Results of the 1943 Australian federal election (House of Representatives)

This is a list of electoral division results for the Australian 1943 federal election.

Australian federal election, 21 August 1943[1]
House of Representatives
<< 1940–1946 >>

Enrolled voters 4,466,749
Votes cast 4,249,369 Turnout 95.13 +1.27
Informal votes 148,785 Informal 3.50 +0.95
Summary of votes by party
Party Primary votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 2,058,582 50.20% +10.04% 49 + 17
  United Australia 898,128 21.90% –8.34% 14 – 9
  Country 350,378 8.54% –4.97% 9 – 4
  One Parliament 87,112 2.11% +2.11% 0 ± 0
  Communist 81,816 1.98% +1.98% 0 ± 0
  Liberal Democratic 42,149 1.02% +1.02% 0 ± 0
  State Labor 29,752 0.72% –1.89% 0 ± 0
  Independent 501,054 12.15% +4.69% 2 ± 0
Total 4,100,584     74  

New South Wales

1943 Australian federal election (New South Wales)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 28 NSW seats in the House of Representatives
14 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Curtin Arthur Fadden
Party Labor Coalition
Seats before 12 12
Seats won 21 7
Seat change Increase 9 Decrease 5
Popular vote 834,855 404,101
Percentage 53.8% 25.6%
Swing Increase 18.5pp Decrease 13.3pp

Barton

1943 Australian federal election: Barton
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor H. V. Evatt 51,296 74.2 +16.8
United Australia Frank Browne 15,897 23.0 −12.4
Protestant People Thomas Claydon 1,936 2.8 +2.8
Total formal votes 69,129 98.3
Informal votes 1,179 1.7
Turnout 70,308 99.3
Two-party-preferred result
Labor H. V. Evatt 75.6 +13.5
United Australia Frank Browne 24.4 −13.5
Labor hold Swing +13.5

Calare

1943 Australian federal election: Calare
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor John Breen 27,071 54.4 +27.8
Country Albert Reid 10,275 20.6 −14.0
Independent Harold Thorby 6,270 12.6 +12.6
Country Reg Edols 5,142 10.3 +10.3
One Parliament Percy Phelan 1,029 2.1 +2.1
Total formal votes 49,787 97.9
Informal votes 1,061 2.1
Turnout 50,848 97.3
Two-party-preferred result
Labor John Breen 59.9 +6.5
Country Albert Reid 40.1 −6.5
Labor hold Swing +6.5

Cook

1943 Australian federal election: Cook
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Tom Sheehan 39,653 68.9 +36.3
State Labor Sid Conway 12,131 21.1 +21.1
One Parliament Albert Jones 3,238 5.6 +5.6
Protestant Labor Cyril Glassop 2,557 4.4 +4.4
Total formal votes 57,579 96.7
Informal votes 1,986 3.3
Turnout 59,565 98.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Tom Sheehan 76.4 +40.0
State Labor Sid Conway 23.6 +23.6
Labor gain from Labor (N-C) Swing +40.0

Cowper

1943 Australian federal election: Cowper
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country Sir Earle Page 24,017 45.5 −8.2
Labor John Howard 21,375 40.5 +18.6
Independent Joseph McElhone 5,403 10.2 −6.0
One Parliament Alexander Moore 1,936 3.7 +3.7
Total formal votes 52,731 98.7
Informal votes 690 1.3
Turnout 53,421 97.0
Two-party-preferred result
Country Sir Earle Page 27,736 52.6 −12.3
Labor John Howard 24,995 47.4 +12.3
Country hold Swing −12.3

Dalley

1943 Australian federal election: Dalley
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Sol Rosevear 44,127 74.8 +41.3
One Parliament Ernest de Faria 10,760 18.2 +18.2
Communist Lance Sharkey 4,087 6.9 +6.9
Total formal votes 58,974 96.9
Informal votes 1,864 3.1
Turnout 60,838 98.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Sol Rosevear 81.1 +38.3
One Parliament Ernest de Faria 18.9 +18.9
Labor gain from Labor (N-C) Swing +38.3

Darling

1943 Australian federal election: Darling
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Joe Clark 32,540 71.6 +8.2
One Parliament James Butler 12,936 28.4 +28.4
Total formal votes 45,476 97.5
Informal votes 1,180 2.5
Turnout 46,656 90.9
Labor hold Swing −1.9

East Sydney

1943 Australian federal election: East Sydney
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Eddie Ward 36,531 69.0 +19.9
United Australia Vincent Brady 12,430 23.5 −7.0
Liberal Democratic Hugh Angrave 2,377 4.5 +4.5
One Parliament Ernest Carr 1,141 2.2 +2.2
Independent Arthur Shirley 494 0.9 +0.9
Total formal votes 52,973 96.4
Informal votes 1,967 3.6
Turnout 54,940 94.8
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Eddie Ward 71.0 +4.9
United Australia Vincent Brady 29.0 −4.9
Labor hold Swing +4.9

Eden-Monaro

1943 Australian federal election: Eden-Monaro
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Allan Fraser 23,662 48.9 +14.4
Liberal Democratic Denzil Macarthur-Onslow 10,510 21.7 +21.7
United Australia John Perkins 10,162 21.0 −30.9
Independent Bill Beale 3,210 6.6 +1.3
Independent Jonas Crabtree 365 0.8 +0.8
Independent Cecil Gray 262 0.5 +0.5
Independent John Egan 211 0.4 +0.4
Total formal votes 48,382 96.6
Informal votes 1,695 3.4
Turnout 50,077 97.1
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Allan Fraser 55.4 +10.2
Liberal Democratic Denzil Macarthur-Onslow 46.6 +46.6
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +10.8

