Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity

Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics

The persecution of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church has been surging over centuries.[1] The church has encountered significant challenges throughout its history. Historically, notable persecutions attributed during Yodit Gudit era in 980, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi invasion of Ethiopian Empire during the Ethiopian-Adal War (1529–1542) and the Italian occupation of Ethiopia (1936–1941). Still, the church faces significant persecutions where many Christians are killed by government forces and churches are burnt amidst political crisis. During the tension between Ethiopian Orthodox and the illegal Oromia synod, three people killed after unknown assailants opened fire in Shashamane in Oromia on 2 February 2023. According to witness, the Oromia police was the perpetrator of the attack. It is observed during Axum massacre in the Tigray War where 750 people reportedly killed in Axum Tsion feast day celebrated on 30 November.[2][3][4]

Historical perspectives

Around 980 AD, Gudit began sacking Aksum, and burnt several thousands Ethiopian Orthodox churches and monuments before eliminating the king Dil Na'od and other monarchs of Aksumite lines.[5] The destruction of churches asserted by some Ethiopian traditions that Gudit's ethnicity was Jewish. The Ethiopian Christian and Islam tensions also major factors of the persecution, such as the Ethiopian-Adal War in 1529, where Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi destroyed after he occupied much of Shewa, Gondar, Wollo and part of Tigray. According to Ethiopian Church records, 10 Ethiopian Christians were forcefully converted to Islam as a result of Ahmad's campaign.[6] After resilient struggle of Emperor Dawit II, the Portuguese failed to assist him and he died after evicting to Debre Damo Monastery, prompting Ahmad to destroy more church properties. After the defeat of Ahmad in 1543 by Emperor Galawdewos, he began rebuilding churches and attempt to restore peace, but he was weakened by Ahmad's successors until his final death.

Catholicism activities in Ethiopia has also raised concern over anti-Ethiopian Orthodoxy in the 16th century, especially after the conversion of Emperor Susenyos I to Catholicism in 1622 and subsequent Catholic rule for a decade.[7] In 1626, the Catholic Patriarch Afonso Mendes abolished any Ethiopian Orthodox practices abroad which led to unrest.[8] The same way anti-Ethiopian Orthodox feelings were propagated throughout the Italian invasion involving mass killings of its followers and clergies. Following the Yekatit 12 massacre, the Italians massacred over 2,000 monks at Debre Libanos Monastery in 1937 ordered by Italian viceroy Rudolfo Graziani.[9] Abune Petros was amongst victims who was publicly executed by eight carabinieri in Addis Ababa in 1936.[10][11] Historian Adam Clayton Powell Jr. condemned Mussolini for trying to exterminate Orthodox Christians and doubted that the Catholics of America and of Harlem community in New York neglecting this action.[12] The Italians concerned the status of freedom of religion in the country, where the used Ethiopian Orthodox under their supervision as many of observance and rites were held in the presence of Italian officials.[13]

Contemporary era

Many churches faces significant challenges in lieu of the current political instabilities in Ethiopia, such as in Axum massacre in the Tigray War.[14][15] Arson attacks are widely reported and Orthodox leaders complained such incidents several years ago.[16] The Ethiopian government is accused of "masterminding" killings of several Christians for political purpose. For instance, three Christians were killed after unknown armed assailants opened fire in Shashamane on 2 February 2023 amidst crisis between the Ethiopian Orthodox and the illegal Oromia Region synod.[17] According to local residents, the Oromia police was the preparator of the attack.[18] The Axum massacre in late 2020 happened just before annual Axum Tsion Festival, a major Ethiopian Orthodox festival on 30 November. It was perpetuated by the Ethiopian and Eritrean joint forces after they took control of the city on 19 November according to Amnesty International.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Insight, Addis (2023-02-15). "The Persecution of Ethiopian Orthodox Church Followers: A Comparison to Jewish Persecution Throughout History". Addis Insight. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  2. ^ CNA. "Ethiopia massacre: Hundreds of Christians reportedly dead at Oriental Orthodox church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  3. ^ "Were 750 Christians Really Massacred? The Truth About Ethiopia's Recent Crisis". Religion Unplugged. 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  4. ^ "Massacre 'of 750' reported in Aksum church complex, Tigray, Ethiopia". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  5. ^ "The Queen of the Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  6. ^ "A leap of faith - Al-Ahram Weekly". www.islamawareness.net. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  7. ^ "The Ethiopian Catholic Church". CNEWA. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  8. ^ Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013-04-11). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2.
  9. ^ Ademe, Solomon Molla; Ali, Mohammed Seid (2023-03-01). "Foreign intervention and legacies in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church". Heliyon. 9 (3): e13790. Bibcode:2023Heliy...913790A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13790. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 9981915. PMID 36873546.
  10. ^ huconedit (2022-10-03). "The Ethiopian Genocide and the Rise of Abune Petros | Hungarian Conservative". www.hungarianconservative.com. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  11. ^ Larebo, Haile Mariam (1988). "The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Politics in the Twentieth Century: Part Ii". Northeast African Studies. 10 (1): 1–23. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 43661167.
  12. ^ Plummer, Brenda Gayle (2000-11-09). Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6386-2.
  13. ^ Shenk, Calvin E. (1972). "The Italian Attempt to Reconcile the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: the use of religious celebrations and assistance to churches and monasteries". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 10 (1): 125–135. ISSN 0304-2243. JSTOR 41965850.
  14. ^ "Were Orthodox Christians massacred in Ethiopia?". America Magazine. 2021-01-29. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  15. ^ "'Horrible': Witnesses recall massacre in Ethiopian holy city". AP News. 2021-02-18. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  16. ^ "Three Killed in Attacks on Ethiopian Orthodox Church, According to Report". VOA. 2023-02-04. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  17. ^ "Three Christians Killed by Government Forces in Ethiopia". International Christian Concern. 2023-02-06. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  18. ^ Admin (2022-01-21). "Oromia police killed at least three Orthodox church followers during epiphany celebration in Addis Ababa". Borkena Ethiopian News. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  19. ^ "Eritrean troops massacre hundreds of civilians in Axum, Ethiopia". Amnesty International. 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2023-09-04.

