Sandalj Hranić

Gospodin

Sandalj Hranić
Grand Duke of Bosnia
Coat of arms
Sandalj's proto-heraldic escutcheon from marriage to Katarina Vuković Hrvatinić.[1]
Reign1392–1435
PredecessorVlatko Vuković (uncle)
SuccessorStjepan Vukčić Kosača (nephew)
Born1370
Died15 March 1435
Noble familyKosača noble family
Spouse(s)

Katarina, niece of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić*

Jelena Balšić

FatherHrana Vuković

Sandalj Hranić Kosača (Cyrillic: Сандаљ Хранић Косача; 1370 – 15 March 1435) was a powerful Bosnian[2] nobleman whose primary possessions consisted of Hum, land areas between Adriatic coast, the Neretva and the Drina rivers in Bosnia, and served the court as the Grand Duke of Bosnia sometime between 1392 and his death in 1435, although the first mention as a Grand Duke in sources comes from 16 June 1404.[3] He was married three times, but had no children. After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Stjepan Vukčić Kosača.[4][5]

His father was Hrana Vuković.

Rise of Sandalj

Blagaj Fort, Sandalj's residence.
Sandalj's duchy of in the early 15th century.

As the head of the House of Kosača, Sandalj Hranić succeeded his uncle Vlatko Vuković in 1392.

In 1403, Radič Sanković led the attacks on Dubrovnik during the Bosnian-Ragusan War in the name of King Stephen Ostoja. Sandalj Hranić captured and blinded Radič, and held him in prison until his death in 1404.[6] When King Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to the kingdom of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice and retreated from the Balkans in 1409, many local nobles allied themselves with Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and accepted Stephen Ostoja as King of Bosnia. This seriously weakened the position of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, whose niece Katarina was Sandalj's second wife. In such circumstances Sandalj also allied with Emperor Sigismund in mid 1411 and decided to establish closer connections with Sigismund's important ally Stefan Lazarević by marrying his widowed sister Jelena.[7] Sandalj divorced Katarina in 1411 and married Jelena in December of the same year.[8][9][10]

Marriages and foreign policy

This marriage had its important political consequences because Hranić, the most dangerous enemy of Balša III, became his stepfather and protector.[10] With this marriage Hranić spoiled the relations with Hrvoje but developed closer relations with Lazarević family.[11] Jelena went to live with her husband in Bosnia, and although she was in her forties, Sandalj left a deposit in Dubrovnik, in May 1413, for children he hoped they would have, while Balša was entrusted with governing of Zeta.[12]

Assassination of Pavle and most powerful nobleman

He took part in a conspiracy to kill Pavle Radinović in 1415, and the assassination must have been hatched in the background of the stanak, held in Sutjeska in August 1415 and attended by all the major noblemen except for Hrvoje Vukčić.

At the end of the month, in the morning of August 24, 1415, King Ostoja and his son left Sutjeska on a horseback. With them on their departure were Knez Pavle and his son Petar, Duke Sandalj Hranić, Duke Pavle Klešić, Duke Vukmir of Zlatonosović's, Župan Dragiša of Dinjčić's and Sandalj's brother, Knez Vuk Hranić. They departed together in the procession that moved from the royal court in Sutjeska towards Bobovac Fortress along the Bukovica river.[13][14]

During a walk, at the location called Parena Poljana, somewhere in the canyon of Bukovica between the royal court and the city-fortress Bobovac, a brawl erupted and Sandalj drew his sword which was a cue to King Ostoja, who jumped on Pavle's son Petar and bound him, and Vukmir Zlatonosović, who immediately attacked Pavle who tried to escape but was caught by Sandalj's men, led by his brother, Vuk Hranić, and decapitated on site. Pavle succeeded in wounding Vukmir above the right shoulder but caught by a surprise and outnumbered he was unable to defend himself more effectively. It seems as if Pavle walked into a Sandalj's trap oblivious of his alleged misdeeds.[13][15]