Gwydir

1943 Australian federal election: Gwydir
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor William Scully 28,404 59.5 +4.1
Country Colin Gale 14,320 30.0 −13.0
Independent Edmund Daniel 3,985 8.3 +8.3
One Parliament William Mills 1,027 2.2 +2.2
Total formal votes 47,736 98.6
Informal votes 684 1.4
Turnout 48,420 95.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor William Scully 63.7 +4.9
Country Colin Gale 36.3 −4.9
Labor hold Swing +4.9

Hume

1943 Australian federal election: Hume
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Arthur Fuller 25,420 49.6 +26.7
Country Thomas Collins 19,629 38.3 −3.9
Independent Vernon Lawrence 4,667 9.1 +9.1
Communist John McLeod 1,143 2.2 +2.2
Liberal Democratic John Neeld 406 0.8 +0.8
Total formal votes 51,265 97.6
Informal votes 1,242 2.4
Turnout 52,507 96.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Arthur Fuller 56.3 +7.2
Country Thomas Collins 43.7 −7.2
Labor gain from Country Swing +7.2

Hunter

1943 Australian federal election: Hunter
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Rowley James unopposed
Labor hold Swing

Lang

1943 Australian federal election: Lang
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Dan Mulcahy 41,701 61.5 +41.2
United Australia William Harris 16,649 24.6 −11.0
Communist Adam Ogston 4,312 6.4 +6.4
Independent John Metcalfe 3,899 5.7 +5.7
Independent Henry Mulcahy 1,249 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 67,810 97.3
Informal votes 1,881 2.7
Turnout 69,691 97.7
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Dan Mulcahy 71.0 +71.0
United Australia William Harris 29.0 −5.0
Labor gain from Labor (N-C) Swing +5.0

Macquarie

1943 Australian federal election: Macquarie
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Ben Chifley 36,937 65.0 +20.4
United Australia Arthur Hebblewhite 15,693 27.6 −12.7
One Parliament Albert Walker 2,766 4.9 +4.9
Independent Country Millie Sullivan 1,471 2.6 +2.6
Total formal votes 56,837 98.1
Informal votes 1,120 1.9
Turnout 57,987 93.6
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Ben Chifley 68.8 +10.7
United Australia Arthur Hebblewhite 31.2 −10.7
Labor hold Swing +10.7

Martin

1943 Australian federal election: Martin
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Fred Daly 27,999 46.9 +11.9
United Australia William McCall 19,886 33.3 −16.8
State Labor Albert Sloss 3,597 6.0 −8.9
Liberal Democratic George Mills 3,591 6.0 +6.0
Independent John Lee 1,690 2.8 +2.8
Independent Eleanor Glencross 833 1.4 +1.4
Independent Gerrard Armstrong 787 1.3 +1.3
Independent Edward Beck 564 0.9 +0.9
  Independent Nationalist William Milne 507 0.8 +0.8
Independent Isabella Stenning 170 0.3 +0.3
Ind. United Australia Rupert Nicholson 86 0.1 +0.1
Total formal votes 59,710 93.4
Informal votes 4,228 6.6
Turnout 63,938 97.6
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Fred Daly 55.7 +8.3
United Australia William McCall 44.3 −8.3
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +8.3

New England

1943 Australian federal election: New England
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Herbert Oxford 22,342 46.9 +13.8
Country Joe Abbott 21,636 45.4 −21.5
Independent Charles Abbott 2,507 5.3 +5.3
One Parliament James Fowler 680 1.4 +1.4
Independent Albert Royal 468 1.0 +1.0
Total formal votes 47,633 96.8
Informal votes 1,552 3.2
Turnout 49,185 95.5
Two-party-preferred result
Country Joe Abbott 24,337 51.1 −9.5
Labor Herbert Oxford 23,296 48.9 +9.5
Country hold Swing −9.5

Newcastle

1943 Australian federal election: Newcastle
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor David Watkins 44,379 69.2 −5.2
Communist Stan Deacon 7,271 11.3 +11.3
Independent James Bayley 5,616 8.8 +8.8
Independent Labor Fred Wright 4,753 7.4 +7.4
Independent Labor John Cain 2,067 3.2 +3.2
Total formal votes 64,086 96.3
Informal votes 2,448 3.7
Turnout 66,534 97.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor David Watkins incalculable ?
Labor hold Swing ?

North Sydney

1943 Australian federal election: North Sydney
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Billy Hughes 29,962 44.1 −17.2
Labor Leo Haylen 24,989 35.7 +20.2
Independent Patrick Williams 6,132 9.0 +9.0
Independent Eric Bentley 3,349 4.9 +4.9
Communist Jack Miles 2,821 4.2 +4.2
One Parliament Jack Lewis 938 1.4 +1.4
Independent Oliver Partington 455 0.7 +0.7
Total formal votes 67,946 95.3
Informal votes 3,323 4.7
Turnout 71,269 98.4
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Billy Hughes 36,066 53.1 −14.5
Labor Leo Haylen 31,880 46.9 +46.9
United Australia hold Swing −14.5

Parkes

1943 Australian federal election: Parkes
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Les Haylen 29,891 48.5 +10.8
United Australia Sir Charles Marr 17,141 27.8 −22.7
Liberal Democratic Nigel Love 12,020 19.5 +19.5
  Australian Women's Party Pauline Budge 1,301 2.1 +2.1
One Parliament Arthur Miles 929 1.5 +1.5
Independent Francis Wilson 171 0.3 +0.3
Independent Arthur Thompson 155 0.3 +0.3
Total formal votes 61,608 96.7
Informal votes 2,074 3.3
Turnout 63,682 97.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Les Haylen 52.9 +10.3
United Australia Sir Charles Marr 47.1 −10.3
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +10.3

