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River carpsucker
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Catostomidae
Genus:	Carpiodes
Species:	C. carpio
Binomial name
	Carpiodes carpio; (Rafinesque, 1820)
Synonyms
	Catostomus carpio Rafinesque, 1820;

The river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the Catostomidae that is native to the inland United States and northern Mexico. This species has a slightly arched back and is somewhat stout and compressed. While the fins are usually opaque, in older fish they may be dark yellow. It is distributed along the Mississippi River basin from Pennsylvania to Montana. The river carpsucker, like most suckers, is a bottom feeder and obtains its nutrients from algae, microcrustaceans, and other various tiny planktonic plants and animals found in silty substrates. Like its congener, the quillback, the river carpsucker is long-lived, with a known maximum lifespan of 40 years in Colorado,^[2] and 47 years in Minnesota.^[3] It begins to reproduce typically in late spring, and the female usually releases more than 100,000 eggs. There is no parental care provided.

Appearance and anatomy

The physical appearance of the river carpsucker is fairly distinctive. It is stout, with a somewhat compressed and arched back. The area around its dorsal fin is olive-brown before it fades to silver, with a white belly. In the young, the fins are usually opaque, while in the old, their fins are a dark yellow.^[4] The lower lip is projected in a similar fashion to a nipple at the midpoint, and big scales cover its whole body. It also has a distinctive 18 caudal fin rays.^[5] The species is frequently confused with non-native species, such as the various Asian carp species.

Distribution

The river carpsucker has historically occupied the Mississippi River basin from Pennsylvania to Montana. It also currently occupies the Gulf Slope Drainage from the Calcasieu River to the Rio Grande in Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. It was introduced to Lake Erie and the lower Maumee River, Ohio. It was supposedly deliberately introduced with a shipment of buffalofish as a game species, and they are currently used in sport fishing.^[6] The effects of its introduction have not been studied, so are not well known. However, failure to find more river carpsuckers in the lower Maumee River suggests this species never took hold in this area.^[6] In the spring, they migrate upstream as the water temperatures begin to rise, and then move back downstream after spawning. They have been known to travel distances of up to 10 kilometers (6.2 mi).^[7]

Ecology

The river carpsucker is classified as a suction, or filter feeder, which means it typically eats algae and small planktonic animals and plants.^[8] They get their nutrients from filtering silt and detritus. It is typically preyed on by larger carnivorous fish such as northern pike, muskellunge, walleye, and largemouth bass, but mostly in its juvenile stage. Their largest predators are humans, although some larger birds, such as great blue herons, have been known to eat them. They can be found in large rivers and reservoirs, with sand or silt bottoms in slower-moving currents.^[9] The young typically are found in small streams, or tributaries. They are more abundant in areas with slower water velocity and moderate temperatures.

Lifecycle

During breeding season, small tubercles can be observed on the body of the male. Reproduction typically occurs during late spring, in large spawning groups.^[10] The female can spawn more than once per year, and usually releases more than 100,000 eggs. The eggs are typically adhesive and demersal with a diameter of about 1.7 to 2.1 millimeters (0.067 to 0.083 in), and they typically hatch within eight to 15 days. To spawn, the temperature of the water must be 18.3 to 19.1 °C (64.9 to 66.4 °F), and spawning ends around the beginning of summer when water temperatures begin to rise. They exhibit no parental care; instead, they broadcast their eggs onto the sand and then leave them. The lifespan of river carpsucker can span decades, much like other long-lived catostomids.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] River carpsucker lifespans approaching 50 years are evident.^[2]^[3]^[16] They are schooling fish and will often be found in large groups.