Read other articles:

Boal (kota)

Lambang kota Untuk pengertian lain, lihat Boal. Boal (bahasa Asturia dan Eonaviego: Bual[1]) adalah kotamadya yang berada di Eo-Navia, Asturias, Spanyol. Secara administratif, Boal termasuk pula ke dalam distrik peradilan Valdés. Pusat kotamadya ini ada di Paroki Bual. Kotamadya berpenduduk 2.040 jiwa (2008) ini mencakup daerah seluas 120,28 km², sehingga kepadatan penduduknya mencapai 16,96 jiwa/km². Geografi Boal berada di kawasan timur Asturia, dan kota ini terletak 450 m d...

 

Yuzhno-Kurilsk

Yuzhno-Kurilsk Pembagian administratif Rusiaurban-type settlement in Russia (en) Южно-Курильск (ru) Tempatcategoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatRusiaOblast di RusiaOblast SakhalinUrban okrug in Russia (en)Yuzhno-Kurilsky District (en) Ibu kota dariYuzhno-Kurilsky District (en) NegaraRusia PendudukTotal7.777  (2018 )GeografiKetinggian30 m SejarahPembuatan1946 Informasi tambahanKode pos694500 Zona waktuWaktu Vladivostok UTC+11 Kode telepon42455 OKTMO ID (en)...

 

دنيز بايسال

دنيز بايسال Deniz Baysal   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 5 أبريل 1991 (العمر 33 سنة)إزمير الجنسية تركية الطول 1.71 م الديانة الاسلام الحياة العملية الأدوار المهمة هازان فضيله وبناتها ، كائنات عروسات هاربات ، داريا العهد (الموسم الثالث) ، زهراء المنظمة المهنة ممثلة مسرحية،  وممثلة أفلام،...

Registrasi pesawat

Van's Aircraft RV-7 dengan nomor registrasi G-KELS terpampang pada bagian samping. Awalan G menandai pesawat sipil yang didaftarkan di Britania Raya. Daftar awalan registrasi pada peta Registrasi pesawat terbang (Inggris: aircraft registration) adalah suatu string alfanumerik yang mengidentifikasi pesawat terbang sipil, sebagaimana plat nomor pada kendaraan bermotor. Sesuai Convention on International Civil Aviation semua pesawat terbang harus didaftarkan pada otoritas penerbangan sipil s...

 

Up Out My Face

Single by Mariah Carey Up Out My FaceSong by Mariah Careyfrom the album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel ReleasedSeptember 29, 2009Recorded2009Studio California (The Boom Boom Room; Larrabee) New York (Honeywest Studios) Length3:41LabelIsland Def JamSongwriter(s)Mariah CareyTricky StewartTerius NashProducer(s)CareyStewartNash Up Out My FaceSingle by Mariah Carey featuring Nicki MinajReleasedJanuary 26, 2010 (2010-01-26)Recorded2009Studio California (The Boom Boom Room; Larrabee) N...

 

Rhetorica ad Herennium

Ancient Latin book on rhetoric Rhetorica ad Herennium AuthorCicero or CornificiusCountryRoman EmpireLanguageLatinSubjectRhetoricSet inAncient RomePublication date~ 90 BCE Part of a series onRhetoric History Ancient Greece Asianism Atticism Attic orators Calliope Sophists Ancient India Ancient Rome The age of Cicero Second Sophistic Middle Ages Byzantine rhetoric Trivium Renaissance Studia humanitatis Modern period Concepts Captatio benevolentiae Chironomia Decorum Delectare Docere Device...

Nandrolone decanoate

Anabolic steroid Nandrolone decanoateClinical dataTrade namesRolon, othersOther names• Nandrolone decylate• 19-Nortestosterone 17β-decanoatePregnancycategory AU: D Routes ofadministrationIntramuscular injection, subcutaneous injectionDrug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester; ProgestogenLegal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: Schedule IV UK: Class C US: Schedule III Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityIntramuscular: 53–73%[1]Me...

