Shuqba cave

Shuqba cave
Location in the West Bank
Location in the West Bank
Location in the West Bank
RegionJudaean Mountains
Coordinates31°58′55″N 35°02′37″E / 31.98194°N 35.04361°E / 31.98194; 35.04361
Grid position15420/15435 PAL
History
CulturesNatufian culture
Site notes
ArchaeologistsDorothy Garrod

Shuqba cave is an archaeological site near the town of Shuqba in the West Bank, in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, Palestine.

In 2013, the cave, along with nearby Wadi Natuf, were added to UNESCO's tentative list for possible designation as a World Heritage Site.[1][2]

Location

Shuqba cave is located on the northern bank of Wadi en-Natuf. This wadi is a kilometer south of the town of Shuqba, and runs west towards the Mediterranean coastal plain. The town is 28 km northwest of Jerusalem. This area is within the Judaean Mountains.[3]

History of exploration

The site was briefly investigated in 1924 by Father Alexis Mallon,[4] who suggested that the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem take responsibility for excavating the cave. During the course of one season Dorothy Garrod, with a team of local workers, placed a trench in the central chamber, as well as a small sounding in Chamber III.[5] She identified an archaeological sequence which included a Late "Levallois-Mousterian" layer. It also included a Mesolithic layer that she subsequently named "Natufian".[6] This was the first time that a Natufian layer had been found as part of a stratified deposit. This layer contained charcoal traces and a previously unknown microlithic stone tool industry characterized by crescent-shaped lunates. Garrod's team found worked bone objects. The fauna was dominated by gazelle, and also included the domestic dog. The remains of 45 human skeletons, mostly fragmentary, allowed insights into a range of distinctive mortuary practices.[7][8][3] Recent investigations have identified what are believed to be Neanderthal remains, together with Nubian Levallois knapping tools previously thought to be specific to Homo sapiens.[9]

Shuqba cave falls within the broader prehistoric landscape of the Wadi en-Natuf. While most of the lithic material in the immediate (1-km) survey area along the wadi's north bank is concentrated around the cave, debitage has been found at a small natural terrace 200 m south of the cave. Surface collection suggests that this material derives from the cave and from the 1928 spoil, the bulk of which has been washed down the slope. A terrace is visible today, but it was constructed as part of modern agricultural practices.[3]

Recent developments

In 2013, the area was added to UNESCO's tentative list for possible designation as a World Heritage Site.[1][2]

The Wadi en-Natuf and Shuqba Cave are currently under threat due to road building,[2][10] decay,[11][10] lack of protection,[11] and extensive garbage dumping.[10][12] The Israeli authorities have built a huge bypass road through the Wadi en-Natuf to connect Israeli settlements.[10][2][12] They have also built an exit ramp from the bypass to allow garbage trucks to dump trash in the valley.[13] A wall was also built to separate the cave from the nearby Palestinian village of Shuqba.[13][11]

The fossilised tooth found in Shuqba Cave is the most southerly evidence of Neanderthals discovered.

References

  1. ^ a b Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Tentative Lists". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  2. ^ a b c d "Wadi Natuf and Shuqba Cave".
  3. ^ a b c Brian, Zoe, Boyd, Crossland (2000). "New fieldwork at Shuqba Cave and in Wadi en-Natuf, Western Judea". Antiquity. 74 (286). Antiquity Publications, Ltd: 755–756. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00060294. S2CID 131622280.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Mallon, A. 1925. Quelques stations prehistoriques de Palestine, Melanges de l'Universite de Saint-Joseph 19: 191-2
  5. ^ Garrod, D.A.E. 1928. Excavation of a Palaeolithic cave in western Judaea, Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund 60: 182-5.
  6. ^ As it will be convenient to have a name for this culture, I propose to call it Natufian, after the Wady en-Natuf at Shuqba, where we first found it in place' GARROD 1929:222
  7. ^ Garrod, D.A.E. & D.M.A. Bate. 1942. Excavations at the cave of Shukbah, Palestine, 1928, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 8: 1-20.
  8. ^ Elizabeth Knowles (2000) The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860219-7 p 728
  9. ^ Ruth Schuster, | 'Neanderthals in West Bank Had 'Homo Sapiens' Technology ,' Haaretz 16 February 2012
  10. ^ a b c d Ran Boytner; Lynn Swartz Dodd; Bradley J. Parker (2010). Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East. University of Arizona Press. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-0-8165-2795-3.
  11. ^ a b c Smith, Pamela Jane; Borgia, Valentina (2015-08-03). "No country for archaeologists: Shuqba [Shukbah] cave, an illustration of the grave situation of Palestinian archaeology". Academia.edu (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  12. ^ a b Boyd, Brian; Salem, Hamed; Stamatoupoulou-Robbins, Sophia (2015-04-02). "#EnviroSociety Toxic Ecologies of Occupation". #EnviroSociety. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  13. ^ a b Ran Boytner; Lynn Swartz Dodd; Bradley J. Parker (2010). Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East. University of Arizona Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-0-8165-2795-3.

Bibliography

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