Parramatta

1943 Australian federal election: Parramatta
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Sir Frederick Stewart 25,267 38.3 −26.8
Labor Arthur Treble 24,680 37.4 +19.9
Liberal Democratic Ormond Bissett 8,884 13.5 +13.5
  National Unity Robert Firebrace 5,806 8.8 +8.8
Independent Dexter Moore 1,069 1.6 +1.6
Ind. United Australia Howard Miscamble 336 0.5 +0.5
Total formal votes 66,042 96.9
Informal votes 2,110 3.1
Turnout 68,152 96.7
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Sir Frederick Stewart 39,150 59.3 −6.4
Labor Arthur Treble 26,892 40.7 +6.4
United Australia hold Swing −6.4

Reid

1943 Australian federal election: Reid
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Lang Labor Jack Lang 26,532 41.4 +41.4
Labor Charles Morgan 22,313 34.8 +4.8
United Australia David Knox 6,996 10.9 +10.9
State Labor Jack Hughes 3,729 5.8 −4.8
Ind. United Australia Dick George 2,863 4.5 +4.5
One Parliament Alfred Turner 1,728 2.7 +2.7
Total formal votes 64,161 96.0
Informal votes 2,671 4.0
Turnout 66,832 97.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Charles Morgan 34,154 53.2 +1.2
Lang Labor Jack Lang 30,007 46.8 −1.2
Labor hold Swing +1.2

Richmond

1943 Australian federal election: Richmond
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country Larry Anthony 25,929 48.2 −16.7
Labor Arthur Dodd 17,030 31.6 +0.6
One Parliament Alfred Anderson 10,888 20.2 +20.2
Total formal votes 53,847 98.7
Informal votes 712 1.3
Turnout 54,559 95.8
Two-party-preferred result
Country Larry Anthony 34,246 63.6 −3.3
Labor Arthur Dodd 19,601 36.4 +3.3
Country hold Swing −3.3

Riverina

1943 Australian federal election: Riverina
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Joe Langtry 25,397 55.3 +33.6
Country Lindsay McIvor 9,427 20.5 −9.4
Country Russell Scilley 5,613 12.2 +12.2
Independent Robert Ballantyne 2,992 6.5 +6.5
Independent Robert McKenzie 1,860 4.1 +4.1
Liberal Democratic George Simons 489 1.1 +1.1
Independent Frank Rieck 131 0.3 +0.3
Total formal votes 45,909 94.9
Informal votes 2,464 5.1
Turnout 48,373 96.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Joe Langtry 63.1 +11.5
Country Lindsay McIvor 46.9 −11.5
Labor hold Swing +11.5

Robertson

1943 Australian federal election: Robertson
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Thomas Williams 28,927 49.6 +16.4
United Australia Eric Spooner 21,746 37.3 −10.6
State Labor Walter Evans 4,633 7.9 +1.3
One Parliament Donald Brown 2,550 4.4 +4.4
Independent Roberta Galagher 480 0.8 +0.8
Total formal votes 58,336 97.1
Informal votes 1,762 2.9
Turnout 60,098 95.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Thomas Williams 58.9 +9.2
United Australia Eric Spooner 41.1 −9.2
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +9.2

Warringah

1943 Australian federal election: Warringah
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Percy Spender 34,177 48.5 −20.3
Labor Ronald Ashworth 23,723 33.7 +22.7
Independent Stephen Stack 9,381 13.3 +13.3
Independent Gerald Robinson 1,644 2.3 +2.3
One Parliament Douglas Morris 1,078 1.5 +1.5
  Independent Middle Class Edward Doherty 425 0.6 +0.6
Total formal votes 70,428 97.5
Informal votes 1,773 2.5
Turnout 72,201 95.5
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Percy Spender 42,600 60.5 −15.0
Labor Ronald Ashworth 27,828 39.5 +15.0
United Australia hold Swing −15.0

Watson

1943 Australian federal election: Watson
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Max Falstein 35,400 52.3 +18.0
United Australia Norman Whitfield 18,588 27.5 −17.5
State Labor Richard Wilson 5,662 8.4 −1.2
Ind. United Australia Les Fingleton 2,304 3.4 +3.4
Liberal Democratic Arthur Dudley 2,218 3.3 +3.3
Independent Harry Yates 1,942 2.9 +2.9
Ind. United Australia Hubert O'Connell 1,579 2.3 +2.3
Total formal votes 67,693 95.9
Informal votes 2,873 4.1
Turnout 70,566 98.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Max Falstein 62.1 +10.1
United Australia Norman Whitfield 37.9 −10.1
Labor hold Swing +10.1

Wentworth

1943 Australian federal election: Wentworth
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Jessie Street 31,048 43.5 +20.4
United Australia Eric Harrison 23,519 32.9 −32.7
  National Government Bill Wentworth 14,875 20.8 +20.8
Liberal Democratic Charles Mayo 1,654 2.3 +2.3
Independent Thomas Whitehouse 311 0.4 +0.4
Total formal votes 71,407 97.4
Informal votes 1,897 2.6
Turnout 73,304 98.5
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Eric Harrison 36,871 51.6 −14.2
Labor Jessie Street 34,536 48.4 +14.2
United Australia hold Swing −14.2

Werriwa

1943 Australian federal election: Werriwa
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bert Lazzarini 46,346 68.7 +27.2
One Parliament Arthur Brown 12,996 19.3 +19.3
Independent Michel Kartzoff 8,122 12.0 +12.0
Total formal votes 67,464 97.8
Informal votes 1,520 2.2
Turnout 68,984 95.3
Two-candidate-preferred result
Labor Bert Lazzarini 74.7 +9.6
One Parliament Arthur Brown 25.3 +25.3
Labor hold Swing +9.6

