Shatkarma

The Shatkarmas are six preliminary purifications used in traditional hatha yoga.[1]

The shatkarmas (Sanskrit: षटकर्म ṣaṭkarma, literally six actions), also known as shatkriyas,[2] are a set of Hatha yoga purifications of the body, to prepare for the main work of yoga towards moksha (liberation). These practices, outlined by Svatmarama in the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā as kriya, are Netī, Dhautī, Naulī, Basti, Kapālabhātī, and Trāṭaka.[2][3][4] The Haṭha Ratnavali mentions two additional purifications, Cakri and Gajakarani, criticising the Hatha Yoga Pradipika for only describing the other six.[1]

Purpose

Nauli, one of the shatkarmas, is the purification of the abdomen using the muscles of the abdominal wall.

The shatkarmas are six (or more) preliminary purifications described in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and later texts. Their purpose is to remove "gross impurities", cure a range of diseases, and prepare the body for pranayama, trapping the breath so as to force the vital energy prana into the central sushumna channel, allowing kundalini to rise, and so to attain moksha, liberation.[1]

Description

Kapālabhātī

The six purifications taught in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and repeated in the Gheranda Samhita, are:

  • Netī, a nasal wash. This is the practice of using a neti pot to cleanse the nasal passages. A basic neti wash consists of purified water and non-iodized salt, to create a gentle saline solution.[2][5]
  • Dhautī, the cleansing of the whole digestive tract.[2]
  • Naulī, a self-administered abdominal massage, using only the muscles of the abdominal wall. The practitioner stands with the feet about hip width apart, hands on knees, and body at about a 45-degree angle. The core is rotated internally by moving the abdominal muscles alternately in a clockwise, then in a counterclockwise direction.[2]
  • Basti, a colonic irrigation.[2]
  • Kapālabhātī, a skull polishing, and is a pranayama (breathing) practice intended to energize and balance the nadis, and the chakras. Specifically, it is a sharp, short outbreath, followed by a relaxation of the core that allows the body to inhale on its own.[2]
  • Trāṭaka, gazing at a fixed point such as a black spot or a candle flame.[2]

The two additional purifications in the Hatha Ratnavali are:

  • Cakri, the dilation of the anus, using a finger moved about in the rectum.[1]
  • Gajakarani (present but described differently in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika), holding sweetened water and the breath in the oesophagus, followed by expulsion of its contents.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. pp. xxviii–xxxii, 46, 49–50, 71–79. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Shatkarmas - Cleansing Techniques, in Yoga Magazine, a publication of Bihar School of Yoga
  3. ^ Muktibodhananda, Swami. (1985). Hatha Yoga Pradipika. New Delhi India: Thomson Press India, for The Yoga Publications Trust.
  4. ^ These techniques and their practice are outlined in considerable detail by Swami Rama in his two volume set:
    Rama, Swami. (1988). Path of Fire and Light, Volume I: Advanced Practices of Yoga; Volume II: A Practical Companion to Volume I. Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Himalayan Institute Press.
  5. ^ demonstration

Read other articles:

Lockerbie

Balai kota Lockerbie (/ lɒkərbi/, Gaelik Skotlandia: Locarbaidh [2]) adalah sebuah kota kecil di Dumfries and Galloway, barat daya Skotlandia. Itu terletak sekitar 120 kilometer (75 mil) dari Glasgow, dan 25 km (16 mil) dari perbatasan dengan Inggris. Itu memiliki populasi 4.009 pada sensus 2001. Kota ini menjadi perhatian internasional pada bulan Desember 1988 ketika puing-puing Pan Am Penerbangan 103 jatuh di sana setelah serangan bom teroris di dalam pesawat. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat L...

 

 

وزير أروبا المفوض

لوحة على مدخل دار أروبا بلاهاي بهولندا عام 2011 جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة هولنداهولندا الدستور الدستور ميثاق مملكة الأراضي المنخفضة قانون الأحكام العامة حقوق الإنسان الملكية الملكية فيليم ألكساندر مجلس وزراء المملكة الوزراء المفوضون أروبا، كوراساو، سينت مارتن الحكومة ال�...

