PZL W-3 Sokół

W-3 Sokół
A W-3 Sokół of the Polish Army
General information
TypeMultipurpose utility helicopter
National origin Poland
ManufacturerPZL-Świdnik
StatusIn service
Primary usersPolish Armed Forces
Number built149 (as of 2011)[1]
History
Manufactured1986–2015
First flight16 November 1979

The PZL W-3 Sokół (English: "Falcon") is a medium-size, twin-engine, multipurpose helicopter developed and manufactured by Polish helicopter company PZL-Świdnik, now owned by Leonardo. It was the first helicopter entirely designed and produced in Poland.

Development

Origins

PZL W-3 fourth prototype

During 1973, work commenced upon what would become the W-3 Sokół at PZL Świdnik; design work was performed by an in-house team led by aeronautical engineer Stanisław Kamiński. A major influence on the design was the perceived demands from both military and civilian aviation across the Soviet Union, which was envisioned to serve as the major operator of the type. On 16 November 1979, the Sokół conducted its maiden flight. Following an intensive test programme, type certification for the helicopter was received from aviation authorities in Poland, Russia, the United States and Germany.

During May 1993, certification of the Sokol to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) FAR Part 29 standards was granted; it was followed by the receipt of German certification during December of that year. During 1985, low rate production of the Sokół commenced. In June 1996, the 100th Sokół was completed by the company.

Huzar derivative

During the 1990s, PZL-Świdnik heavily pursued the development of an envisioned Huzar battlefield helicopter, which was to be based on the airframe of the W-3 Sokol and would have eventually involved the manufacture of 100 such attack helicopters under a tentative $350 million contract for the Polish Army.[2] While the programme was initiated by the company, it was heavily afflicted by repeated setbacks and delays as PZL-Świdnik's financial state worsened as well as the firm often waiting for years for development funds to be issued by the Polish government with which it could formally launch the next phase of development. When a contract for the helicopter's avionics and weapon systems was awarded within a government memorandum of understanding (MoU) to an Israeli consortium, consisting of armaments manufacturer Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and defense electronics company Elbit Systems, making them the intended supplier for both the missiles and avionics for the helicopter.[2][3]

During 1998, the Polish Council of Ministers issued its recommendation for the launch of a new tender in support of the envisioned Huzar.[2] Specifically, the tender sought an avionics and weapons systems integrator for the new rotorcraft, potentially replacing the originally selected Israeli consortium due to alleged irregularities involved in the prior arrangement's awarding.[3] American firm Boeing, who led their own bid involving in excess of 20 separate companies, represented Elbit's chief competitor for the integration contract; at one point, it appeared that political changes to the competition had made Boeing the favourite to win the contract.[2] While Rafael's NT-D anti-tank missile was selected, this was subject to the successful completion of several test launches; if it failed, rival bids from Boeing for the AGM-114 Hellfire, British firm GEC-Marconi with the Brimstone and the Franko-German company Euromissile's HOT 3 missile.[2][3] The Israeli Government resisted breaking up its consortium for a separate avionics integration contract, stated it would refuse to release the NT-D missile unless it was also awarded the avionics bid, but reportedly softened on this stance.[2]

However, during mid-1999, the Polish government's plans for the Huzar helicopter were entirely abandoned, effectively ending development of the derivative immediately.[4] In its place, a smaller fleet of W-3 Sokol, modified for the support role, was to be adopted in the short term instead. Invitations for bids for the upgrading of 50 rotorcraft, including the adoption of new rotor blades, more powerful engines, extra fuel tanks and additional armaments, was issued thereafter. At the time, Polish Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek stated that, for the long term requirement, a new tender for attack helicopter was to be issued by the end of June that year, and "we expect a decision in October or November"; the envisioned competition was to be contested by the Italian Agusta A129 Mangusta, the American Bell AH-1W/Z Super Cobra and Boeing AH-64 Apache, the European Eurocopter Tiger and South African Denel Rooivalk attack helicopters.[4][5] Poland ultimately chose to pursue a relatively modest stopgap plan to upgrade its existing Mil Mi-24 fleet with Israeli-built equipment.[6][7]

Further development

During the early 2000s, PLZ Swidnik issued an offer for the upgrade of 12 Sokols previously operated by the Polish Air Force in the training role, converting them to perform the search and rescue mission instead; amongst the changes involved was the installation of Rockwell Collins-built ARC-210 transceivers and the adoption of new night-vision goggles (NVG)-compatible cockpits.[8] In 2006, this offer was met with a corresponding contract, which would ultimately led to the production of an improved model of the rotorcraft, designated as the W-3PL Gluszec; in addition to the above improvements, a new flight control system and upgraded powerplants featuring full authority digital engine control (FADEC) software, were adopted, along with various changes to the communication, navigation and self-protection systems. The variant, which had been developed partially based upon combat experience gained in Iraq, attracted the attention of the Polish land forces, leading to discussions on modernising additional W-3 helicopters to the Gluszec standard.[9] By January 2012, a follow-up order for another four Sokols re-built to the W-3PL configuration had been issued.[10]