West Sydney

1943 Australian federal election: West Sydney
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Jack Beasley 34,404 69.7 +47.7
State Labor Horace Foley 9,166 18.6 +14.5
One Parliament Eddington Sherwood 4,481 9.1 +9.1
Independent Malinda Ivey 957 1.9 +1.9
  Soldiers Labor William McCristal 352 0.7 +0.7
Total formal votes 49,360 96.6
Informal votes 1,748 3.4
Turnout 51,108 94.9
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Jack Beasley 79.2 +43.5
State Labor Horace Foley 20.8 +20.8
Labor gain from Labor (N-C) Swing +43.5

Victoria

1943 Australian federal election (Victoria)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 20 Victorian seats in the House of Representatives
14 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader Arthur Fadden John Curtin
Party Coalition Labor
Seats before 12 9
Seats won 12 9
Seat change Steady Steady
Popular vote 361,581 518,600
Percentage 30.8% 44.1%
Swing Decrease 12.0pp Increase 0.6pp

Balaclava

1943 Australian federal election: Balaclava
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Thomas White 38,698 51.6 −12.4
Labor John Barry 27,281 36.3 +11.3
Independent Frank Barnes 4,087 5.4 +5.4
Independent Constance Duncan 2,900 3.9 +3.9
  Progressive Helen Maxwell 1,680 2.2 +2.2
Independent George Morris 409 0.5 +0.5
Total formal votes 75,055 96.2
Informal votes 3,964 3.8
Turnout 78,019 98.4
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Thomas White 56.6 −12.0
Labor John Barry 43.4 +12.0
United Australia hold Swing −12.0

Ballaarat

1943 Australian federal election: Ballaarat
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Reg Pollard 26,428 54.5 +6.7
United Australia Bill Roff 19,750 40.7 +0.6
  Christian Independent Gordon Irish 2,333 4.8 +4.8
Total formal votes 48,511 99.0
Informal votes 480 1.0
Turnout 48,991 97.6
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Reg Pollard 57.9 +7.6
United Australia Bill Roff 42.1 −7.6
Labor hold Swing +7.6

Batman

1943 Australian federal election: Batman
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Frank Brennan 42,073 64.3 +4.6
United Australia Arthur McAdam 13,647 20.9 −19.4
Services and Citizens Ian Malloch 7,635 11.7 +11.7
Independent Joseph Cahir 1,090 1.7 +1.7
Independent Christina Debney 590 0.9 +0.9
Services Gordon Currie 380 0.6 +0.6
Total formal votes 65,415 96.9
Informal votes 2,070 3.1
Turnout 67,485 98.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Frank Brennan 74.6 +14.9
United Australia Arthur McAdam 25.4 −14.9
Labor hold Swing +14.9

Bendigo

1943 Australian federal election: Bendigo
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country George Rankin 20,050 44.9 −4.4
Labor Bert de Grandi 19,107 42.8 +4.7
Ind. United Australia Morton Garner 2,151 4.8 +4.8
Independent John Crawford 2,089 4.7 +4.7
Independent Labor William Banks 1,292 2.9 +2.9
Total formal votes 44,689 97.5
Informal votes 1,169 2.5
Turnout 45,858 96.7
Two-party-preferred result
Country George Rankin 23,386 52.3 −5.2
Labor Bert de Grandi 21,303 47.7 +5.2
Country hold Swing −5.2

Bourke

1943 Australian federal election: Bourke
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Labor Maurice Blackburn 26,494 40.4 +40.4
Labor Bill Bryson 24,722 37.7 −28.5
United Australia David Smith 12,004 18.3 −15.5
Independent John March 2,404 3.7 +3.7
Total formal votes 65,624 97.8
Informal votes 1,468 2.2
Turnout 67,092 96.6
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Bill Bryson 35,162 53.6 −12.6
Independent Labor Maurice Blackburn 30,462 46.4 +46.4
Labor hold Swing −12.6

Corangamite

1943 Australian federal election: Corangamite
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Allan McDonald 21,655 47.2 −9.0
Labor Harold Miller 20,691 45.1 +1.3
Independent Elsie Brushfield 1,856 4.0 +4.0
Independent Country Sydney Donaldson 1,643 3.6 +3.6
Total formal votes 45,845 98.9
Informal votes 515 1.1
Turnout 46,360 96.6
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Allan McDonald 24,342 53.1 −3.1
Labor Harold Miller 21,503 46.9 +3.1
United Australia hold Swing −3.1

Corio

1943 Australian federal election: Corio
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor John Dedman 30,578 52.3 −0.3
Independent Neil Freeman 16,013 27.4 +27.4
United Australia Rupert Curnow 10,255 17.5 −22.4
  Progressive James Baker 1,589 2.7 +2.7
Total formal votes 58,435 98.5
Informal votes 908 1.5
Turnout 59,343 97.1
Two-party-preferred result
Labor John Dedman 54.8 −1.6
Independent Neil Freeman 45.2 +45.2
Labor hold Swing −1.6

Deakin

1943 Australian federal election: Deakin
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Frank Williamson 22,356 37.7 +5.4
United Australia William Hutchinson 19,375 32.7 −22.1
Independent Robert Elliott 10,318 17.4 +17.4
Middle Class Alan Coffey 4,185 7.1 +7.1
Ind. United Australia Dick Radclyffe 1,526 2.6 +2.6
Independent Arthur Coles 1,471 2.5 +2.5
Total formal votes 59,231 97.1
Informal votes 1,760 2.9
Turnout 60,991 96.4
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia William Hutchinson 33,577 56.7 −5.5
Labor Frank Williamson 25,654 43.3 +5.5
United Australia hold Swing −5.5

