Penguin diagram

Example of a penguin diagram superimposed on an image of a Gentoo penguin.

In quantum field theory, penguin diagrams are a class of Feynman diagrams which are important for understanding CP violating processes in the standard model. They refer to one-loop processes in which a quark temporarily changes flavor (via a W or Z loop), and the flavor-changed quark engages in some tree interaction, typically a strong one. For the interactions where some quark flavors (e.g., very heavy ones) have much higher interaction amplitudes than others, such as CP-violating or Higgs interactions, these penguin processes may have amplitudes comparable to or even greater than those of the direct tree processes. A similar diagram can be drawn for leptonic decays.[1]

They were first isolated and studied by Mikhail Shifman, Arkady Vainshtein, and Valentin Zakharov.[2][3]

The processes which they describe were first directly observed in 1991 and 1994 by the CLEO collaboration.[citation needed]

Origin of the name

John Ellis was the first to refer to a certain class of Feynman diagrams as "penguin diagrams" in a 1977 paper on b-quarks.[4] The name came about in part due to their shape, and in part due to a legendary bar-room bet with Melissa Franklin. According to John Ellis:[5]

"Mary K. [Gaillard], Dimitri [Nanopoulos] and I first got interested in what are now called penguin diagrams while we were studying CP violation in the Standard Model in 1976... The penguin name came in 1977, as follows.

In the spring of 1977, Mike Chanowitz, Mary K and I wrote a paper on GUTs predicting the b quark mass before it was found. When it was found a few weeks later, Mary K, Dimitri, Serge Rudaz and I immediately started working on its phenomenology. That summer, there was a student at CERN, Melissa Franklin who is now an experimentalist at Harvard. One evening, she, I, and Serge went to a pub, and she and I started a game of darts. We made a bet that if I lost I had to put the word penguin into my next paper. She actually left the darts game before the end, and was replaced by Serge, who beat me. Nevertheless, I felt obligated to carry out the conditions of the bet.

For some time, it was not clear to me how to get the word into this b quark paper that we were writing at the time. Then, one evening, after working at CERN, I stopped on my way back to my apartment to visit some friends living in Meyrin where I smoked some illegal substance. Later, when I got back to my apartment and continued working on our paper, I had a sudden flash that the famous diagrams look like penguins. So we put the name into our paper, and the rest, as they say, is history."[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Flip Tanedo (2012-03-19). "Dissecting the Penguin". Quantum Diaries. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  2. ^ Vainshtein, A. I.; Zakharov, V. I.; Shifman, M. A. (1975). "A possible mechanism for the ΔT = 1/2 rule in nonleptonic decays of strange particles". Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 22: 123. Bibcode:1975ZhPmR..22..123V.
    Translated in Vainshtein, A. I.; Zakharov, V. I.; Shifman, M. A. (1975). "A possible mechanism for the ΔT = 1/2 rule in nonleptonic decays of strange particles". JETP Letters. 22: 55. Bibcode:1975JETPL..22...55V.
  3. ^ Shifman, M. A.; Vainshtein, A. I.; Zakharov, V. I. (1977). "Asymptotic freedom, light quarks and the origin of the ΔT = 1/2 rule in the non-leptonic decays of strange particles". Nuclear Physics B. 120 (2): 316. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.120..316S. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90046-3.
  4. ^ Ellis, J.; Gaillard, M.K.; Nanopoulos, D.V.; Rudaz, S. (1977). "The phenomenology of the next left-handed quarks". Nuclear Physics B. 131 (2–3): 285–307. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.131..285E. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90374-1.
  5. ^ a b Mikhail Shifman (1995). "ITEP Lectures in Particle Physics". arXiv:hep-ph/9510397.

Read other articles:

Kuning malam

Kuning Malam Kaleng malamCommon connotationsLilin, malam     Koordinat warnaTriplet hex#F8E1A8sRGBB    (r, g, b)(248, 225, 168)CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(0, 9, 32, 3)HSV       (h, s, v)(43°, 32%, 97%)SumberDaftar Istilah Warna[1]RAL Colours[2]B: Dinormalkan ke [0–255] (bita)H: Dinormalkan ke [0–100] (ratusan) Kuning malam (Inggris: Wax yellowcode: en is deprecated ) adalah suatu corak warna kuning pucat yang menyerupai warna lili...

