Permians

Not to be confused with the Permian geologic era.
Volga Finns, Baltic Finns, Slavs and Khazars in the 9th century; Permians marked with red

The Permians[a] are the peoples who speak the Permic languages, a branch of the Uralic language family,[3] and include Komis, Udmurts, and Besermyans.

History

The ancestors of the Permians originally inhabited the land called Permia covering the middle and upper Kama River. Permians split into two groups, probably during the 9th century.[4]

The Komis came under the rule of the Novgorod Republic in the 13th century and were converted to Russian Orthodoxy in the 1360s and 1370s. From 1471 to 1478, their lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which would later become the Tsardom of Russia. In the 18th century, the Russian authorities opened the southern parts of the land to colonization and the northern parts became a place to which criminal and political prisoners were exiled.

The Udmurts came under the rule of the Tatars, the Golden Horde and the Khanate of Kazan until their land was ceded to Russia, and the people were Christianized at the beginning of the 18th century.[5]

A connection between Permians and Bjarmians, a northern people mentioned in Old Norse sources, has been suggested.[6] Recent research on the Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects suggests that in Bjarmaland there once lived speakers of other Finno-Ugric languages beside the Permians.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Occasionally referred to as Perm Finns[1] or Permian Finns.[2]

References

  1. ^ Ekaterina Goldina & Rimma Goldina (2018) On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries, Estonian Journal of Archaeology 22: 2, 163–180
  2. ^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1879). "Finland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IX (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 219.
  3. ^ Khrunin AV, Khokhrin DV, Filippova IN, Esko T, Nelis M, Bebyakova NA, et al. (2013) A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058552
  4. ^ Leskov, Nikolaĭ (1992). On the Edge of the World. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-118-8.
  5. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91977-7.
  6. ^ Tooke, William (1799). View of the Russian Empire. During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the Present Century. London: T. N. Longman, O. Rees, and J. Debrett. pp. 527–532.
  7. ^ Saarikivi, Janne: Substrata Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects. Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 294-295. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine