Vitis rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Szyszyl.[1] Cissus rhomboidea E.Mey. ex Harv. (basionym)[1]
Rhoicissus rhomboidea, also known as the glossy forest grape, glossy wild grape, ropewood, bastard forest grape and grape ivy,[2] is an evergreen climbing plant in the family Vitaceae that is native to the eastern forests of southern Africa.[3][4]
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1859 and was formerly placed within the genus Cissus.[1] Its species name 'rhomboidea' is traced from Latin rhombus, which translates to ‘a four-sided geometrical figure with all sides and opposite angles being equal’, pertaining to its diamond-shaped leaves.[5]
Description
Leaf detail
It is a vigorous, evergreen vine that scrambles or becomes a liana, reaching 3 to 6 m in height (6–20 feet), though it can also grow to small tree or shrub.[5][6][2]
The dark green, rhombic leaves are trifoliate that comprise three asymmetrical leaflets with short stalks which are coriaceous and satiny with pale russet hairs below and with an irregularly toothed margin. Each tooth is tipped with a roughly 1 mm long point, and the leaflet tip decreases to a degree.[2]
The dark brown-coloured stem is has many branches, with very powerful, forked tendrils. Younger parts of plant are covered in soft rust-coloured hairs.[5]
Inflorescences
Flowers are greenish yellow, inconspicuous and small, in divided heads in the leaf axils, which appear in spring to midsummer. Their fleshy, showy, spherical, edible grape-like fruits (drupes) are borne in clumps from late summer to autumn, which may continue to late spring, where they ripen to a dark red, purple or black.[5][2]
It is used as a garden plant, where it prefers cool, sheltered areas in summer (though winter warmth is necessary as it is frost tender). In the garden, it can be found on trellises, staircases, entrances and in hanging baskets. The plant can grown from both cuttings and seeds.[5]
The vine attracts birds due to its edible grape-like fruits, which are also consumed by humans.[5] The plant's stems are used to make rope, hence one of the plant's common names 'ropewood'. The plant is seldom affected by pests or diseases, in addition to it being tough and enduring some negligence and living in poor conditions.[5]
Fruit
It should be distinguished from the oak-leaved Cissus alata by its diamond-shaped (rhombic) leaves, although the two species names have been misapplied and mistaken for each other.[7]
Medicinal
In folk medicine, the plant's roots have been used to assist delivery for pregnant women.[8]
The plant showed the highest inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with 56% inhibition, compared to 89% inhibition by the indomethacin standard, implying its potential to be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. The plant exhibited some level of antimicrobial activity, with its roots illustrating the highest repressive activity against various microorganisms. Its stem extract and the standards chloramphenicol and tetracycline all signaled an inhibition zone diameter against Salmonella sp.[8]
The plant contains compounds (polyphenols) with powerful radical-scavenging and antiradical-generating effects. Its extracts revealed more than 50% antioxidant activity compared with values acquired for the commercial antioxidants which were used as standards. The plant also inhibited the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical with about 98% radical scavenging activity. Xanthine oxidase was inhibited by 88.20% by its root extract.[8]