 

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

Daftar standar penyiaran televisi digital Standar DVB (negara) DVB-T (terestrial) DVB-T2 DVB-S (satelit) DVB-S2 DVB-C (kabel) DVB-C2 DVB-H (handheld) DVB-SH (satelit) Standar ATSC (negara) ATSC (terestrial/kabel) ATSC 2.0 ATSC-M/H (mobile/handheld) Standar ISDB (negara) ISDB-T (terestrial) ISDB-T International SBTVD/ISDB-Tb (Brasil) ISDB-S (satelit) ISDB-C (kabel) 1seg (handheld) Standar DTMB (negara) DTMB (terestrial) CMMB (handheld) Standar DMB (negara) T-DMB (terestrial) S-DMB (satelit) Co...

 

Yu dengan makron

Huruf KirilYu dengan makron Alfabet KirilHuruf SlaviaАА́А̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЕ́ÈЕ̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИИ́ЍИ̂ЙІЇЈКЛЉМНЊОŌПРСС́ТЋЌУУ́ У̀У̂ӮЎФХЦЧЏШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯHuruf non-SlaviaӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ҒГ̑Г̣Г̌ҔӺҒ̌ӶД̌Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̄Е̃Ё̄Є̈ӁҖӜҘӞЗ̌З̱З̣ԐԐ̈ӠӢИ̃ҊӤҚӃҠҞҜК̣ԚӅԮԒӍӉҢԨӇҤО́О̀О̆О̂О̃ӦӦ̄ӨӨ̄Ө́Ө̆ӪҨԤР̌ҎҪС̣С̱Т̌Т̣ҬУ̃Ӱ Ӱ́Ӱ̄ӲҮҮ́ҰХ̣Х̱Х̮�...

Di Bulan Suci Ini...

Di Bulan Suci Ini...Genre Drama Komedi Ditulis oleh Titien Wattimena Tamara Citra Deliesza Skenario Beta Ingrid Ayu Ummu Amalia Misbah CeritaDinna JasantiSutradaraDinna JasantiPemeran Titi Kamal Rebecca Klopper Dennis Adhiswara Verdi Solaiman Jenny Zhang Penggubah lagu temaYudhistira AriantoLagu penutupRamadhan Datang oleh TompiNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode6ProduksiProduser eksekutif Anthony Buncio Sutanto Hartono Monika Rudijono ProduserWicky V. Ol...

 

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Karangasem

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten KarangasemDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Karangasem2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai15 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaI Wayan Suastika (PDI-P) sejak 11 Februari 2021 Wakil Ketua II Nengah Sumardi (Golkar) sejak 11 September 2019 Wakil Ketua III Made Agus Kertiana (NasDem) sejak 11 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IIII Wayan Parka (Gerindra) sejak 11 September 2019 KomposisiAnggota45Partai & kursi &...

 

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022) The sculpture in 2014 Thomas Jefferson is a statue of U.S. Founding Father and president Thomas Jefferson in front of the Rotunda at the University of Virginia, the university he founded and designed. The statue was crafted by Moses Ezekiel in 1910 and was a copy of the Jefferson statue in Louisville, Kentucky. Vandalism In August 2017 the statue was the targ...

Desain komunikasi visual

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Desain komunikasi visual – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan prana...

 

Yelena Belova

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la biatleta russa, vedi Elena Belova. Yelena BelovaYelena Belova, la terza Vedova Nera, disegni di Greg Horn UniversoUniverso Marvel Lingua orig.Inglese AutoriDevin K. Grayson J. G. Jones EditoreMarvel Comics - Marvel Knights 1ª app.marzo 1999 1ª app. inInhumans (vol. 2[1]) n. 5 Editore it.Panini Comics 1ª app. it.ottobre 1999 1ª app. it. inCavaliere Marvel n. 5 Caratteristiche immaginarieAlter ego Vedova Nera Vedova Cremi...

 

Belgrade, Minnesota

Jalanan di Belgrade, Minnesota Belgrade adalah sebuah kota di Stearns County, Minnesota, Amerika Serikat. Populasi adalah 740 pada sensus 2010.[1] Ini adalah bagian dari Area Statistik Metropolitan St. Cloud. Beograd adalah rumah bagi Gagak hitam terbesar di dunia.[2] Sejarah Beograd adalah sebuah kota di bagian 18 dan 19 dari Crow River Township. Ini berbagi namanya dengan ibu kota Serbia, sebuah kotapraja dan desanya di Maine, serta desa - desa di Missouri, Nebraska, dan Mon...

Stadion Internasional Raja Fahd

Stadion Kota Olahraga Raja Fahd LokasiLokasi Riyadh, Arab SaudiKoordinat24°47′17.54″N 46°50′21.25″E / 24.7882056°N 46.8392361°E / 24.7882056; 46.8392361KonstruksiDibuka1987Data teknisKapasitas75.000PemakaiTim nasional sepak bola (1987 – kini) Al-Hilal Al-Nassr Al-ShababSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Kota Olahraga Raja Fahd (bahasa Arab: مدينة الملك فهد الرياضية) merupakan sebuah stadion mult...