Relationship with people

The river carpsucker currently has no established management plans even though they are declining in Colorado,^[2] are sometimes caught by commercial fisherman for food, and are increasingly being targeted by modern bowfishing for sport killing.^[3]^[16] Despite these trends they are not yet officially considered a game species.^[17] However, they are in large abundance in a few areas in their range. They are very plentiful in Elephant Butte Reservoir and Caballo Lake in New Mexico.^[4] They also can be affected by humans; their population begins reducing rapidly with the introduction of toxins into their habitat. The world record for the species stands at 13.4 lb (6.1 kg) caught by bowfishing in North Dakota in 2021.^[18]

References

^ NatureServe (2019). "Carpiodes carpio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191235A129655608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191235A129655608.en. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Woodling, John D.; Treble, Andrew; Brandt, Mandi M.; Lackmann, Alec R. (2024-05-21). "Otolith analysis reveals long-lived population demographics of quillback Carpiodes cyprinus and river carpsucker C. carpio in Colorado". Environmental Biology of Fishes. doi:10.1007/s10641-024-01557-8. ISSN 1573-5133.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Jacobson, Reed I.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2022-08-10). "Otolith allometry informs age and growth of long-lived Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 105 (8): 1051–1064. doi:10.1007/s10641-022-01315-8. ISSN 1573-5133. S2CID 251510855.
^ ^a ^b BioKIDS. "Carpiodes Carpio". 2011.
^ Morris, JE., Quist, MC., and Spiegel, JR. 2010. Precision of Scales and Pectoral Fin Rays for Estimating Age of Highfin Carpsucker, Quillback Carpsucker, and River Carpsucker. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 25:271-278
^ ^a ^b USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Carpiodes carpio. 2011. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=341
^ Texas Freshwater Fishes. Carpiodes carpio. 2011. http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~tbonner/txfishes/carpiodes%20carpio.htm
^ Bart, H.L., Chen, H.M., Chen, Y.X., Huang, S.Q. 2010. Joint Feature Selection and Classification for Taxonomic Problems Within Fish Species Complexes. Pattern Analysis and Applications. 13:23-34.
^ Beugly, J., Pyron, M. 2010. Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Long-Term Functional Organization of Fish Assemblages in a Large River. Hydrobiologia. 654: 215–226.
^ Chang, M.M., Liu, S.Y., Sun, Y.H., Treer, T., Wang, W.M., Xie, C.X. 2007. The Genetic Variation and Biogeography of Catostomid Fishes Based on Mitochondrial and Nucleic DNA Sequences. Journal of Fish Biology. 70:291-309.
^ Terwilliger, Mark R.; Reece, Tamal; Markle, Douglas F. (2010-11-01). "Historic and recent age structure and growth of endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 89 (3): 239–252. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9679-9. ISSN 1573-5133. S2CID 27202164.
^ McCarthy, Michael S.; Minckley, W. L. (1987). "Age Estimation for Razorback Sucker (Pisces: Catostomidae) from Lake Mohave, Arizona and Nevada". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 21 (2): 87–97. ISSN 0193-8509. JSTOR 40024893.
^ Snow, R. A., Porta, M. J., & Bogner, D. M. (2020). "Examination of the current Oklahoma state record Smallmouth Buffalo". In Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Radford, Dakota S.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Moody-Carpenter, Cassi J.; Colombo, Robert E. (July 2021). "Comparison of Four Hard Structures Including Otoliths for Estimating Age in Blue Suckers". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 150 (4): 514–527. doi:10.1002/tafs.10303. ISSN 0002-8487. S2CID 233899313.
^ Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23). "Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity". Communications Biology. 2 (1): 197. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6533251. PMID 31149641.
^ ^a ^b Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Jacobson, Reed I.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2023-08-30). "Harvest trends, growth and longevity, and population dynamics reveal traditional assumptions for redhorse (Moxostoma spp.) management in Minnesota are not supported". Environmental Biology of Fishes. doi:10.1007/s10641-023-01460-8. ISSN 1573-5133.
^ Animal Diversity Web. Carpiodes carpio. 2008. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Carpiodes_carpio.html
^ "River Carpsucker". Bowfishing Association of America. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2024.