PROFILPELAJAR.COM

*Pleurotus citrinopileatus*
Mycological characteristics
Pleurotus citrinopileatus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is flat or depressed
	Hymenium is decurrent
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is pink
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is choice

Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Pleurotaceae
Genus:	Pleurotus
Species:	P. citrinopileatus
Binomial name
	Pleurotus citrinopileatus; Singer (1943)
Synonyms
	Pleurotus cornucopiae subsp. citrinopileatus (Singer) O.Hilber (1993); ; Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus (Singer) Ohira (1987);

Pleurotus citrinopileatus, the golden oyster mushroom (tamogitake in Japanese), is an edible gilled fungus. Native to eastern Russia, northern China, and Japan, the golden oyster mushroom is very closely related to P. cornucopiae of Europe, with some authors considering them to be at the rank of subspecies.^[2] In far eastern Russia, P. citrinopileatus, they are called iI'mak, is one of the most popular wild edible mushrooms.^[3]

Description

The fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus grow in clusters of bright yellow to golden brown caps with a velvety, dry surface texture. Caps range from 20–65 millimetres (3⁄4–2+1⁄2 inches) in diameter. The flesh is thin and white, with a mild taste and without a strong smell. Stems are cylindrical, white in color, often curved or bent, and about 20–50 mm (3⁄4–2 in) long and 2–8 mm (1⁄16–5⁄16 in) in diameter. The gills are white, closely spaced, and run down the stem. The spores of the golden oyster mushroom are cylindrical or elliptical in shape, smooth, hyaline, amyloid, and measure 6-9 by 2–3.5 micrometres.^[2]^[3]

Ecology

The golden oyster mushroom, like other species of oyster mushroom, is a wood-decay fungus. In the wild, P. citrinopileatus most commonly decays hardwoods such as elm.^[2]^[3] The first recorded observation of naturalized golden oysters in the United States occurred in 2012 on Mushroom Observer, perhaps a decade after the cultivation of the species began in North America, and they have been found growing on oak, elm, beech, and other hardwoods. Naturalized golden oysters have been found in many states including: Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Their vigorous range expansion is comparable to invasive species. In a 2018 population genomics study comparing naturalized wild isolates with commercial strains, two of the commercial isolates showed high similarity to all of the wild isolates, representing possible source strains of the wild populations.^[4] The study also found highly similar wild isolates collected from geographically distant locations, in some cases over 800 miles (1,300 km) apart. This is strong evidence to suggest that the same cultivated strain has been re-introduced many times over in various parts of the United States, as opposed to a single introduction event and subsequent spread.

The golden oyster mushroom is also naturalized in several African countries: Cameroon,^[5] Tanzania,^[6] Kenya,^[7] Burundi,^[8] and Nigeria.^[9] It also occurs in the wild in some Asian countries outside its native territory: in the Yemen,^[10] Korea,^[11] and India.^[12]

Uses

Golden oyster mushrooms are cultivated commercially, usually on a medium of grain, straw, or sawdust.^[13] Pleurotus species are some of the most commonly cultivated mushrooms, particularly in China, due to their ease of cultivation and their ability to convert 100 g of organic refuse into 50-70 g of fresh mushrooms.^[14]

Chemistry

Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushrooms are a source of antioxidants.^[15] Extracts from P. citrinopileatus have been studied for their antihyperglycemic properties, decreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic rats.^[16] They have also been studied as a source of lipid-lowering drugs;^[17] P. ostreatus, a related oyster mushroom, has been found to contain the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin.^[18]

In one study, among 11 other commonly cultivated or foraged mushroom species, Pleurotus citrinopileatus contained the second highest amount of the antioxidant and amino acid ergothioneine at 3.94mg per gram of dry weight, and fourth highest in glutathione at 1.39mg per gram of dry weight. Both compounds had their highest concentrations in the pileus tissue. It had the highest amount of ergothioneine among the other saprotrophs within the group.^[19]