 

العودة إلى المستقبل

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع العودة إلى المستقبل (توضيح). العودة إلى المستقبلBack to the Future (بالإنجليزية) الشعارملصق فيلم العودة إلى المستقبلمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني أكشن، خيال علميالموضوع السفر عبر الزمن تاريخ الصدور 3 يوليو 1985مدة العرض 116 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية الإنجليزيةالبلد الول...

 

رق (جلد كتابة)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع رق (توضيح).رقمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من إهاب[1]منتج حيواني[2] الاستعمال covering material (en) سطح كتابة سطح اللوحة الفنية سُمِّي باسم برغامون المواد المستخدمة جلد الأيلجلد العجل يستخدمه binding in vellum (en) plica (en) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بياناتنوع برشمان...

List of awards and nominations received by George Lucas

George Lucas awards and nominationsAwards and nominationsAward Wins Nominations Academy Awards 1 4Emmy Awards 2 5Golden Globe Awards 0 2 The following is a list of awards and nominations received by George Lucas. Major associations Academy Awards Year Category Nominated work Result Ref. 1973 Best Director American Graffiti Nominated [1] Best Original Screenplay Nominated 1977 Best Director Star Wars Nominated [2] Best Original Screenplay Nominated 1992 Irving G. Thalberg Awar...

 

Baldassare Verazzi

Baldassare Verazzi (Caprezzo, 6 gennaio 1819 – Lesa, 18 gennaio 1886) è stato un pittore italiano. Allegoria del Generale Justo Josè De Urquiza Episodio delle Cinque giornate di Milano (Combattimento presso il Palazzo Litta) Indice 1 Biografia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Studiò all'Accademia di Brera a Milano dal 1833 al 1842, quindi presso il pittore romantico veneziano Francesco Hayez (1791 - 1882) nel 1851[1], e partecipò a numerose...

 

AIR角色列表

《AIR》是一款日本視覺小說遊戲，後來也延伸推出了漫畫與動畫作品。玩家在遊戲中所扮演的角色為年輕男主角國崎往人，他為了能夠尋找到母親所提的「天空中的女孩」而於日本各地流浪，過著不斷從一個小鎮移動到另外一個小鎮的生活。但由於只能仰賴用法術操縱自己手邊玩偶的表演赚取金錢，也一直以來過著貧困的日子[1]。在這樣的情況之下，當他受到別人刺�...

Newman (Seinfeld)

Major character on the TV show Seinfeld Fictional character NewmanWayne Knight as Newman in The Calzone (1996)First appearanceThe Revenge (voice only) (1991) The Suicide (on-screen appearance) (1992)Last appearanceA Message from Your Friendly Local Mail Carrier (2020)[1]Created byJerry Seinfeld and Larry DavidPortrayed byWayne KnightVoiced byLarry David (The Revenge, original broadcast)In-universe informationGenderMaleOccupationMail carrier Newman is a recurring character in the telev...

 

British Army

British Army Drapeau de la British Army Création 1661 Pays Royaume-Uni Allégeance Monarque britanniqueMinistère de la Défense Branche Armée de terre Type Armée Effectif 118 240 personnes : 80 730 armée régulière 4 110 Gurkhas 28 810 réservistes 4 590 autres[1] Fait partie de Forces armées britanniques Commandant Charles III modifier  La British Army (en français : « Armée britannique ») est la branche terrestre des Forces armé...

 

Daftar film Amerika tahun 1992

Film Amerika Serikatmenurut tahun 1890-an 1890 1891 1892 1893 18941895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900-an 1900 1901 1902 1903 19041905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910-an 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920-an 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930-an 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940-an 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950-an 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960-an 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970-a...

Гностическая церковь Франции

Гностическая церковь Франции Епископская печать Жюля Дюанеля Тип организации религия Основание Дата основания 1890 Гностическая церковь Франции (фр. Église gnostique de France) — нео-гностическая христианская организация, созданная Жюлем Дюанелем в 1888[1] (по другим данным&#...

 

Der Graf von Monte Christo

Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Der Graf von Monte Christo (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Der Graf von Monte Christo (Originaltitel Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) ist ein Abenteuerroman von Alexandre Dumas dem Älteren. Zwischen 1844 und 1846 veröffentlichte Dumas den Graf von Monte Christo als Fortsetzungsroman in der Zeitschrift Le Journal des débats und erzielte damit ungeahnten Erfolg. Noch bevor der Roman fertiggestellt war, erschienen bereits die ...