Fawkner

1943 Australian federal election: Fawkner
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Harold Holt 23,931 33.4 −27.4
Labor Thomas Jude 23,508 32.8 −3.0
Independent William Cremor 15,958 22.3 +22.3
Independent Vernon Margetts 3,437 4.8 +4.8
Communist Malcolm Good 3,300 4.6 +4.6
Independent Charles Kennett 1,196 1.7 +1.7
Independent Ruth Ravenscroft 381 0.5 +0.5
Total formal votes 71,711 95.6
Informal votes 3,275 4.4
Turnout 74,986 92.9
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Harold Holt 41,602 58.0 −4.5
Labor Thomas Jude 30,109 42.0 +4.5
United Australia hold Swing −4.5

Flinders

1943 Australian federal election: Flinders
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Frank Lee 24,132 39.6 +11.9
United Australia Rupert Ryan 22,395 36.8 −2.9
Country Morton Moyes 6,867 11.3 +11.3
  Australian Women's Party Mabel Brookes 5,305 8.7 +8.7
Independent Rupert Clark 2,198 3.6 +3.6
Total formal votes 60,897 97.1
Informal votes 1,817 2.9
Turnout 62,714 95.2
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Rupert Ryan 31,518 51.8 −6.6
Labor Frank Lee 29,379 48.2 +6.6
United Australia hold Swing −6.6

Gippsland

1943 Australian federal election: Gippsland
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Wally Williames 22,358 45.1 +11.6
Country George Bowden 18,104 36.5 −23.0
Services and Citizens Herbert Birch 5,313 10.7 +10.7
Independent Democrat Stephen Ashton 2,734 5.5 +5.5
One Parliament Melvyn Morgan 1,119 2.3 +2.3
Total formal votes 49,628 97.9
Informal votes 1,084 2.1
Turnout 50,712 97.4
Two-party-preferred result
Country George Bowden 25,985 52.4 −4.3
Labor Wally Williames 23,643 47.6 +4.3
Country hold Swing −4.3

Henty

1943 Australian federal election: Henty
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Arthur Coles 32,885 44.5 −10.1
United Australia Jo Gullett 28,123 38.1 +38.1
  Independent Labor Bernard Rees 4,598 6.2 +6.2
Services and Citizens Edmund Lind 4,437 6.0 +6.0
  Women for Canberra Ivy Weber 2,885 3.9 +3.9
  Independent Liberal Carlyle Ferguson 928 1.3 +1.3
Total formal votes 73,856 96.6
Informal votes 2,596 3.4
Turnout 76,452 97.5
Two-party-preferred result
Independent Arthur Coles 55.5 −8.0
United Australia Jo Gullett 44.5 +44.5
Independent hold Swing −8.0

Indi

1943 Australian federal election: Indi
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country John McEwen 29,471 58.8 −2.7
Labor Charles Sandford 18,767 37.4 −1.1
Communist Gerry O'Day 1,919 3.8 +3.8
Total formal votes 50,157 98.8
Informal votes 599 1.2
Turnout 50,756 96.0
Two-party-preferred result
Country John McEwen 59.2 −2.3
Labor Charles Sandford 40.8 +2.3
Country hold Swing −2.3

Kooyong

1943 Australian federal election: Kooyong
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Robert Menzies 37,988 48.6 −14.3
Labor Albert Nicholls 20,912 26.7 +6.1
Middle Class John Nimmo 10,601 13.5 +13.5
Communist Ted Laurie 6,402 8.2 +8.2
  Christian Independent Gwendolyn Noad 2,338 3.0 +3.0
Total formal votes 78,241 98.0
Informal votes 1,599 2.0
Turnout 79,840 97.2
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Robert Menzies 62.5 −7.6
Labor Albert Nicholls 37.5 +7.6
United Australia hold Swing −7.6

Maribyrnong

1943 Australian federal election: Maribyrnong
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Arthur Drakeford 48,441 67.6 +3.0
United Australia Albert Pennell 14,469 20.2 −15.2
  Christian Candidate Movement Robert Firebrace 7,478 10.4 +10.4
  Anti-Conscription Labour Kenneth Kenafick 1,254 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 71,642 97.8
Informal votes 1,640 2.2
Turnout 73,282 97.5
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Arthur Drakeford 74.5 +9.9
United Australia Albert Pennell 25.5 −9.9
Labor hold Swing +9.9

Melbourne

1943 Australian federal election: Melbourne
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Arthur Calwell 37,779 63.8 +11.9
United Australia Elizabeth Couchman 10,319 17.4 −6.5
Communist Ken Miller 5,477 9.3 +9.3
Middle Class Louis Bickart 4,119 7.0 +7.0
Independent Charles Dicker 808 1.4 +1.4
Services Noble Kerby 680 1.1 +1.1
Total formal votes 59,182 93.9
Informal votes 3,848 6.1
Turnout 63,030 91.5
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Arthur Calwell 75.2 +4.1
United Australia Elizabeth Couchman 24.8 −4.1
Labor hold Swing +4.1

Melbourne Ports

1943 Australian federal election: Melbourne Ports
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Jack Holloway 47,149 72.8 +6.7
United Australia Frank Preacher 17,629 27.2 −6.7
Total formal votes 64,778 97.6
Informal votes 1,612 2.4
Turnout 66,390 95.7
Labor hold Swing +6.7

Wannon

1943 Australian federal election: Wannon
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Don McLeod 25,609 51.4 +2.8
Country Leonard Rodda 10,778 21.6 +21.6
United Australia John Menadue 9,248 18.6 −23.6
Ind. United Australia Thomas Scholfield 4,190 8.4 +8.4
Total formal votes 49,825 98.9
Informal votes 555 1.1
Turnout 50,380 98.3
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Don McLeod 54.1 +0.4
United Australia John Menadue 45.9 −0.4
Labor hold Swing +0.4

