The Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements, also referred to as the Bushfires Royal Commission, was a royal commission established in 2020 by the Australian government to inquire into and report upon natural disaster management coordination as it related to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season. The Commission was charged with the responsibility of examining the coordination, preparedness for, response to and recovery from disasters, as well as improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions and mitigating the impact of natural disasters.
The commission was originally scheduled to complete its report by 31 August 2020; however it only handed down interim observations on 31 August 2020 and issued a final report on 28 October 2020. The report, which included between one and seven recommendations for each of 22 chapters relating to different topics, was tabled in Parliament on 30 October 2020.
Between June 2019 and February 2020, various Australian states and territories were subject to large numbers of uncontrolled bushfires, mainly in the southeast of the country. As of 14 January 2020[update], fires burnt an estimated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres; 186,000 square kilometres; 72,000 square miles),[1] destroyed over 5,900 buildings (including 2,779 homes)[2] and killed at least 34 people.[3][4][5][6][7] An estimated one billion animals were killed and some endangered species may be driven to extinction.[8][9][10] Air quality dropped to hazardous levels.[11] The cost of dealing with the bushfires is expected to exceed the A$4.4 billion of the 2009 Black Saturday fires,[12] and tourism sector revenues have fallen more than A$1 billion.[13] By 7 January 2020, the smoke had moved approximately 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) across the South Pacific Ocean to Chile and Argentina.[14][15] As of 2 January 2020, NASA estimated that 306 million tonnes (337 million short tons) of CO2 (carbon dioxide) was emitted.[16]
As of 23 January 2020[update], an air tanker[25] and two helicopters[26][27] have crashed during firefighting operations, the air tanker crash resulting in the deaths of the three crew. Two fire trucks were caught in fatal incidents caused directly by fire conditions, killing three fire fighters.[28][29]
There was considerable debate regarding the underlying cause of the intensity and scale of the fires, including the role of fire management practices and climate change, which attracted significant international attention. Politicians visiting fire impacted areas received negative responses, in particular Prime Minister Scott Morrison.[30][31] An estimated A$500 million was donated by the public at large, international organisations, public figures and celebrities for victim relief and wildlife recovery. Convoys of donated food, clothing and livestock feed were sent to affected areas.
On 5 December 2019 David Littleproud, the minister for natural disasters and emergency management, announced that the House of Representatives Standing Committee on the Environment and Energy would conduct an inquiry into the ‘efficacy of past and current vegetation and land management policy, practice and legislation and their effect on the intensity and frequency of bushfires and subsequent risk to property, life and the environment’.[32] On 14 January 2020, the Victorian Premier, Daniel Andrews, announced an independent investigation into the 2019-2020 bushfire season in Victoria.[33][34][35] On 31 January 2020, the NSW Premier, Gladys Berejiklian announced an independent investigation to review the causes, preparation and response to the bushfires in New South Wales.[36]
On 12 January 2020, Prime Minister Scott Morrison outlined a proposal to establish a royal commission into the bushfires.[37][38] Requiring the approval of the state and territory governments, the Commonwealth Government drafted terms of reference.[39][40] A number of organisations raised objections to the commission of inquiry,[41] citing cost, length and the emotionally exhausting process;[42] that most previous inquiries had failed to implement many of their recommendations;[43][44][45] and that the term of reference failed to address Australia’s emissions reduction policies.[46] Support for the royal commission from Labor premiers was "lukewarm".[47]
Terms of reference
The establishment of the Royal Commission followed a constitutional grey zone by directly initiating defence force deployments, utilising a call out of the Australian Army Reserve, with Australian Defence Force personnel serving in support of state and territory response efforts, without clear rules for engagement.[48]
The Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements, also referred to as the Bushfires Royal Commission, was appointed pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902. It was charged with the responsibility of examining the coordination, preparedness for, response to and recovery from disasters, as well as improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions and mitigating the impact of natural disasters.[49][50] On 20 February 2020, Governor-GeneralDavid Hurley issued Commonwealth letters patent appointing three commissioners and the commission's terms of reference. The commissioners were directed "to review various operational aspects of the 2019–2020 bushfire season... focused on national coordination conducted jointly between the Commonwealth and State and Territory Governments [so as to] give Australians confidence that natural disaster coordination arrangements are the best they can be."[51]
The terms of reference required the commissioners to examine "Australia's arrangements for improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions, what actions should be taken to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, and whether accountability for natural disaster risk management ... should be enhanced." The commissioners were directed to consider "thresholds for, and any obstacles to, State or Territory requests for Commonwealth assistance", whether the Commonwealth should have a power to declare a national state of emergency to create "clearer authority to take action ... in the national interest", such as deploying the Australian Defence Force.[51][52]
Each state was also requested to issue letters patent, or their equivalent instruments of appointment, which allow the three commissioners to conduct an inquiry into natural disaster coordination arrangements under their respective laws. (Despite both the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory having their own governments, they are officially administered under the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Commonwealth letters patent covered their jurisdiction.[citation needed]
Commissioners and executive
On the same day, Morrison announced the setting up of the Royal Commission and the appointment of the following three commissioners:[53][51][52]
The powers of Royal Commissions in Australia are set out in the enabling legislation, the Royal Commissions Act 1902.[54]
Royal Commissions, appointed pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act or otherwise, have powers to issue a summons to a person to appear before the Commission at a hearing to give evidence or to produce documents specified in the summons; require witnesses to take an oath or give an affirmation; and require a person to deliver documents to the Commission at a specified place and time.[55] A person served with a summons or a notice to produce documents must comply with that requirement, or face prosecution for an offence. The penalty for conviction upon such an offence is a fine of A$1,000 or six months imprisonment.[56] A Royal Commission may authorise the Australian Federal Police to execute search warrants.[57]
Reports
The commission was originally scheduled to complete its report by 31 August 2020;[53] however it only handed down interim observations on 31 August 2020[58] and issued a final report on 28 October 2020. The report was tabled in Parliament on 30 October 2020.[59]
The final report contained 80 recommendations[60] aligned to the chapters of the report. The recommendations aligned the chapters as follows:
8 - National aerial firefighting capabilities and arrangements
3
9 - Essential Services
5
10 - Community Education
1
11 - Emergency planning
2
12 - Evacuation planning and shelters
7
13 - Emergency information and warnings
6
14 - Air quality
2
15 - Health
4
16 - Wildlife and heritage
1
17 - Public and private land management
3
18 - Indigenous land and fire management
2
19 - Land-use planning and building regulation
4
20 - Insurance
1
21 - Coordinating relief and recovery
5
22 - Delivery of recovery services and financial assistance
8
24 - Assurance and accountability
3
Land management
In Chapter 17, the Commission found that "The weight of research into the effects of fuel reduction on the propagation of extreme bushfires indicates that as conditions deteriorate, fuel reduction is of diminishing effectiveness". It distinguished between ordinary and extreme bushfires, saying that fuel reduction (whether by various forms of controlled burning or Aboriginal land management practice known as fire-stick farming or "cool burning") could be used to reduce risk: "Reducing available fuels in the landscape can also slow the initial rate of fire spread and fire intensity, which can provide opportunities for fire suppression and thereby reduce the risk of fires escalating into extreme fire events".[62]
Response and outcomes
The Commonwealth Government offered support or in-principle support for the majority of the recommendations although notably did not support the recommendations to establish a national aerial fire-fighting fleet.[63] In November 2020 the Australian Government announced an intention to introduce legislation to give the Commonwealth an ability to declare a national emergency, establish a National Emergency Management Ministers Meeting, strengthen national coordination arrangements within Emergency Management Australia and commence work to establish a National Emergency Resilience, Relief and Recovery Agency.[64] The agency is intended to incorporate the National Bushfire Recovery Agency and the National Drought and North Queensland Flood Response and Recovery Agency.[64]