Four men died that day and several people from Pavle's entourage were captured along with his son Petar. Vuk Hranić tied up Pavle's protovestijar, Brailo Tezalović, while a merchant from Prača, Pribislav Muržić, was captured by other Sandalj's men. Of Pavle's retainers only krstjanin Vlatko Tumurlić escaped by seeking shelter in a Franciscan home, and later took Pavle's corpse to his estate in Vrhbosna, where he was buried at the location called Pavlovac near present day Kasindo, few kilometers south of Sarajevo.[16] Petar was at first brought to Bobovac, and was supposed to be blinded, but for some reason this did not happen. Pavle's lands were promptly divided between the conspirators,[13][16] but Petar and his brother Knez Radosav Pavlović will successfully repel all attempts of takeover from happening.

Duke Sandalj justified the murder to an astonished witness, a Ragusan diplomat Ivan Gundulić who had written account of this whole affair, by accusing Pavle of bringing much misfortune to the Bosnian kingdom, saying: [13][17][18]

"Did you expect to see this? This is how we, by the grace of God, do justice just like your lordship in Dubrovnik, because in Dubrovnik the punishment for treason is beheading, so I do the same with other faithful Bosnians."
— excerpt from Ivan Gundulić's letter written to his superiors in Dubrovnik

Afterwards, Hranić's came into conflict with Pavlović family. In fighting against them, he allied with Ottoman Empire. In 1420 Ishak Bey organized unsuccessful campaign in Bosnia to support Sandalj's struggle against his internal enemies.[19]

At the beginning of February 1426, a special ceremony was dedicated to Duke Sandalj and Duchess Jelena in Dubrovnik, when they attended the feast of Saint Blaise, the city's patron saint.[10] Sandalj often had conflicts with King Stephen Tvrtko II, even refusing to attend his wedding to the Hungarian-born Dorothy Garai in 1428.

Death and legacy

From 1419 Sandalj became the most powerful man in the Kingdom of Bosnia and remained so to his death. Sandalj died childless in 1435. He was succeeded by his nephew Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, son of his brother Vukac.

Fine believes that Sandalj was most likely the person who killed Musa Çelebi, who was inspiration for epic hero Musa Kesedžija, or contributed significantly to his murder, and should have been the epic hero attributed with fighting and killing Musa, rather than Marko Kraljević.[20] [21]

Ragusan historian Junije Restić (1669—1735), compiled brief obituary for Sandalj, based on local archived records:[22]

"He was a prince with lively spirit, with great intelligence and with much delicacy, who was always able to penetrate the heart of the matter with great facility, whose memory would have been immortal, if his life had not been stained and his fame obscured with the error of schism and the Patarin [Bosnian Church] rite in which he was born and in which he died."
—  Junije Restić

Religion

Sandalj was a staunch supporter of the Bosnian Church, which he openly followed, and used every opportunity to instill its influence in all spheres of life in the kingdom. This is confirmed by Giunio Resti (Junije Restić), known as Restius, who in his chronicle points out that Sandalj was born and died in the bosom of the Bosnian Church. Accordingly, in letters from April and May 1405, Ragusans tied him to the top brass of the Bosnian Church. The presence of djed, highest ranking priest of the Bosnian Church, always close to Sandalj during the Konavle War also confirms duke's conviction in role of the Bosnian Church and its place in political and public life in medieval Bosnia. Like his contemporaries, Hrvoje Vukčić, Pavle Radinović and his son Radislav Pavlović, Sandalj was closely linked to the philosophy and "moral politology" of his time, represented by the shadowy patarens, or Kristjani as the members of the Bosnian Church called themselves, and whose organized structure was deeply interwoven with all aspects of human everyday life, protecting the rights, morals and elements of the state-building in its time.[23][24]