References

^ Singer, R. (1943). "Das System der Agaricales. III". Annals of Mycology. 41: 1–189.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ohira, Ikuo (1990). "A revision of the taxonomic status of Pleurotus citrinopileatus". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute. 28: 143–150.
^ ^a ^b ^c Parmasto, Erast (July 1987). "Pleurotus citrinopileatus, one of the favourites". Mycologist. 1 (3): 106–107. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(87)80076-9.
^ Bruce, Andrea L. (2018). Population genomic insights into the establishment of non-native golden oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) in the United States (Thesis). University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.
^ Tsigain, F. T. et al. (2022). Enzymatic Activities, Characteristics of Wood-Decay and Wood Substrate Specificity within Genera of Some Wood-Rotting Basidiomycetes from Cameroon and Tropical Africa. European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 3(1), 11-23.
^ Kidukuli, A.W., Mbwambo, Z.H., Malebo, H.M., Mgina, C.A. and Mihale, M.J., 2010. In vivo antiviral activity, protease inhibition and brine shrimp lethality of selected Tanzanian wild edible mushrooms. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 31, pp.1887-1894.
^ Musieba, F., S. Okoth and R.K. Mibey, 2011. First record of the occurrence of Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer on new hosts in Kenya. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 2: 1304-1309.
^ V. Nteziryayo, D.D. Tibuhwa, R. Muvunyi, T. Masharabu: Characterization and domestication of wild edible mushrooms from selected indigenous forests in Burundi. Tanzan. J. Sci., 45 (2019), pp. 417-430.
^ Chukunda, F. A.; Nnadi, P. C. (2018). "Identification and Evaluation of Nutrient Compositions of Two Wild Edible Mushrooms in Oduoha-Emohua Forest, Rivers State". Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8 (7): 138–144. doi:10.15580/GJAS.2018.7.050918068.
^ Kreisel, H.; Al-Fatimi, M. (2008). "Further Basidiomycetes from Yemen". Feddes Repertorium. 119 (5–6): 463–483. doi:10.1002/fedr.200811175.
^ Kimn H, Song MJ. Analysis of traditional knowledge for wild edible mushrooms consumed by residents living in Jirisan National Park (Korea). J Ethnopharmacol, 2014; 153:90–7.
^ Dar, A.H.; Wani, A.H.; Bhat, M.Y.; Sheikh, A.R.; Talie, M.D. Conspectus of Traditional Ethnomycological Insights Pertaining to Wild Mushrooms of South Kashmir, India. Phytomed. Plus 2023, 3, 100477.
^ Stamets, Paul (2000). Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. Ten Speed Press. pp. 274–289. ISBN 1-58008-175-4.
^ Chang, Shu-ting; Miles, Philip G. (2004). "Pleurotus — A Mushroom of Broad Adaptability". Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 315–325. ISBN 978-0-8493-1043-0.
^ Lee, Yu-Ling; Huang, Gi-Wei; Liang, Zeng-Chin; Mau, Jeng-Leun (June 2007). "Antioxidant properties of three extracts from Pleurotus citrinopileatus". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 40 (5): 823–833. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2006.04.002.
^ Hu, Shu-Hui; Wang, Jinn-Chyi; Lien, Juang-Lin; Liaw, Ean-Tun; Lee, Min-Yen (March 2006). "Antihyperglycemic effect of polysaccharide from fermented broth of Pleurotus citrinopileatus". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 70 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0043-5. PMID 16001252.
^ Hu, Shu Hui; Liang, Zeng Chin; Chia, Yi Chen; Lien, Juang Lin; Chen, Ker Shaw; Lee, Min Yen; Wang, Jinn Chyi (March 2006). "Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Extracts from Pleurotus citrinopileatus". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (6): 2103–2110. doi:10.1021/jf052890d. PMID 16536582.
^ Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Cimerman, Aleksa (March 1995). "Pleurotus Fruiting Bodies Contain the Inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase—Lovastatin". Experimental Mycology. 19 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1006/emyc.1995.1001. PMID 7614366.
^ Kalaras, Michael D.; Richie, John P.; Calcagnotto, Ana; Beelman, Robert B. (October 2017). "Mushrooms: A rich source of the antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione". Food Chemistry. 233: 429–433. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.109. PMID 28530594.