Wimmera

1943 Australian federal election: Wimmera
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Alexander Wilson 26,479 62.3 +18.3
Independent Country Reginald Skeat 10,976 25.8 +25.8
Independent Country Albert Thompson 3,219 7.6 +7.6
Independent Herbert Follett 1,449 3.4 +3.4
Independent Country Eric Phillips 378 0.9 +0.9
Total formal votes 42,501 97.9
Informal votes 930 2.1
Turnout 43,431 96.6
Two-party-preferred result
Independent Alexander Wilson 67.2 +1.0
Independent Country Reginald Skeat 32.8 +32.8
Independent hold Swing +1.0

Yarra

1943 Australian federal election: Yarra
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor James Scullin 36,709 60.4 +3.0
United Australia Gilbert Jenkin 11,294 18.6 −14.9
Communist Ralph Gibson 6,585 10.8 +10.8
Services and Citizens William Jinkins 5,138 8.5 +8.5
Independent Allan MacDonald 1,065 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 60,791 95.9
Informal votes 2,632 4.1
Turnout 63,423 94.9
Two-party-preferred result
Labor James Scullin 74.3 +8.7
United Australia Gilbert Jenkin 25.7 −8.7
Labor hold Swing +8.7

Queensland

1943 Australian federal election (Queensland)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 10 Queensland seats in the House of Representatives
5 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Curtin Arthur Fadden
Party Labor Coalition
Seats before 5 5
Seats won 6 4
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Popular vote 279,372 227,615
Percentage 47.8% 39.0%
Swing Increase 1.7pp Decrease 9.9pp

Brisbane

1943 Australian federal election: Brisbane
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor George Lawson 31,099 50.9 +0.5
  Independent Democrat Bruce Pie 17,317 28.3 +28.3
United Australia John Fletcher 10,976 18.0 −31.6
One Parliament Robert Boardman 1,701 2.8 +2.8
Total formal votes 61,093 97.0
Informal votes 1,908 3.0
Turnout 63,001 95.3
Two-party-preferred result
Labor George Lawson 53.6 +3.2
  Independent Democrat Bruce Pie 46.4 +46.4
Labor hold Swing +3.2

Capricornia

1943 Australian federal election: Capricornia
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Frank Forde 32,396 55.9 −2.8
United Australia Charles Ward 25,597 44.1 +44.1
Total formal votes 57,993 98.9
Informal votes 627 1.1
Turnout 58,620 95.7
Labor hold Swing −2.8

Darling Downs

1943 Australian federal election: Darling Downs
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country Arthur Fadden 26,123 48.6 −9.3
Labor Leslie Bailey 23,253 43.3 +1.2
Independent Raymond Mullaly 3,398 6.3 +6.3
One Parliament Hugh Phair 989 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 53,763 98.4
Informal votes 868 1.6
Turnout 54,631 97.9
Two-party-preferred result
Country Arthur Fadden 28,232 52.5 −5.4
Labor Leslie Bailey 25,531 47.5 +5.4
Country hold Swing −5.4

Griffith

1943 Australian federal election: Griffith
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor William Conelan 38,138 57.4 +6.9
United Australia Richard Larking 19,388 29.2 −20.3
One Parliament John Carbine 3,900 5.9 +5.9
Independent William Kingwell 3,756 5.7 +5.7
Independent Theophilus Dunstone 1,210 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 66,392 96.9
Informal votes 2,115 3.1
Turnout 68,507 96.3
Two-party-preferred result
Labor William Conelan 65.1 +14.6
United Australia Richard Larking 34.9 −14.6
Labor hold Swing +14.6

Herbert

1943 Australian federal election: Herbert
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor George Martens 22,697 37.6 −3.1
Communist Fred Paterson 20,629 34.2 +34.2
Country Archie Graham 13,693 22.7 −12.8
Independent Charles Cook 3,300 5.5 +5.5
Total formal votes 60,319 97.3
Informal votes 1,673 2.7
Turnout 61,992 91.6
Two-party-preferred result
Labor George Martens 37,219 61.7 +5.3
Communist Fred Paterson 23,100 38.3 +38.3
Labor hold Swing +5.3

Kennedy

1943 Australian federal election: Kennedy
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bill Riordan 29,551 65.2 +1.0
Country Wilfrid Simmonds 10,769 23.8 −12.0
Independent Athena Deane 3,753 8.3 +8.3
Independent Richard Vane-Millbank 1,265 2.8 +2.8
Total formal votes 45,338 96.8
Informal votes 1,483 3.2
Turnout 46,821 88.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Bill Riordan 71.7 +7.5
Country Wilfrid Simmonds 28.3 −7.5
Labor hold Swing +7.5

Lilley

1943 Australian federal election: Lilley
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia William Jolly 30,992 45.8 −12.3
Labor Jim Hadley 30,882 45.7 +6.8
One Parliament Hans Beiers 4,555 6.7 +6.7
Independent James Julin 1,191 1.8 +1.8
Total formal votes 67,620 97.6
Informal votes 1,653 2.4
Turnout 69,273 97.8
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Jim Hadley 34,051 50.4 +9.9
United Australia William Jolly 33,569 49.6 −9.9
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +9.9

Maranoa

1943 Australian federal election: Maranoa
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country Charles Adermann 26,963 51.0 +6.4
Labor Frank Baker 25,914 49.0 +1.1
Total formal votes 52,877 98.7
Informal votes 686 1.3
Turnout 53,563 92.0
Country gain from Labor Swing +2.6