The Tasmanian Government offered support or in-principle support for all but two of the recommendations. Tasmania did not support aspects of recommendation 5.1, in particular noting that Tasmania "does not support the Australian Government having the power to take action without the agreement of states and territories". Tasmania also did not support recommendation 11.1 that provided for greater State and Territory government responsibility for various emergency planning responsibilities delegated to local government.[65]
^ abc"Letters Patent"(PDF). Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements. Prime minister of Australia. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
to inquire into and report upon the arrangements made for the transport of troops returning from service in South Africa in the S.S. "Drayton Grange" (1902)
on sites for the seat of government of the Commonwealth (1903)
on the Bonuses for Manufactures Bill (1903–1904)
on the butter industry (1904–1905)
on the Navigation Bill (1904–1906)
on the affray at Goaribari Island, British New Guinea, on the 6th of March, 1904 (1904)
on customs and excise tariffs (1904–1907)
on old-age pensions (1905–1906)
on the tobacco monopoly (1905–1906)
1906–1910
on ocean shipping service (1906)
British New Guinea—Royal Commission of inquiry into the present conditions, including the method of government, of the Territory of Papua, and the best means of their improvement (1906–1907)
on secret drugs, cures, and foods (1906–1907)
on postal services (1908–1910)
on insurance (1908–1910)
on stripper harvesters and drills (1908–1909)
on Tasmanian customs leakage (1910–1911)
1911–1920
1911–1912
on the sugar industry (1911–1912)
on the pearl-shelling industry (1912–1916)
on the fruit industry (1912–1914)
1913–1914
to inquire into certain charges against Mr. Henry Chinn (1913)
on Northern Territory railways and ports (1913–1914)
on powellised timber (1913–1914)
upon the Commonwealth electoral law and administration (1914–1915)
on meat export trade (1914)
on food supplies and trade and industry during the war (1914)
1915–1916
on mail services and trade development between Australia and the New Hebrides (1915)
on Liverpool Military Camp, New South Wales (1915)
on the charges made by D. L. Gilchrist concerning the construction of the western section of the Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta Railway (1916)
to inquire into and report upon certain charges against the Administrator and other officers of the Northern Territory Administration (1916)
on Federal Capital Administration (1916–1917)
1917–1918
on Java and the East Indies, Singapore and the Straits Settlements (1917–1918)
on Navy and Defence Administration (1917–1919)
on the war—Australian Imperial Force. Report as to number of members fit for active service and number of reinforcements and enlistments required (1918)
on Public Service administration, Commonwealth of Australia (1918–1920)
upon the public expenditure of the Commonwealth of Australia with a view to effecting economies (1918–1921)
on taxation of leasehold estates in Crown lands (1918–1919)
on the basic wage (1919–1920)
1919–1920
on the sugar industry (1919–1920)
on industrial troubles on Melbourne wharfs (1919–1920)
on late German New Guinea (1919–1920)
to inquire into complaints by the munition worker passengers to Australia by the transport "Bahia Castillo" (1919)
on Northern Territory Administration (1919–1920)
on taxation (1920–1923)
on the increase of the selling price of coal (1920)
upon the loyalty to the British Crown of German Nationals resident in Australia whose property is liable to a charge created by the Treaty of Peace Regulations made under the Treaty of Peace (Germany) Act 1919–1920 (1921)
1923–1924
on the circumstances attending the supposed loss at sea of the steamship "Sumatra" (1923)
in connection with sugar purchases by the Commonwealth through Mr. W. E. Davies in September and October, 1920 (1923–1924)
in connection with joinery supplied to the War Service Homes Commissioner in March, 1920 (1923–1924)
on the method for determining the unimproved value of land held under Crown leases (1924–1925)
on the assessment of war service disabilities (1924–1925)
to inquire into extracts from the reports in Parliamentary Debates of speeches made by Mr. Scullin in the House of Representatives on 7 and 19 August 1924, in relation to land tax matters (1924–1925)
on the finances of Western Australia, as affected by Federation (1924–1925)
1925–1926
on health (1925–1926)
on Norfolk Island affairs (1926)
on certain matters in connexion with the British Phosphate Commission (1926)
to inquire into allegations affecting members of the Parliamentary Joint Committee of Public Accounts in connexion with claims made by broadcasting companies against the Commonwealth Government (1930)
1931–1940
1931–1935
on Jacob Johnson (1931)
on performing rights (1932–1933)
on taxation (1932–1934)