 

 

Национальный символ

Галльский петух, один из национальных символов Франции[1]. Марка Французской Республики, 1962 Национальный символ — отличительный знак, олицетворяющий государство (государственный символ) или национальное сообщество. Служит для самоидентификации народа, нации[2] ...

La Liga Filipina

La Liga FilipinaMonogram La Liga FilipinaPenerusCuerpo de CompromisariosKatipunanTanggal pendirian03 Juli 1892 (1892-07-03)PendiriJosé RizalDidirikan diTondo, Manila,Kapten Jenderal FilipinaPresidenAmbrosio SalvadorAfiliasiGerakan Propaganda La Liga Filipina (terj. har. 'Liga Filipina') adalah organisasi rahasia. Didirikan oleh José Rizal di rumah Doroteo Ongjunco di Jalan Ilaya, Tondo, Manila pada tanggal 3 Juli 1892.[1][2] Organisasi tersebut berasal dari La...

 

 

Roy Williams (allenatore di pallacanestro)

Questa voce sull'argomento allenatori di pallacanestro statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Roy Williams Roy Williams nel 2008 Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Pallacanestro Ruolo Allenatore Termine carriera 2021 Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (2007) Carriera Giovanili T.C. Roberson H.S.1968-1969 N. Carol. Tar Heels Carriera da allenatore 1973-1978Charles D. Owen H.S...

 

 

Secretary of State of South Dakota

Secretary of State of South DakotaIncumbentMonae JohnsonTypeSecretary of StateWebsiteOfficial homepage of the South Dakota Secretary of State The secretary of state of South Dakota is an elected constitutional officer of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The current secretary of state is Monae Johnson. Divisions The secretary of state's office is composed of three divisions: The Business Services Division registers corporations and other business entities, as well as trademarks, DBA statements...

Checkendon

Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati dell'Oxfordshire è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Checkendonparrocchia civileCheckendon – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Regno Unito    Inghilterra RegioneSud Est Contea Oxfordshire DistrettoSouth Oxfordshire TerritorioCoordinate51°32′34.8″N 1°02′45.6″W / 51.543°N 1.046°W51.543; -1.046 (Checkendon)Coordinate: 51°32′34.8″N 1°02′45....

 

 

Hungaria

HungariaMagyarország (Hungaria) Bendera Lambang Semboyan: —Lagu kebangsaan:  Himnusz (Indonesia: Himne Nasional Hungaria) Perlihatkan BumiPerlihatkan peta EropaPerlihatkan peta BenderaLokasi  Hungaria  (hijau gelap)– di Eropa  (hijau & abu-abu)– di Uni Eropa  (hijau)Ibu kota(dan kota terbesar)Budapest47°26′N 19°15′E / 47.433°N 19.250°E / 47.433; 19.250Bahasa resmiHungariaKelompok etnik ...

 

 

كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للأبطال 2012

كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للأبطال 2012 البلد السعودية  التاريخ 22 أبريل – 18 مايو 2012 الفرق 8 المراكز النهائية البطل النادي الأهلي السعودي  البطل الأهلي الوصيف النصر 2011 2013 تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للأبطال لعام 2012 النسخة الخامسة من هذه المسابقة إحد�...

Theism

Belief in the existence of at least one deity This article needs attention from an expert in religion. The specific problem is: to prune redundant content and deal with large tracts of unsourced and unverified text and in-text lists. WikiProject Religion may be able to help recruit an expert. (September 2022) Part of a series onReligion Outline Lists Category Index History Portal Religions Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Baháʼí Faith Mormonism Mandaeism Samaritanism Indic Hinduism Bud...

 

 

Ardrahan railway station

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ardrahan railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ArdrahanArd RaithinGeneral informationLocationCaherdaly, Ardrahan, County Galway, H91 WY9VIrelandCoordinates53°10′N 8°49′W&...

 

 

اضطراب نفسي

اضطراب نفسي صورة توضح ثمانية نساء تم تشخيص إصابتهن العقلية في القرن التاسع عشر (الرسام أرماند غوتييه)صورة توضح ثمانية نساء تم تشخيص إصابتهن العقلية في القرن التاسع عشر (الرسام أرماند غوتييه) معلومات عامة الاختصاص طب نفسي،  وعلم النفس السريري،  وعلاج نفسي  الأسباب ا...