Moreton

1943 Australian federal election: Moreton
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Josiah Francis 32,681 50.0 −9.3
Labor Patrick McInally 26,804 41.0 +0.2
One Parliament Ralph Belcham 3,747 5.7 +5.7
Country John Cantwell 2,093 3.2 +3.2
Total formal votes 65,325 97.7
Informal votes 1,658 2.3
Turnout 66,893 95.3
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Josiah Francis 56.7 −2.6
Labor Patrick McInally 43.3 +2.6
United Australia hold Swing −2.6

Wide Bay

1943 Australian federal election: Wide Bay
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Country Bernard Corser 20,662 38.5 −2.1
Labor George Watson 18,638 34.7 +5.4
Country James Heading 7,678 14.3 +14.3
Independent Henry Madden 3,750 7.0 +7.0
Independent Clive Lambourne 2,988 5.6 +5.6
Total formal votes 53,716 97.7
Informal votes 1,237 2.3
Turnout 54,953 95.0
Two-party-preferred result
Country Bernard Corser 30,342 56.5 −2.4
Labor George Watson 23,374 43.5 +2.4
Country hold Swing −2.4

South Australia

1943 Australian federal election (South Australia)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 6 SA seats in the House of Representatives
3 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Curtin Arthur Fadden
Party Labor Coalition
Seats before 1 3
Seats won 5 1
Seat change Increase 4 Decrease 2
Popular vote 203,784 145,665
Percentage 54.4% 38.9%
Swing Increase 14.6pp Decrease 14.6pp

Adelaide

1943 Australian federal election: Adelaide
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Cyril Chambers 40,110 60.0 +26.1
United Australia Fred Stacey 22,636 33.8 −16.2
Communist Alf Watt 2,854 4.3 +4.3
Independent Labor Edwin Yates 1,291 1.9 +1.9
Total formal votes 66,891 96.1
Informal votes 2,714 3.9
Turnout 69,605 95.8
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Cyril Chambers 65.6 +20.3
United Australia Fred Stacey 34.4 −20.3
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +20.3

Barker

1943 Australian federal election: Barker
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Archie Cameron 24,616 40.6 +40.6
Labor Harry Krantz 24,240 40.0 +13.3
Independent Frank Halleday 10,508 17.3 +17.3
Independent John Gartner 1,222 2.0 +2.0
Total formal votes 60,586 97.1
Informal votes 1,816 2.9
Turnout 62,402 97.5
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Archie Cameron 31,294 51.7 +51.7
Labor Harry Krantz 29,292 48.3 +14.2
United Australia gain from Country Swing −14.2

Boothby

1943 Australian federal election: Boothby
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Grenfell Price 32,869 45.0 −12.4
Labor Thomas Sheehy 30,896 42.3 +14.3
Communist Alan Finger 6,986 9.6 +9.6
  Constructive Democrat John Turner 2,331 3.2 +3.2
Total formal votes 73,082 96.6
Informal votes 2,597 3.4
Turnout 75,679 97.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Thomas Sheehy 37,190 50.9 +16.1
United Australia Grenfell Price 35,892 39.1 −16.1
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +16.1

Grey

1943 Australian federal election: Grey
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Edgar Russell 25,735 52.5 +15.1
United Australia Oliver Badman 23,285 47.5 +47.5
Total formal votes 49,020 97.5
Informal votes 1,241 2.5
Turnout 50,261 96.5
Labor gain from Country Swing +10.2

Hindmarsh

1943 Australian federal election: Hindmarsh
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Norman Makin 56,359 76.8 +11.1
United Australia James Butler 17,030 23.2 −11.1
Total formal votes 73,389 97.6
Informal votes 1,824 2.4
Turnout 75,213 97.5
Labor hold Swing +11.1

Wakefield

1943 Australian federal election: Wakefield
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Albert Smith 26,444 51.2 +4.6
United Australia Jack Duncan-Hughes 25,229 48.8 −4.6
Total formal votes 51,673 97.5
Informal votes 1,327 2.5
Turnout 53,000 96.5
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +4.6

Western Australia

1943 Australian federal election (Western Australia)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 5 WA seats in the House of Representatives
3 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Curtin Arthur Fadden
Party Labor Coalition
Seats before 2 3
Seats won 5 0
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 3
Popular vote 143,773 54,772
Percentage 56.0% 21.1%
Swing Increase 17.8pp Decrease 33.1pp

Forrest

1943 Australian federal election: Forrest
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Nelson Lemmon 23,931 52.9 +8.3
Country John Prowse 15,507 34.3 −21.1
Independent Ian Fergusson-Stewart 3,264 7.2 +7.2
Independent Country Arthur West 2,156 4.8 +4.8
Independent Wildred Lewis 377 0.8 +0.8
Total formal votes 45,235 97.1
Informal votes 1,343 2.9
Turnout 46,578 97.5
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Nelson Lemmon 58.4 +13.8
Country John Prowse 42.6 −13.8
Labor gain from Country Swing +13.8

Fremantle

1943 Australian federal election: Fremantle
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor John Curtin 45,352 66.9 +18.9
Ind. Nationalist Frederick Lee 13,046 19.2 +19.2
United Australia Alex Bracks 9,396 13.9 −32.3
Total formal votes 67,794 98.2
Informal votes 1,226 1.8
Turnout 69,020 99.1
Two-party-preferred result
Labor John Curtin 69.3 +19.0
Ind. Nationalist Frederick Lee 30.7 +30.7
Labor hold Swing +19.0

Kalgoorlie

1943 Australian federal election: Kalgoorlie
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Herbert Johnson 23,424 67.6 −32.4
United Australia Lance Horley 6,227 18.0 +18.0
Communist Kevin Healy 3,002 8.7 +8.7
United Australia Ralph Shaw 1,538 4.4 +4.4
Independent William McGhie 463 1.3 +1.3
Total formal votes 34,654 96.9
Informal votes 1,092 3.1
Turnout 35,746 95.5
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Herbert Johnson 75.4 −24.6
United Australia Lance Horley 24.6 +24.6
Labor hold Swing −24.6

