memuat dan menjabarkan pembagian terhadap wilayah administratif Gereja Katolik Roma yang dipimpin oleh seorang uskup ataupun ordinaris di Sudan Selatan. Konferensi para uskup Sudan Selatan bergabung bersama para uskup di Sudan dalam Konferensi Waligereja Sudan. Saat ini terdapat 7 buah yurisdiksi Ritus Latin, di mana 1 merupakan keuskupan agung dan 6 lainnya merupakan keuskupan sufragan. Terdapat juga dua teritori dependen pada Patri...

2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault

2009 European Athletics Indoor ChampionshipsTrack events60 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mmenwomen60 m hurdlesmenwomen4×400 m relaymenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenCombined eventsPentathlonwomenHeptathlonmenvte The Men's pole vault event at the 2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on March 7–8. Medalists Gold Silver Bronze Renaud Lavillenie France Pavel Gerasimov...

 

Россотрудничество

Федеральное агентство по делам Содружества Независимых Государств, соотечественников, проживающих за рубежом, и по международному гуманитарному сотрудничествусокращённо: Россотрудничество Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 6 сентября...

 

俄亥俄州

  「俄亥俄」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「俄亥俄 (消歧义)」。 俄亥俄州 美國联邦州State of Ohio 州旗州徽綽號：七葉果之州地图中高亮部分为俄亥俄州坐标：38°27'N－41°58'N, 80°32'W－84°49'W国家 美國加入聯邦1803年3月1日，在1953年8月7日追溯頒定（第17个加入联邦）首府哥倫布（及最大城市）政府 • 州长（英语：List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]） •&...

مقاطعة همدان

مقاطعة همدان   الإحداثيات 34°56′00″N 48°56′00″E / 34.933333333333°N 48.933333333333°E / 34.933333333333; 48.933333333333   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد إيران[2]  التقسيم الأعلى همدان[3]  العاصمة مدينة همدان  عدد السكان  عدد السكان 676105 (2016)[3]   عدد الأسر 210775 (2016)[3]...

 

Herzogenbusch concentration camp

Nazi concentration camp in the Netherlands Herzogenbusch (Kamp Vught)Nazi concentration campCamp perimeter fence, 1945Location of the camp in the NetherlandsOther namesDutch: Kamp Vught, pronounced [kɑmp ˈfʏxt], German: Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch [kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ hɛʁtsoːɡənˈbʊʃ]LocationVught, NetherlandsBuilt byNazi GermanyOperated bySSCommandant Karl Chmielewski (5 January 1943 – October 1943) Adam Grünewald (October 1943 – January 1...

 

WUFT (TV)

PBS member station in Gainesville, Florida WUFTGainesville, FloridaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 36 (UHF)Virtual: 5BrandingPBS WUFT; WUFT NewsProgrammingAffiliations5.1: PBS5.2: Create5.3: The Florida ChannelOwnershipOwnerUniversity of Florida(Board of Trustees, University of Florida)Sister stationsWUFT-FM, WRUF (AM), WRUF-FM, WRUF-LDHistoryFirst air dateNovember 10, 1958 (65 years ago) (1958-11-10)Former channel number(s)Analog: 5 (VHF, 1958–2009)Former affiliationsNET (1958�...

Actualité

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la société. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Actualité (homonymie). Pour l’article ayant un titre homophone, voir ActuaLitté. Le studio des actualités d'Al Jazeera. Une actualité ou nouvelle est une information récente communiquée par les médias. On parle plus généralement de l'actualité pour désigner l'ensemb...

 

Jens Hundseid

Norwegian politician Jens HundseidHundseid in 1935.20th Prime Minister of NorwayIn office14 March 1932 – 3 March 1933MonarchHaakon VIIPreceded byPeder KolstadSucceeded byJohan Ludwig MowinckelMinister of AgricultureIn office14 March 1932 – 3 March 1933Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byIvar Kirkeby-GarstadSucceeded byHåkon FiveMember of the Norwegian ParliamentIn office1 January 1925 – 4 December 1945ConstituencyTelemark (1925–1936) Buskerud (1937–19...

 

ERIKA Enterprise

Real-time operating system This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: ERIKA Enterprise – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Operating system ERIKA EnterpriseDeveloperEvidence Srl, ReTiS Lab, othersWritten inCOS familyEmbedded operating systemsWorking stateCurrentSource modelOpen s...

Murder in the Heartland

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Murder in the Heartland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) 1993 American TV series or program Murder in the HeartlandGenreDramaThrillerWritten byMichael O'HaraDirected byRobert MarkowitzStarringTim RothFairuza BalkBrian Denn...

 

Pedra Branca, Ceará

Municipality in Northeast, BrazilPedra BrancaMunicipalityLocation in Ceará statePedra BrancaLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 5°27′14″S 39°43′01″W / 5.45389°S 39.71694°W / -5.45389; -39.71694CountryBrazilRegionNortheastStateCearáPopulation (2020 [1]) • Total43,309Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT) Pedra Branca is a municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil. References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help im...

 

Macomb, Illinois

City in Illinois, United StatesMacomb, IllinoisCityMacomb Square, 2006Location in McDonough County, IllinoisMacombShow map of IllinoisMacombShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°28′15″N 90°40′51″W / 40.47083°N 90.68083°W / 40.47083; -90.68083CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyMcDonoughIncorporatedDecember 24, 1830Government • MayorMichael J. InmanArea[1] • Total11.03 sq mi (28.57 km2) • ...

Université de Guyane

Université de GuyaneLogo de l'université de GuyaneUniversité de Guyane : Campus de TroubiranHistoireFondation 30 juillet 2014StatutType Université publiqueForme juridique Établissement public national à caractère scientifique culturel et professionnel (d)Nom officiel Université de GuyaneRégime linguistique FrançaisPrésident Laurent Linguet (d) (depuis 2023)Site web www.univ-guyane.frChiffres-clésÉtudiants 4400LocalisationPays FranceCampus 2Ville Cayenne, Kourou Géolocalisat...

 

Włodzimierz Staniewski

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (December 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikip...