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Rāgarāja
Rāgarāja
	Seated Aizen Myo'o (Ragaraja), Kamakura period, 13th century, Tokyo National Museum, Japan. Important Cultural Property
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	愛染明王
Simplified Chinese	爱染明王
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Àirǎn Míngwáng
Wade–Giles	Ai4-jan3 Ming2-wang2
IPA	[âɪɻàn mǐŋwǎŋ]
Tibetan name
Tibetan	འདོད་པའི་རྒྱལ་པོ།
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Ái Nhiễm Minh Vương
Chữ Hán	[Rāgarāja] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)
Korean name
Hangul	애염명왕
Hanja	愛染明王
Revised Romanization
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization	Aeyeom Myeongwang
Japanese name
Kanji	愛染明王
Romanization
Transcriptions
Romanization	Aizen Myō'ō
Sanskrit name
Sanskrit	Rāgarāja

Rāgarāja (Sanskrit: रागराज) is a deity venerated in the Esoteric and Vajrayana Buddhist traditions. He is especially revered in Chinese Esoteric Buddhism in Chinese communities as well as Shingon and Tendai in Japan.

Nomenclature

Rāgarāja is known to transform worldly lust into spiritual awakening. When scriptures related to him reached China during the Tang dynasty, his Sanskrit name was translated as Àirǎn Míngwáng "Love-stained Wisdom King". In Japanese, the same Kanji characters are read Aizen Myō'ō.

Depiction

*Aizen Myo'o* (Ragaraja) described in "*Zuzōshō*" (図像抄), a Buddhist commentary compiled in 1139 during the Heian period in Japan.

Rāgarāja, also known as Aizen-Myōō, is one of many Wisdom kings, (but not in the traditional grouping of the five great Myoo, or Godai Myoo) Wisdom Kings like Acala (Fudo-Myōō). There are four different mandalas associated with Rāgarāja: The first posits him with thirty-seven assistant devas, the second with seventeen. The other two are special arrangements: one made by Enchin, fourth Tendai patriarch; the other is a Shiki mandala which represents deities using their mantra seed syllables drawn in bonji. Rāgarāja is also depicted in statuary and thangka having two heads: Rāgarāja and Acala or Rāgarāja and Guanyin, both iterations symbolizing a commingling of subjugated, complementary energies, typically male/female but also male/male. There are two, four or six armed incarnations of Rāgarāja but the six-armed one is the most common. Those six arms bear a bell which calls one to awareness; a vajra, the diamond that cuts through illusion, an unopened lotus flower representing the power of subjugation, a bow and arrows (sometimes with Rāgarāja shooting the arrow into the heavens), and the last one holding something that we cannot see (referred to by advanced esoteric practitioners as "THAT".)^[1] Rāgarāja is most commonly depicted sitting in full lotus position atop an urn that ejects jewels showing beneficence in granting wishes.

He is portrayed as a red-skinned man with a fearsome appearance, a vertical third eye and flaming wild hair that represents rage, lust and passion. Rāgarāja was also popular among Chinese tradesmen who worked in the fabric-dying craft, typically accomplished with sorghum. He is petitioned by devotees for a peaceful home and fortune in business. There is usually a lion's head on top of his head in his hair, representing the mouth into which thoughts and wishes may be fed. Some of these are the wishes of local devotees who make formal requests for success in marriage and sexual relations. According to the "Pavilion of Vajra Peak and all its Yogas and Yogins Sutra" with the abbreviated name of the "Yogins Sutra" (likely an apocryphal work attributed to the great Buddhist patriarch Vajrabodhi) Rāgarāja represents the state at which harnessed sexual excitement or agitation—which are otherwise decried as defilements—are seen as equal to enlightenment "bonno soku bodai," and passionate love can become compassion for all living things.^[2]

Rāgarāja is similar to the red form of Tara, called Kurukulla, in Tibetan Buddhism. Appropriately, Rāgarāja's mantras are pronounced in either Chinese or Japanese transliterations of Sanskrit; the cadences depending upon the respective region where his devotees reside and practice, and whether in the Shingon or Tendai schools. His seed vowel, as written in bonji, is pronounced "HUM," usually with a forceful emphasis coming from the use of lower belly muscles. This is part of the syncretic practice of mixing Tantra and Buddhism as was popular during the Heian period courts and amongst the lower classes of both China and Japan. His popularity in Japan reached an apogee when a Shingon priest used magical chants and rituals to call up the Kamikaze that protected the Japanese from sea-born invaders.^[3]

Patronage of homosexuality in Japan

At various periods throughout Japanese history, Rāgarāja was invoked as a patron and symbol of homoerotic male desire.^[4] While it is ahistorical to ascribe a "gay" self-identification to historical figures, clear examples of Rāgarāja's patronage of men having intimate sexual relations with other men appear in the historical record. Male kabuki actors placed love letters to the men they desired on the wall of Rāgarāja's temple at Naniwa in hopes of attaining success in love.^[5] In a story from the Ashikaga era, a man praises his male lover by comparing him to Rāgarāja.^[6] Rāgarāja's dharani was also included in the preparatory prayers performed by the young male consorts of Japanese Buddhist monks in some kanjo rituals.^[7]

References

^ Grotenhuis, Elizabeth Ten (1999). Japanese mandalas: representations of sacred geography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2000-2.
^ Goepper, Roger (1993). Aizen-Myōō: The Esoteric King of Lust: An Iconological Study. Vol. 39. Artibus Asiae Publishers. pp. 3–172. doi:10.2307/1522701. ISBN 9783907070512. JSTOR 1522701. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Goepper, Roger (1993). Aizen-Myōō: The Esoteric King of Lust: An Iconological Study. Vol. 39. Artibus Asiae Publishers. pp. 3–172. doi:10.2307/1522701. ISBN 9783907070512. JSTOR 1522701. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Schumacher, Mark. ""Kings of Mystical Knowledge"". Onmark Productions. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ Norton, Rictor (1998). My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters Through the Centuries (1st ed.). San Francisco: Leyland Publications. p. 71. ISBN 9780943595702. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ Miller, Stephen D.; Schalow, Paul Gordon (1996). Partings at Dawn: An Anthology of Japanese Gay Literature (1st ed.). San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780940567177. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ Porath, Or. The Flower of Dharma Nature: Sexual Consecration and Amalgamation in Medieval Japanese Buddhism (PDF). University of California Santa Barbara. p. 191. Retrieved 2 August 2023.