Perth

1943 Australian federal election: Perth
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Tom Burke 25,376 42.3 +10.8
United Australia Walter Nairn 17,610 29.4 −33.0
Independent Thomas Hughes 8,112 13.5 +13.5
Communist Clarrie Boyd 3,639 6.1 +6.1
Independent Stephenson Fox 2,611 4.4 +4.4
Independent Robert Nicholson 1,501 2.5 +2.5
Independent Dorothea Foster 495 0.8 +0.8
Independent William Herbert 419 0.7 +0.7
Independent Thomas Groves 169 0.3 +0.3
Total formal votes 59,932 93.3
Informal votes 4,311 6.7
Turnout 64,243 99.0
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Tom Burke 33,581 56.0 +20.5
United Australia Walter Nairn 26,351 44.0 −20.5
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +20.5

Swan

1943 Australian federal election: Swan
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Don Mountjoy 25,690 50.1 +21.9
Country Thomas Marwick 18,124 35.3 −17.7
Country Cecil Elsegood 5,632 11.0 +11.0
Independent John Tregenza 1,859 3.6 +3.6
Total formal votes 51,305 97.4
Informal votes 1,369 2.6
Turnout 52,674 94.8
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Don Mountjoy 53.0 +10.5
Country Thomas Marwick 47.0 −10.5
Labor gain from Country Swing +10.5

Tasmania

1943 Australian federal election (Tasmania)
← 1940 21 August 1943 1946 →
All 5 Tasmanian seats in the House of Representatives
3 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Curtin Arthur Fadden
Party Labor Coalition
Seats before 2 3
Seats won 3 2
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Popular vote 66,168 55,172
Percentage 49.3% 41.1%
Swing Increase 10.5pp Decrease 2.1pp
TPP 54.8% 45.2%

Bass

1943 Australian federal election: Bass
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Claude Barnard 13,136 51.2 +1.8
United Australia Desmond Oldham 7,085 27.6 −17.1
Independent John Orchard 4,509 17.6 +17.6
Independent John Watson 469 1.8 −4.2
Independent Harold Harwood 440 1.7 +1.7
Total formal votes 25,639 96.1
Informal votes 1,039 3.9
Turnout 26,678 98.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Claude Barnard 14,691 57.3 +3.1
United Australia Desmond Oldham 10,947 42.7 −3.1
Labor hold Swing +3.1

Darwin

1943 Australian federal election: Darwin
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Eric Reece 7,799 28.6 +1.6
United Australia Dame Enid Lyons 7,349 26.9 −10.3
Labor Carrol Bramich 3,832 14.0 +14.0
United Australia John Leary 3,104 11.4 +11.4
United Australia John Wright 2,885 10.6 +10.6
Independent Labor Edgar Nicholls 1,709 6.3 +6.3
Communist Roy Harvey 616 2.3 +2.3
Total formal votes 27,294 95.3
Informal votes 1,355 4.7
Turnout 28,649 96.0
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Dame Enid Lyons 14,055 51.5 −7.7
Labor Eric Reece 13,239 48.5 +7.7
United Australia hold Swing −7.7

Denison

1943 Australian federal election: Denison
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Frank Gaha 13,208 47.3 −1.6
United Australia Arthur Beck 10,803 38.7 −12.4
Independent Labor Gerald Mahoney 3,120 11.2 +11.2
Communist George Walliss 773 2.8 +2.8
Total formal votes 27,904 96.2
Informal votes 1,094 3.8
Turnout 28,998 98.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Frank Gaha 16,493 59.0 +10.1
United Australia Arthur Beck 11,411 40.9 −10.1
Labor gain from United Australia Swing +10.1

Franklin

1943 Australian federal election: Franklin
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Charles Frost 17,195 58.9 +5.4
United Australia Denis Warner 9,101 31.2 −5.4
United Australia Charles Tennant 2,903 9.9 +9.9
Total formal votes 29,199 97.7
Informal votes 831 2.8
Turnout 30,030 96.2
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Charles Frost 17,490 59.9 +6.4
United Australia Denis Warner 11,708 40.1 −6.4
Labor hold Swing +6.4

Wilmot

1943 Australian federal election: Wilmot
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Australia Allan Guy 19,417 49.6 −7.5
Labor Ern Pinkard 10,994 45.6 +2.2
Independent John McGeary 1,259 5.2 +5.2
Total formal votes 24,105 97.4
Informal votes 656 2.6
Turnout 24,761 96.0
Two-party-preferred result
United Australia Allan Guy 12,463 51.7 −3.3
Labor Ernest Pinkard 11,642 48.3 +3.3
United Australia hold Swing −3.3

Northern Territory

Northern Territory

1943 Australian federal election: Northern Territory
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Adair Blain 859 35.5 −3.4
Independent Labor Bob Murray 682 28.2 −3.4
Independent Labor Jock Nelson 602 24.9 +24.9
Independent Sydney Barker 99 4.1 +4.1
Independent Hector Fuller 99 4.1 +4.1
Independent Alexander Grant 43 1.8 +1.8
One Parliament Harry Russell 36 1.5 +1.5
Total formal votes 2,420 97.7
Informal votes 58 2.3
Turnout 2,478 59.1
Two-party-preferred result
Independent Adair Blain 1,274 52.6 −9.2
Independent Labor Bob Murray 1,146 47.4 +9.2
Independent hold Swing −9.6

See also


References

  1. ^ "Australian Legislative Election of 21 August 1943" (txt). Adam Carr's Election Archive. Retrieved 23 August 2023.