on mineral oils and petrol and other products of mineral oils (1933–1935)
on the wheat, flour and bread industries (1934–1936)
to inquire into and report upon the circumstances associated with the retirement of Lieutenant-Commander Alan Dermot Casey from the Royal Australian Navy (1934)
to inquire into the monetary and banking systems at present in operation in Australia (1935–1937)
1936–1940
on doctors' remuneration for national insurance service and other contract practice (1938)
to inquire into and report upon the contract or contracts with Abbco Bread Co. Pty. Limited for the supply of bread to the Department of the Army, and other matters (1941)
to inquire into circumstances under which certain public monies were used and to whom, and for what purposes such moneys were paid (1941)
an inquiry into a statement that there was a document missing from the official files in relation to "The Brisbane Line" (1943)
to inquire into and report upon certain transactions of the Sydney Land Sales Control Office, and the Canberra Land Sales Control Office of the Treasury (1947)
to inquire into certain transactions in relation to timber rights in the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1949)
1951–1960
on the Port Augusta to Alice Springs Railway (1951–1952)
on alleged improper practices and improper refusal to co-operate with the Victoria Police Force on the part of persons employed in the Postmaster-General's Department in Victoria in relation to illegal gambling (1962–1963)
John Hessin Clarke Hakim Mahkamah Agung Amerika SerikatMasa jabatan9 Oktober 1916 – 18 September 1922 Informasi pribadiKebangsaanAmerika SerikatProfesiHakimSunting kotak info • L • B John Hessin Clarke adalah hakim Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat. Ia mulai menjabat sebagai hakim pada mahkamah tersebut pada tanggal 9 Oktober 1916. Masa baktinya sebagai hakim berakhir pada tanggal 18 September 1922.[1] Referensi ^ Justices 1789 to Present. Washington, D.C.: Mahka...
Pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine For the journal, see Homeopathy (journal). HomeopathyAlternative medicineHomoeopathySamuel Hahnemann, originator of homeopathyPronunciation/ˌhoʊmiˈɒpəθi/ ⓘ ClaimsLike cures like, dilution increases potency, disease caused by miasmsRelated fieldsAlternative medicineOriginal proponentsSamuel HahnemannSubsequent proponents James Tyler Kent Royal S. Copeland George Vithoulkas MeSHD006705See alsoHumorism, heroic medicine This article...
White metal (genre) beralih ke halaman ini, yang bukan mengenai Musik kekuatan putih. Metal kristenP.O.D. di Hellfest 2013Nama lain White metal heavenly metal Jesus metal Sumber aliran Heavy metal Musik yesus rock kristen glam metal Sumber kebudayaanAkhir 1970an, Amerika Serikat dan SwediaGenre campuran (fusion)Unblack metalVersi regional Amerika Serikat Brasil Meksiko Jerman Belanda Norwegia Swedia Finlandia[1] Topik lainnya Artis Hardcore kristen Metal kristen, juga dikenal sebagai ...
Aircraft shot down by Soviet air defense Korean Air Lines Flight 902The plane after landing in the Soviet Union, with visible damage to its left wingShootdownDate20 April 1978 (1978-04-20)SummaryShot down by Soviet Union[1]Sitenear Loukhi, Karelian ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 66°02′54″N 33°04′14″E / 66.04833°N 33.07056°E / 66.04833; 33.07056AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 707-321BOperatorKorean Air LinesIATA flight No.KE902ICAO ...
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A sinistra, lo stemma della Marina Militare, in cui compaiono, dall'alto a sinistra e in senso orario, i simboli di Venezia, Genova, Pisa e Amalfi, le repubbliche marinare più note. A destra, una mappa con la localizzazione e gli stemmi di tutte le repubbliche marinare Le repubbliche marinare sono state alcune città portuali italiane che, a partire dal Medioevo, godettero, grazie alle proprie attività marittime, di autonomia politica e di prosperità economica. Tale definizione, nata nell'...
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Táriba – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Táchira, VenezuelaTáribaCityNuestra Señora de la Consolación Basilica. FlagSealTáribaCoordinates: 07°49′00″N 72°13′00″Wþ...
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Автомобільний код України для міжнародного руху Автомобільний номерний знак Німеччини Розпізнавальні знаки автотранспортних засобів країн світу (також Автомобільні коди країн або IVR коди) застосовуються, щоб ідентифікувати держави реєстрації автомобілів. Зазвичай ці...
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Artwork on the outside of a published product This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cover art – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Harper's Magazine, June 1896, by Edward Penfield Cover art is a type of artwork presented as an ill...
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يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) كأس قبرص 2000-01 تفاصيل الموسم كأس قبرص النسخة 59 البلد قبرص التاريخ بداية:11 نوفمبر 2000 نهاية:12 ما...
