SS Sussex

	Sussex at Boulogne after being torpedoed in March 1916. The entire forepart of the ship was destroyed in the attack.
History
Name	Sussex (1896–1920); Aghia Sophia (1920–22);
Owner	London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (1896–1914); Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de l'État Français (1914–1919); D Demetriades (1919–22);
Operator	London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (1896–1917); Marine Nationale (1917–19); D Demetriades (1919–22);
Port of registry	Newhaven United Kingdom (1896–1914); Dieppe France (1914–19); Piraeus Greece (1919–22);
Route	Newhaven – Dieppe (1896–1914); Folkestone – Dieppe (1914–16);
Builder	William Denny & Brothers
Cost	UK£60,016
Yard number	530
Launched	30 April 1896
Completed	17 July 1896
Out of service	1916–19
Identification	UK Official Number 105651
Fate	Damaged by fire 1921, then scrapped
General characteristics
Type	Passenger ferry
Tonnage	1,117 GRT; 328 NRT;
Length	275.0 ft (83.82 m)
Beam	34.1 ft (10.39 m)
Draught	9.9 ft (3.02 m)
Depth	14.0 ft (4.27 m)
Installed power	Two 4-cylinder triple expansion steam engines
Propulsion	Twin propellors
Speed	20.5 knots (38.0 km/h)
Capacity	750 passengers
Crew	32 crew

SS Sussex was a cross-Channel passenger ferry, built in 1896 for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR). After the LBSCR came to a co-operation agreement with the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de l'État Français, she transferred to their fleet under a French flag. Sussex became the focus of an international incident when she was severely damaged by a torpedo from a German U-boat in 1916 and at least 50 passengers died. After the war she was repaired and sold to Greece in 1919, being renamed Aghia Sophia. Following a fire in 1921, the ship was scrapped.

Description and construction

Built in 1896 by William Denny and Brothers of Dumbarton at a cost of UK£60,016 for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Company, with some participation of the French Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest (CF de l'Ouest) which had been operating the Newhaven-Dieppe service jointly since 1863.^[1]^[2] Sussex was an almost exact replacement of the 1893-built Seaford, which sank in 1895 after collision with another LBSCR vessel, the cargo ship Lyon; in the light of that sinking, an extra watertight bulkhead was incorporated.^[1]^[3] Sussex had a certified capacity of 750 passengers.^[1]

Sussex was 275.0 ft (83.82 m) long, with a beam of 34.1 feet (10.39 m), depth of 14.0 feet (4.27 m) and draught of 9.9 feet (3.02 m). As built, she measured 1,117 GRT and 328 NRT. She was powered by two four-cylinder triple expansion steam engines made by Denny & Co, totalling 308 nhp or 4772 ihp, to give the required service speed of 20 knots (37 km/h).^[4] Sussex was launched on 30 April 1896 by Viscountess Duncannon, whose husband was a director, and later chairman, of LBSCR.^[2] The ferry undertook builders' trials on 10 and 14 July, achieving 20.4 knots (37.8 km/h), and was delivered on 18 July.^[1]^[5]

History

Sussex served on the Newhaven - Dieppe route,^[4] making her maiden voyage on 31 July 1896.^[3]

In March 1912 she came to the assistance of the stricken P&O liner Oceana, which had been in collision with the 2850-ton German-registered 4 masted steel-barque Pisagua and subsequently sank with the loss of 9 lives.^[3] Replaced by the Paris on the Newhaven - Dieppe route in 1913, she was moved to Brighton to offer long day trip excursions, in competition with the White Funnel fleet paddle steamers of Bristol-based P and A Campbell.^[3] However, this proved unlucrative, and she was laid up from the end of that season.^[6] She was then sold in 1914 to the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer de l'État Français, remaining under the management of the LBSCR.^[7]

World War I

During the First World War, shipping from Newhaven was diverted to operate from Folkestone in order to free Newhaven for supplying British troops on the Western Front.^[6]

On 24 March 1916, Sussex was on a voyage from Folkestone to Dieppe when she was torpedoed by SM UB-29.^[8] The ship was severely damaged, with the entire bow forward of the bridge blown off.^[6] Some of the lifeboats were launched, but at least two of them capsized and many passengers were drowned.^[9]^[10] Of the 53 crew and 325 passengers,^[11] at least 50 were killed,^[4] although a figure of between 80 and 100 is also suggested. Sussex remained afloat and was eventually towed stern-first into Boulogne harbour.^[11]

The dead included the celebrated Spanish composer Enrique Granados, his wife Amparo,^[12] a Persian prince, Bahram Mirza Sardar Mass'oud, and Irish tennis player Manliffe Goodbody. Vera Collum, returning to her hospital in France where she worked as a radiographer, was badly injured. Several Americans were injured, including Wilder Penfield, then a medical student at Oxford University and later an eminent neurosurgeon. His left leg was shattered by the blast, and Penfield required months of treatment and rehabilitation afterward.^[13]

Although none of the 75 US citizens aboard were killed,^[14] the incident enraged public opinion in the United States, and caused a heated diplomatic exchange between the US and German governments.^[15] In May 1916, Germany issued a declaration, the so-called Sussex pledge, which effectively represented the suspension of the "intensified" U-boat campaign.^[16]

Between 1 and 3 January 1917, HMS Duchess of Montrose, HMS Myrmidon, HMS Nepaulin, HMS Redcar, HMT Security assisted in the salvage of Sussex after she struck a mine near the West Dyck shoal on her way to Dunkirk, each ship receiving a portion of the salvage money.^[17] Sussex remained in France, and was used by the Marine Nationale at Le Havre.

Post-World War I

Sussex was repaired in France post-war, and in 1920 was sold to D Demetriades, Piraeus, being renamed Aghia Sophia. She was scrapped in 1921 following damage sustained in a fire.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lyon, David John (1975). The Denny List: Part II. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum. p. 399.
^ ^a ^b "Launches and Trial Trips". Glasgow Herald. No. Year 114, No.105. 1 May 1896. p. 11. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lee, Tom. "TSS Sussex". Paddle Steamer Picture Gallery. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Launched 1886: ss SUSSEX". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Launches and Trial Trips". Glasgow Herald. No. Year 114, No.171. 17 July 1896. p. 3. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bailey, Peter (15 December 2005). "Torpedoed on the crossing to Dieppe". Sussex Express. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Sussex". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UB 29". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ Bridgeland 2002, p. 82.
^ Lyn MacDonald, The Roses of No Man's Land (London: Macmillan, 1980). pp. 139-143.
^ ^a ^b "une torpille allemande qui va changer la face du monde…" (in French). Saint-Sevin. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ "Enrique Granados". Sprachcaffe. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ Penfield, Wilder (1977). No Man Alone: A Neurosurgeon's Life, p. 36. Little, Brown and Company, Toronto. ISBN 0-316-69839-3
^ Macdonald, p. 139.
^ Bridgeland 2002, pp. 89–98.
^ "Attack on the Sussex, March 24, 1916". US History. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ Smith, Gordon. "ROYAL NAVY SHIPS RECEIVING NAVAL SALVAGE and PRIZE BOUNTY MONEY". Naval History. Retrieved 30 December 2010.