 

Glasnevin

Northern suburb of Dublin, Ireland For the hamlet in Canada, see Glasnevin, Saskatchewan. Suburb in Leinster, IrelandGlasnevin Irish: Glas NaíonSuburbGlasnevin, DublinGlasnevinLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°22′19″N 6°16′02″W / 53.371859°N 6.267357°W / 53.371859; -6.267357CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyDublinLocal AuthorityDublin City Council Glasnevin (Irish: Glas Naíon, meaning stream of the infants, also known as Glas Naedhe, meaning stream of ...

 

Mike Heitler

American gangster Michael The Pike Heitler (1876 – April 30, 1931) was a Prohibition gangster involved in prostitution for the Chicago Outfit. A Jewish mob boss born in what is today Ukraine, Heitler is buried at Waldheim Cemetery Co. in Forest Park, Illinois. Biography Heitler began operating brothels in Chicago during the early 1900s based out of west Madison Street. By 1911, he had become a leading crime figure and a top lieutenant to Chicago racketeer Jacob Mont Tennes, later driving ri...

Tom Sizemore

Tom Sizemore nel 2011 Tom Sizemore, vero nome Thomas Edward Sizemore , Jr. (Detroit, 29 novembre 1961[1] – Burbank, 3 marzo 2023[2]), è stato un attore, produttore cinematografico e cantante statunitense. È conosciuto al grande pubblico per il ruolo del poliziotto scrittore ed assassino Jack Scagnetti nel film Assassini nati - Natural Born Killers. Altri suoi ruoli famosi includono il sergente Michael Horvath nel film di guerra Salvate il soldato Ryan, il tenente colonnell...

 

White Lotus

Religious and political movement in China This article is about the religious and political movement. For the TV series, see The White Lotus. For other uses, see White Lotus (disambiguation). White Lotus白蓮教White Lotus Society, c. Ming–QingClassificationChinese salvationistOrientationMaitreya teachingsLanguageChineseFounderHuiyuanOriginduring Jin dynasty Mount Lu, JiujiangBranched fromPure Land BuddhismAbsorbedChinese Manichaeism The White Lotus (traditional Chinese: 白蓮�...

 

Bolsover (UK Parliament constituency)

UK Parliament constituency in England since 1950 BolsoverCounty constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Bolsover in Derbyshire for the 2010 general electionLocation of Derbyshire within EnglandCountyDerbyshirePopulation94,473 (2011 census)[1]Electorate72,162 (December 2010)[2]Major settlementsBolsover, Shirebrook, Clowne, South NormantonCurrent constituencyCreated1950Member of ParliamentMark Fletcher (Conservative)SeatsOneCreated fromClay Cross and North East Derby...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

Economic bubble

Temporary spike in asset prices Part of a series onEconomics History Outline Index Branches and classifications Applied Econometrics Heterodox International Micro / Macro Mainstream Mathematical Methodology Political JEL classification codes Concepts, theory and techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research Middle income trap Industrial complex By application Agricultural Behavioral Busines...

 

伯努利定律

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2020年4月24日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：伯努利定律 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 氣體流入文丘里計。減少流體壓力而增加動能，由圖中兩管水的高度差可以看...

 

Меморіальні та анотаційні дошки Вінниці

Зміст 1 Анотаційні дошки і пам'ятні знаки 2 Меморіальні дошки 2.1 На честь людей 2.2 На честь подій 3 Демонтовані дошки 4 Примітки 5 Джерела 6 Див. також Анотаційні дошки і пам'ятні знаки Зображення На честь кого, чого чи якої події Адреса Дата встановлення Вулицю названо на чест...

Tracy McGrady

Tracy Lamar McGrady, Jr. (lahir 24 Mei, 1979 di Bartow, Florida), berjuluk T-Mac, adalah pemain bola basket professional Amerika Serikat yang masuk dalam All-Star dan bermain untuk klub Houston Rockets di National Basketball Association. McGrady masuk rangking ke #75 dalam majalah SLAM's yaitu 75 pemain Top NBA sepanjang masa pada 2003. Ia juga pernah bermain untuk Toronto Raptors dan Orlando Magic. Ia bertinggi badan 203 cm dan memiliki berat 101 kg. Ia juga menjadi top skor NBA s...

 

Regimiento de Infantería n.º 21 «Coquimbo»

Regimiento N° 21 Coquimbo del capitán de fragata Arturo Prat ChacónPaís ChileFidelidad Ejército de ChileRama/s InfanteríaTipo regimientoCultura e historiaLema En la guerra con valor, en la tumba con honor.[editar datos en Wikidata]Vista del Regimiento Coquimbo. El Regimiento N.º 21 «Coquimbo» —antes Regimiento de Infantería n.º 21 «Arica»— es una unidad militar que pertenece a la II División Motorizada del Ejército de Chile y cuya guarnición se encuentra en ...