Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the current research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rocks or on ice that are (for practical purposes) fixed in place.
Many of these stations are staffed throughout the year. Of the 56 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, a total of 55 countries (as of 2023)[1] operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The number of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,800 during the summer to around 1,200 during the winter (June).[2] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.[3][dubious – discuss]
During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of this expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and is visited frequently by tourists.
The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.
In 1903, Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.[4] The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.[5] Bruce instituted a comprehensive program of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.[4]
The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".[6] This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."[7]
Bruce later offered to transfer the station and instruments to Argentina on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[8] Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.[9]
The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904, transporting Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.
Little happened for the following forty years.
The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral Richard E. Byrd constructed a series of five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs.
Before the start of the Second World War, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim (New Swabia).[10]
In 1943 the British launched Operation Tabarin, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.
Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and HMS Fitzroy, on Saturday, January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22. Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These were the first permanent bases to be constructed on the Antarctic mainland.[11]
A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.[12] Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.
The Antarctic Treaty, first signed on 1 December 1959 by 12 countries, stated that scientific investigations in research stations in Antarctica can continue, but all observations must be shared.[13] The Antarctic Treaty also stated that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and any exploitation of the continent such as mining is forbidden, thus scientific research is the only activity that may be performed on Antarctica.[14] As more countries established research stations on Antarctica, the number of signatories of the treaty increased, with 56 signatories as of 2023, 55 of whom utilize their rights and operate research stations in Antarctica.[13] 7 of the signatories also laid claims on Antarctica (and 4 reserved their rights to do so), with the intention of expanding research in those territories in the future. However, research facilities have also been established by countries in the claimed area of other countries.
The percentage of the summer Antarctic population (formed by Antarctic and Subantarctic research stations) each country makes up[needs update]
The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′2″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.
In 2023 a research report from an Australian team[47] found that the pollution left by international research stations was comparable to that seen in some of the busiest ports in the world.
ألبرت موزس معلومات شخصية الميلاد 19 ديسمبر 1937 سيلان البريطانية الوفاة 15 سبتمبر 2017 (79 سنة) لندن مواطنة المملكة المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل، وممثل أفلام، وممثل تلفزيوني اللغات الإنجليزية المواقع الموقع الموقع الرسمي IMDB صفحته على IMDB&…
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Grube Castor Allgemeine Informationen zum Bergwerk Blick auf die Erzaufbereitung der Grube Castor um 1895 Abbautechnik Tiefbau Informationen zum Bergwerksunternehmen Betriebsbeginn 1853 Betriebsende 1929 Geförderte Rohstoffe Abbau von Blei / Zink / Kupfer / Eisen / Schwefelkies Geographische Lage Koordinaten 50° 58′ 50″ N, 7° 20′ 41,4″ O50.9805427.344847Koordinaten: 50° 58′ 50″ N, 7° 20′ 41,4″ O Grube Castor (Nordrh…
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1991 single by Paula Abdul Rush RushStandard artwork (UK 12-inch vinyl single pictured)Single by Paula Abdulfrom the album Spellbound B-sideRush Rush (dub mix)ReleasedApril 24, 1991 (1991-04-24)Recorded1990StudioGreene Street[1] (New York City)Z (Brooklyn, New York)Studio Masters (Los Angeles)GenrePopR&BLength4:56LabelVirginSongwriter(s)Peter LordProducer(s)Peter Lord & Vernon Jeffrey SmithPaula Abdul singles chronology Opposites Attract (1989) Rush Rush (1991) The…
Most general completion of a commutative square given two morphisms with same domain In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pushout (also called a fibered coproduct or fibered sum or cocartesian square or amalgamated sum) is the colimit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms f : Z → X and g : Z → Y with a common domain. The pushout consists of an object P along with two morphisms X → P and Y → P that complete a commutative square with the two given mor…
American film and TV producer (1906–1980) Kroger Babb1933, from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences LibraryBorn(1906-12-30)December 30, 1906Lees Creek, Ohio, U.S.DiedJanuary 28, 1980(1980-01-28) (aged 73)Palm Springs, California, U.S.OccupationFilm producerYears active1938–1977SpouseMildred Horn Howard W. Kroger Babb (December 30, 1906 – January 28, 1980) was an American film producer and showman. His marketing techniques were similar to a travelling salesman's, with …
Upita AgustineLahirPuti Reno Raudhatul Jannah31 Agustus 1947 (umur 76)Pagaruyung, Tanah Datar, Sumatera BaratKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainPuti Reno Raudhatul Jannah ThaibAlmamaterUniversitas AndalasPekerjaanGuru Besar Fakultas Pertanian UnandDikenal atas- Ahli waris Kerajaan Pagaruyung- SastrawatiSuami/istriWisran Hadi (m. 1978; meninggal 2011)Anak3Orang tuaMuhammad Thaib Datuk Penghulu Basa (ayah)Puti Reno Disma Yang Dipertuan Gadih G…
تقويم للقديسين من العصور الوسطى موجود في دير الدومينيكان في توركو في فنلندا. تقويم القديسين هو تقليد مسيحي في السنة الطقسية وألذي يخصص لكل يوم أو أكثر كعيد لقديس معين، ويتم في هذا اليوم الاحتفال بذكرى القديس ويكون شفيع ذلك اليوم. هذا التقليد بدأ في القرون الأولى من المسيحية …
19th century physician and politician John M. EvansM.D.1st Mayor of Evansville, WisconsinIn officeApril 1896 – April 1897Preceded byPosition establishedMember of the Wisconsin State AssemblyIn officeJanuary 6, 1873 – January 5, 1874Preceded byOrlando F. WallihanSucceeded byMarvin OsborneConstituencyRock 1st districtIn officeJanuary 7, 1856 – January 5, 1857Preceded byNathan B. HowardSucceeded byWilliam H. TrippConstituencyRock 4th district Personal detailsBor…
Aparados da Serra National ParkIUCN category II (national park)The Itaimbezinho canyon in the national parkCoordinates29°11′S 50°5′W / 29.183°S 50.083°W / -29.183; -50.083Area102.5 km2DesignationNational parkEstablished1959Visitors38,000 (in 2002[1])Governing bodyIBAMA The Aparados da Serra National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional de Aparados da Serra) is a national park located in the Serra Geral range of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catari…
Soccer clubSantosFull nameSantos Futebol ClubeNickname(s)Peixe (Fish)Santástico (Santastic)Alvinegro praiano (Beach black-and-white)Clube do povo (Club of the people)FoundedApril 14, 1912; 111 years ago (1912-04-14)GroundAcademia Resistência, SantosCapacity20,120PresidentLuis ÁlvaroManagerPaulo BartoloWebsiteClub website Home colors Away colors Active departments ofSantos FC Football(Men's)Football(Youth)Football(Women's)Karate(Mixed)Judo(Mixed)Goalball(Mixed)Americanfootbal…
Professional esports organization based in the Philippines This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: ONIC Philippines – news · newspapers · books · scholar…
Fictional character The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: The Kurgan – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (…
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American Class III freight railroad This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is about the freight rail operator. For the commuter lin…
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