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Proxilodon; Temporal range: Early Permian
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Microsauria
Clade:	†Recumbirostra
Genus:	†Proxilodon; Huttenlocker et al., 2013
Type species
	†Proxilodon englehorni; (Schultze & Foreman, 1981 [originally Euryodus bonneri])

Proxilodon is an extinct genus of recumbirostran microsaur from the Early Permian Speiser Formation of Kansas, United States. It contains a single species, Proxilodon bonneri,^[1] (formerly "Euryodus" bonneri).

History of study

There is only one known specimen of Proxilodon bonneri, the former holotype of Euryodus bonneri, named by Schultze & Foreman (1981).^[2] It was collected in 1976 by Brian Foreman from a roadcut site in Kansas in the lower Speiser Formation (often called the Speiser Shale) that preserves primarily aquatic vertebrates, such as the lungfish Gnathorhiza, the dvinosaur temnospondyl Acroplous vorax, the nectridean lepospondyl Diplocaulus, and the lysorophian Lysorophus tricarinatus. The species was named after Orville Bonner, who prepared the specimen, a complete skull with the left lower jaw in articulation and associated vertebrae and a fragmentary humerus.^[2] Huttenlocker et al. (2013) identified numerous differences from other species of Euryodus and erected the new genus Proxilodon, derived from a Latinized version of the Greek 'Euryodus,' which means 'broad-tooth' and which was the original taxonomic identification; 'proxilus' in Latin for broad/wide, and '-odon' refers to 'tooth.'^[1]

Anatomy

As with gymnarthrids like Euryodus, Proxilodon possesses a long postorbital region and a slightly convex occiput, but it also has a much narrower skull than is typical of Euryodus and a higher premaxillary tooth count, among other features, that differentiate it from gymnarthrids at large.^[1] Other features listed in the diagnosis include a small notch in the premaxilla that articulates with the nasal, a nasal longer than it is broad (in line with the generally narrow skull), and the absence of a pineal foramen, instead being replaced by a shallow fossa. The holotype skull is typically sized for 'microsaurs,' measuring slightly less than 19 mm in length. Most of the internal anatomy is obscured by the articulation with the skull.

Relationships

A phylogenetic analysis of the position of Proxilodon, and another novel taxon, Huskerpeton, by Huttenlocker et al. (2013) recovered Proxilodon as a recumbirostran microsaur within a clade formed by gymnarthrids, ostodolepids, and their relatives.^[1] Below is the topology recovered by those authors:

	Microbrachis

Asaphestera

Tuditanus

	Hapsidopareion

	Saxonerpeton

Recumbirostra

	Pantylus

	Stegotretus

	Carrolla

	Batropetes

	Rhynchonkos

	Eocaecilia

Nannaroter

	Pelodosotis

	Micraroter

Proxilodon bonneri

	Tambaroter

	Huskerpeton englehorni

Pariotichus

	Euryodus dalyae

	Euryodus primus

	Cardiocephalus sternbergi

	Cardiocephalus peabodyi

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Huttenlocker, A. K.; Pardo, J. D.; Small, B. J.; Anderson, J. S. (2013). "Cranial morphology of recumbirostrans (Lepospondyli) from the Permian of Kansas and Nebraska, and early morphological evolution inferred by micro-computed tomography". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 540. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.728998.
^ ^a ^b Schultze, Hans-Peter; Foreman, Brian (1981). "A new gymnarthrid microsaur from the Lower Permian of Kansas with a review of the tuditanomorph microsaurs (Amphibia)". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. 91: 1–25 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.