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Possible depiction of the author. Historiated Q from the Vienna manuscript of *Meraugis* (codex 2599, 14th cent.). ^[1]^[2]

Raoul de Houdenc (or Houdan; c. 1165 – c. 1230)^[3] was the French author of the Arthurian romance Meraugis de Portlesguez and possibly La Vengeance Raguidel. Modern scholarship suggests he is probably to be identified with one Radulfus from Hodenc-en-Bray.^[3] Raoul de Houdenc was esteemed as a master poet in the ranks of Chrétien de Troyes by Huon de Méry (Tournoiement de l’Antéchrist, 1226).^[4]^[5]

Life

Raoul de Houdenc takes his name from his native place. Of twelve possibilities,^[4] Houdenc in Artois was once thought the most likely candidate.^[4] But current scholarship favors identifying the author with Radulfus de Hosdenc from Hodenc-en-Bray near Beauvais.^[3]

His works are now seen as the product of the first quarter of the 13th century,^[5] though past scholars tended to date the production earlier, perhaps in the 12th century. (See: Past scholarship.)

It has been suggested that he was a monk, but from the scattered hints in his writings it seems more probable that he followed the trade of trouvère (or jongleur) and recited his chansons, with small success apparently, in the houses of the great. He was well acquainted with Paris, and probably spent a great part of his life there.^[4]

Works

The works which by current general consensus attributed to him are:.^[6]

Le Songe d'enfer ("Dream of Hell"^[7]).
Le Roman des eles (or le roman des Ailes de Courtoisie; "The Romance of the Wings"^[8])
Meraugis de Portlesguez, an Arthurian romance.
La Vengeance Raguidel. See it for a discussion on authorship.
Dit, a short didactic work.

La Voie de paradis is the sequel to Le Songe d'enfer, but on whether it is penned by the same Raoul there is no firm agreement.^[6]

Past scholarship

Earlier scholars embraced the notion that Raoul de Houdenc was not younger than Chrétien de Troyes by many years.^[9] Accordingly, early editors of Raoul's works such as H. Michelant and A. Scheler dated their production in the 12th century.^[9] According to Friedwagner, Gaston Paris too initially assessed Raoul's writing activity to have occurred around the late 12th to early 13th century,^[9]^[10] but later reconsidered the dates to c. 1210–1220.^[9]^[11] Friedwagner himself felt the writings occurred in the first decade of the 13th century, i.e. 1201–1210,^[9] an attribution repeated by at least one modern scholar.^[12]

Footnotes

^ Busby 2000, pp. 96, 104
^ Busby 2002, p. 423
^ ^a ^b ^c Busby 1983, p. 15, citing Fourrier 1964
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Houdenc, Raoul de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 807–808.
^ ^a ^b Lacy 2013, New Arthurian Encyclopedia, p.379, "Raoul de Houdenc", contributed by Keith Busby (KB).
^ ^a ^b Busby 1983, p. 14
^ Schmolke-Hasselmann, Beate (1998). The Evolution of Arthurian Romance: The Verse Tradition from Chrétien to Froissart. Margaret Middleton, Roger Middleton (translators). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 052141153X.
^ Busby 1983
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Friedwagner 1897, pp. lxiii–lxiv, volume I
^ Paris 1888, p. 222, vol.xxx. Friedwagner cites Paris, p. 222, where Paris seems to say that Raoul was long dead when Huon de Méry wrote in 1226. There is also Paris's comment on p. 237 that the author of Durmart must have laid eyes on the works of Raoul de Houdenc, combined with Paris's dating of Durmart (Paris, pp. 141–159)
^ Friedwagner cites G. Paris, La littérature française au Moyen Age, S.250
^ Middleton, Roger (2004), "Enide's See-through Dress", in Wheeler, Bonnie (ed.), Arthurian Studies in Honour of P.J.C. Field, DS Brewer, p. 151, ISBN 1843840138

References

Texts

Le Songe d'enfer

Lebesgue, Philéas, ed. (1908). Le Songe d'Enfer, suivi de La Voie de Paradis: poèmes du XIIIe siècle. E. Sansot et Cie.
Mihm, Madelyn Timmel. (1984) The Songe d'Enfer of Raoul de Houdenc: An Edition Based on All the Extant Manuscripts, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1984. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie, Band 190.

La Voie de paradis

Lebesgue 1908, pp. 97–189

Le Roman des eles

Busby, Keith, ed. (1983). Roman des eles: The anonymous Ordene de chevalerie (Google preview). Utrecht Publications in General and Comparative Literature. Vol. 17. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. ISBN 9027222029. (with translation)
Scheler, Auguste, ed. (1879). "3. Li Romans des Eles". Trouvères belges (nouvelle série). Louvain, Impr. de P. & J. Lefever. pp. 248–284.

Meraugis de Portlesguez

Michelant, Henri Victor, ed. (1869). Méraugis de Portlesguez, roman de la Table ronde. Paris: Tross.
Friedwagner, Mathias, ed. (1897). "Meraugis von Portlesguez". Raoul von Houdenc Sämtliche werke. Vol. 1. Halle: Max Niemeyer.

Studies

Busby, Keith (2000). "Mise en texte and Mise en image: Meraugis de Portlesguez in Vienna ÖNB 2599". In Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). Por Le Soie Amisté: Essays in Honor of Norris J. Lacy. Rodopi. pp. 95–. ISBN 904200620X.
Busby, Keith (2002). Codex and Context: Reading Old French Verse Narrative in Manuscript. Rodopi. pp. 420–. ISBN 9042013893.
Busby, Keith (2013) [1986]. "Raoul de Houdenc". In Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. Garland. p. 379. ISBN 9781136606335.
Fourrier, Anthime (1964). "Raoul de Hodenc:est-ce lui?". Mélanges de linguistique romane et de philologie médiévale offerts á M. Maurice Delbouille. Vol. II. Gembloux, Belgium: Duculot. pp. 165–193.
Paris, Gaston (1888). "Méraugis de Portlesguez". Histoire littéraire de la France. Vol. xxx. Imprimerie nationale. pp. 220–237.
Zingerle, Wolfram [de], Uber Raoul de Houdenc und seine Werke (Erlangen, 1880)
Boerner, Otto, Raoul de Houdenc. Eine stilistische Untersuchung (1885).
William Cole, First and Otherwise Notable Editions of Medieval French Texts Printed from 1742 to 1874: A Bibliographical Catalogue of My Collection (Sitges, 2005).

External links

Works by or about Raoul de Houdenc at the Internet Archive
(in French) Raoul de Houdenc on Archives de Littérature du moyen âge. Laurent Brun et al. Last updated April 27, 2018.