References

  1. ^ Amer Sulejmanagić (23 July 2015). "Grbovi Vukčića Hrvatinića". Povijesni prilozi / Historical Contributions (in Croatian). 34 (48). Hrvatski institut za povijest / Croatian Institute of History: 33–68. ISSN 0351-9767. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  2. ^ Krekić, Bariša (19 February 2003). "An Island of Peace in a Turbulent World". In Naimark, Norman M.; Case, Holly (eds.). In Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford University Press. pp. 54, 56, 57, 58. ISBN 0804745943.
  3. ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biografija bosanskog vlastelina". Bosna Franciscana (in Bosnian) (33): 73. ISSN 1330-7487. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  4. ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biography of the Bosnian Magnate". Bosna Franciscana (in Bosnian) (33). CEEOL: 71–78. ISSN 1330-7487. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  5. ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biografija bosanskog vlastelina" (pdf). academia.edu (in Bosnian). Bosna Franciscana via CEEOL. pp. 71–78. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  6. ^ Fine 1994, p. 456.
  7. ^ Bešić 1970, p. 189:Повлачење Ладислава Напуљског нагонило је босанског краља и обласне господаре да се приближе Жигмунду. Сандаљ Хранић је већ крајем љета 1411. год. био на његовој страни.
  8. ^ Fine 1975, p. 233.
  9. ^ Veselinović & Ljušić 2001, p. 96.
  10. ^ a b c Spremić 2004, pp. 73–108.
  11. ^ Fine 1975, p. 467.
  12. ^ Spremić 2004, p. 83:Када је пошла новом мужу, Јелена је имала четрдесетак година (...) Јелениним одласком у Босну, у Зети је остао да влада Балша III, (...)
  13. ^ a b c d Filipović 2019, pp. 250–254.
  14. ^ B. H. (2022). "Priča iz srednjovjekovne Bosne: Kako je u zavjeri ubijen čuveni bosanski velmoža knez Pavle". www.klix.ba (in Croatian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  15. ^ B. H. (2022). "Priča iz srednjovjekovne Bosne: Kako je u zavjeri ubijen čuveni bosanski velmoža knez Pavle". www.klix.ba (in Croatian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  16. ^ a b B. H. (2022). "Priča iz srednjovjekovne Bosne: Kako je u zavjeri ubijen čuveni bosanski velmoža knez Pavle". www.klix.ba (in Croatian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  17. ^ B. H. (2022). "Priča iz srednjovjekovne Bosne: Kako je u zavjeri ubijen čuveni bosanski velmoža knez Pavle". www.klix.ba (in Croatian). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  18. ^ Živković 1981, p. 73.
  19. ^ M. Bešić, Zarij (1970), Istorija Crne Gore / 2. Crna gora u doba oblasnih gospodara. (in Serbian), Titograd: Redakcija za istoiju Crne Gore, p. 123, OCLC 175122851, Већ сљедеће године кренуо је скопски намјесник Исхак у Босну да сатре Сандаљеве противнике, које је подржавао босански краљ. Ништа он није ни могао предузети против Сандаљевог пасторка и вјерног султановог харачара Балше III.
  20. ^ Fine 1975, p. 282:Thus the despot or Sandalj, rather than Marko Kraljevic (+1394), should have been the hero in the epic describing the death of the three-hearted Musa Kesedzija.
  21. ^ Poviest hrvatskih zemalja Bosne i Hercegovine: Od najstarijih vremena do godine 1463 (in Croatian). Hrvatsko kulturno družtvo "Napredak,". 1942. pp. 437, 438.
  22. ^ Fine 1994, p. 476.
  23. ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biography of the Bosnian Magnate". Bosna Franciscana (in Bosnian) (33). CEEOL: 77. ISSN 1330-7487. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  24. ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biografija bosanskog vlastelina" (pdf). academia.edu (in Bosnian). Bosna Franciscana via CEEOL. p. 77. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

Sources

Further reading

Military offices
Preceded by Grand Duke of Bosnia
1392–1435 		Succeeded by