ماركسية لينينية

ماركسية لينينيةمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من ماركسيةلينينية سُمِّي باسم كارل ماركسفلاديمير لينين لديه جزء أو أجزاء مادية جدليةمادية تاريخيةالاقتصاد الماركسيشيوعية علمية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات الماركسية اللينينية هي تيار إيديولوجي شيوعي برز كاتجاه سائد بين ا�...

 

 

Aeroméxico Connect

Regional airline of Mexico Aerolitoral redirects here. Not to be confused with Air Littoral. Aeroméxico Connect IATA ICAO Callsign 5D SLI COSTERA Founded1988; 36 years ago (1988)(as Aerolitotal)AOC #LVQF318F[1]HubsMexico City[2]Monterrey[2]Frequent-flyer programClub PremierAllianceSkyTeam (affiliate)Fleet size37Destinations60Parent companyAeroméxicoHeadquartersMexico City, MexicoWebsitewww.aeromexico.com Aerolitoral, S.A. de C.V., DBA Aeroméxi...

 

 

Coupe du monde de football 1998

Coupe du monde de football 1998 Généralités Sport Football Organisateur(s) FIFA Éditions 16e Lieu(x) France Date 10 juin au 12 juillet 1998 Participants 32 (174 partants) Matchs joués 64 rencontres Affluence 2 775 400 (moy : 43 366)[1] Site web officiel fifa.com Palmarès Tenant du titre Brésil (4) Vainqueur France (1) Finaliste Brésil Troisième Croatie Buts 171 (moy : 2,67)[1] Meilleur joueur Ronaldo Meilleur(s) buteur(s) Davor Šuker (6 buts) Navigation Ét...

Shabqadar

Tehsil in CharsaddaTehsil Shabqadar تحصیل شبقدر تحصیل شبقدرTehsilPashtun tribesmen attack the British-held fort during the 1897 Frontier Revolt FlagSealTehsil ShabqadarLocation within PakistanShow map of Khyber PakhtunkhwaTehsil ShabqadarTehsil Shabqadar (Pakistan)Show map of PakistanTehsil ShabqadarTehsil Shabqadar (Asia)Show map of AsiaTehsil ShabqadarTehsil Shabqadar (Earth)Show map of EarthCoordinates: 34°12′19.584″N 71°34′59.9448″E / 34.20544...

 

 

The Best Damn Thing

This article is about the album. For the song, see The Best Damn Thing (song). 2007 studio album by Avril LavigneThe Best Damn ThingStudio album by Avril LavigneReleasedApril 13, 2007RecordedAugust 2006 – January 2007Genre Pop-punk pop rock bubblegum pop Length40:39LabelRCAProducer Rob Cavallo Dr. Luke Butch Walker Deryck Whibley Avril Lavigne chronology Under My Skin(2004) The Best Damn Thing(2007) Goodbye Lullaby(2011) Singles from The Best Damn Thing GirlfriendReleased: February ...

 

 

1994

1994 Tháng 1 Tháng 2 Tháng 3 Tháng 4 Tháng 5 Tháng 6 Tháng 7 Tháng 8 Tháng 9 Tháng 10 Tháng 11 Tháng 12 Năm lịchBản mẫu:SHORTDESC:Năm lịch Thiên niên kỷ: thiên niên kỷ 2 Thế kỷ: thế kỷ 19 thế kỷ 20 thế kỷ 21 Thập niên: thập niên 1970 thập niên 1980 thập niên 1990 thập niên 2000 thập niên 2010 Năm: 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 trong lịch khácLịch Gregory1994M...

Emoni Bates

Questa voce sull'argomento cestisti statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Emoni BatesNazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza203 cm Peso83 kg Pallacanestro RuoloAla piccola Squadra Cleveland Cavaliers Clev. Charge CarrieraGiovanili Lincoln High SchoolYpsi Prep Academy2021-2022 Memphis Tigers2022-2023 E. Michigan Eagles Squadre di club 2023- Cleveland Cavalie...

 

 

Information integration theory

Not to be confused with Integrated information theory. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Information integration theory – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Schematic diagram of information integration theory Information integr...