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Pseudhipparion; Temporal range: Barstovian–Hemphillian; ~15.97–5.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Pseudhipparion retrusum skull, Museo di Paleontologia di Firenze
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Subfamily:	Equinae
Tribe:	†Hipparionini
Genus:	†Pseudhipparion; Ameghino, 1904
Species
	P. curtivallum (Quinn, 1955); P. gratum (Leidy, 1869); P. hessei Webb and Hulbert, Jr., 1986; P. retrusum (Cope, 1889) (type); P. simpsoni Webb and Hulbert, Jr., 1986; P. skinneri Webb and Hulbert, Jr., 1986;

Pseudhipparion is an extinct genus of three-toed horse endemic to North America during the Miocene.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] They were herding animals whose diet consisted of C3 plants.^[5]^[6]^[7] Fossils found in Georgia and Florida indicate that it was a lightweight horse, weighing up to 90 pounds (40 kilograms).^[8] In 2005, fossils were unearthed in Oklahoma.^[9] Seven species of Pseudhipparion are known from the fossil record which were very small, following the trend of Bergmann's rule.^[10]

References

^ Hulbert, R. C.; Czaplewski, N. J.; Webb, S. D. (2005). "New records of Pseudhipparion simpsoni (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Hemphillian of Oklahoma and Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 737. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0737:NROPSM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129964988.
^ S.D. Webb, Richard C. Hulbert; Hulbert (Jan 1986). "Systematics and evolution of Pseudhipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains". Rocky Mountain Geology. 24: 237–272. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.24.special_paper_3.237. ISBN 0941570029.
^ Baskin, Jon A. (1991). "Early Pliocene Horses from Late Pleistocene Fluvial Deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, South Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 65 (6): 995–1006. Bibcode:1991JPal...65..995B. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033308. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305832. S2CID 131564565.
^ Hulbert, Richard C. (1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..809H. doi:10.1017/S0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305291. S2CID 130745896.
^ Feranec, Robert S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2006). "Isotopic Discrimination of Resource Partitioning among Ungulates in C3-Dominated Communities from the Miocene of Florida and California". Paleobiology. 32 (2): 191–205. Bibcode:2006Pbio...32..191F. doi:10.1666/05006.1. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 4096995. S2CID 86226812.
^ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida". Science. 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 2897243. PMID 9933161.
^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (2000). "Cenozoic Mammalian Herbivores from the Americas: Reconstructing Ancient Diets and Terrestrial Communities". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31 (1): 33–59. Bibcode:2000AnRES..31...33M. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.33. ISSN 0066-4162. JSTOR 221724.
^ "19A; Two Small Primitive Horses from Taylor County". Exploring Georgia's Fossil Record & Our History of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
^ Hulbert, Richard C.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Webb, S. David (2005-09-30). "New records ofPseudhipparion simpsoni(Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Hemphillian of Oklahoma and Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 737–740. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0737:nropsm]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129964988.
^ David Webb, S.; Hulbert, Richard C. (1986), "Systematics and evolution ofPseudhipparion(Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains", Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy, Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, pp. 237–272, doi:10.2113/gsrocky.24.special_paper_3.237, ISBN 0941570029, retrieved 2022-09-01

[1] Hulbert, R. C.; Czaplewski, N. J.; Webb, S. D. (2005). "New records of Pseudhipparion simpsoni (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Hemphillian of Oklahoma and Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 737. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0737:NROPSM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129964988.

[2] S.D. Webb, Richard C. Hulbert; Hulbert (Jan 1986). "Systematics and evolution of Pseudhipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains". Rocky Mountain Geology. 24: 237–272. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.24.special_paper_3.237. ISBN 0941570029.

[3] Baskin, Jon A. (1991). "Early Pliocene Horses from Late Pleistocene Fluvial Deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, South Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 65 (6): 995–1006. Bibcode:1991JPal...65..995B. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033308. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305832. S2CID 131564565.

[4] Hulbert, Richard C. (1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..809H. doi:10.1017/S0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305291. S2CID 130745896.

[5] Feranec, Robert S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2006). "Isotopic Discrimination of Resource Partitioning among Ungulates in C3-Dominated Communities from the Miocene of Florida and California". Paleobiology. 32 (2): 191–205. Bibcode:2006Pbio...32..191F. doi:10.1666/05006.1. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 4096995. S2CID 86226812.

[6] MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida". Science. 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 2897243. PMID 9933161.

[7] MacFadden, Bruce J. (2000). "Cenozoic Mammalian Herbivores from the Americas: Reconstructing Ancient Diets and Terrestrial Communities". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31 (1): 33–59. Bibcode:2000AnRES..31...33M. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.33. ISSN 0066-4162. JSTOR 221724.

[8] "19A; Two Small Primitive Horses from Taylor County". Exploring Georgia's Fossil Record & Our History of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-27.

[9] Hulbert, Richard C.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Webb, S. David (2005-09-30). "New records ofPseudhipparion simpsoni(Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Hemphillian of Oklahoma and Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 737–740. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0737:nropsm]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129964988.

[10] David Webb, S.; Hulbert, Richard C. (1986), "Systematics and evolution ofPseudhipparion(Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Neogene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Great Plains", Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy, Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, pp. 237–272, doi:10.2113/gsrocky.24.special_paper_3.237, ISBN 0941570029, retrieved 2022-09-01

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Pseudhipparion

References

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