During the mid-2000s, it was reported that, as part of a wider proposed industrial partnership between PLZ Swidnik and Indonesian aircraft company Indonesian Aerospace (IAe), discussions on the potential outsourcing of manufacturing work on the Sokol helicopter, focused on the airframe and some of the subassemblies, were held; it was also stated that a wider licensing agreement in respect to the Sokol had already been ruled out as IAe were not prepared to accept responsibility for marketing and sales for the helicopter.[11]

Following Anglo-Italian helicopter manufacturer AgustaWestland's acquisition of PZL Swidnik, the W-3 Sokol was incorporated into the new parent company's product line and has continued to be marketed and sold.[12]

Design

The PZL W-3 Sokół is a medium-size, twin-engine, multipurpose rotorcraft. The helicopter employs a relatively conventional design and construction. It is powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów-built PZL-10B turboshaft engines; the original powerplant, the PZL-10W, was based on the earlier PZL-10S – a licensed derivative of the Russian-designed Glushenkov TVD-10B turboprop engines which had powered the Polish-built Antonov An-28. Composites are used in the construction of the three-bladed tail and four-bladed main rotors.[citation needed]

The Sokół has been offered in a number of diverse variants and is capable of performing a typical range of helicopter missions, including passenger transport, VIP, cargo, EMS, medevac, firefighting and search and rescue. When used in maritime environments, the rotorcraft is typically outfitted with floats, a transponder, a global positioning system navigation system, night-vision equipment, and a Lucas winch.[13]

Operational history

The first civilian export customer for the W-3A variant of the type was Germany's Federal Police in Saxony.[13]

During 1995, South Korean operator Citiair issued a firm order for the purchase of three transport-orientated W-3A Sokół helicopters.[13] Citiair chose fit various additional equipment on the type, including floats, as two of them were to routinely travel to the island of Ulleungdo, roughly 180 km (110 miles) from the Korean mainland, while the third was to be operated in the nation's more mountainous regions. During the same year, Polish oil company Petrobaltic ordered a single W-3RM Anaconda maritime helicopter, while primarily designed for search and rescue (SAR) duties, it was used by the company for transporting personnel, supplies and equipment to its Baltic oil drilling platforms.[13]

Czech W-3A in 2004.

The Polish military has been a key customer for the Sokol. During the mid-1990s, a 15-year modernisation plan called for the procurement of 90 transport-orientated Sokols, along with 100 Huzar battlefield helicopter (a later-cancelled derivative of the Sokol).[14] During the mid-1990s, During early 1996, Poland exchanged a batch of 11 W-3 Sokółs with the neighbouring Czech Republic in exchange for 10 Mikoyan MiG-29.[14] Maritime-orientated W-3RM Anaconda maritime helicopters were adopted by the Polish naval service, who used the type to perform the SAR role.[13][15]

Since 2003, a batch of four W-3WA helicopters were used by the Independent Air Attack Group (Polish: Samodzielna Grupa Powietrzno-Szturmowa) of the Polish forces in Iraq in support of coalition operations in the region as a part of Poland's contribution to the Iraq War. In total, eight Polish helicopters were deployed to the region until 2008. during summer 2004, the type participated in the distribution of propaganda leaflets as part of wider efforts to undermine support for Iraqi Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.[16] On 15 December 2004, one Sokol was lost due to an accidental crash-landing near Karbala, killing three personnel onboard and injuring three more.[17] On 18 July, 2006 another helicopter crashed at an air base in Al Diwaniyah, injuring 4 crew and 3 passengers.[18]

Since January 2012, a force of five W-3 Sokol helicopters, along with six Mil Mi-8, have been furnished with a VIP configuration and stationed at Poland's 1st Air Transport Base following a major reshuffle of assets.[19]

Variants

Civil versions

Civil production versions.[20][21]

W-3 Sokół
Basic civil multi-purpose version, 30 built (excluding prototypes).
W-3A Sokół
Version with FAR-29 certificate. At least 9 civil helicopters built.
W-3AS Sokół
W-3 airframe converted to W-3A standard, 22 converted.
W-3A2 Sokół
Version with two-axis Smith SN 350 autopilot, one built.
W-3AM Sokół
Civil version with floats, 13 built.
W-3 Erka
Ambulance variant, one built in 1988

Military versions

W-3WA – armed version of the 7th Aviation Squadron in Nowy Glinnik
PZL W-3RM Anakonda of Polish Navy

Military production versions.[20]

W-3 / W-3T / W-3P Sokół
Basic (unarmed) transport/passenger variant used by Polish Air Force (6), Navy (2) and Myanmar Air Force (13, inc. two for VIP).[21]
W-3A Sokół
Military transport variant of the W-3A version used by Czech (11) and Philippine Air Force (8). Some of the Czech helicopters were modified for the emergency medical services. Filipino examples can carry M60 machine gun on each side.[22] Iraqi Air Force returned two VIP-configured Sokół to the intermediary company after cancelling the order.[23]
W-3P/S/A VIP Sokół
VIP transport version used by Polish Air Force. Eight built.[21][24]
W-3W/WA Sokół
Armed version, with twin 23 mm GSz-23Ł cannon and four pylons for weapons used by Polish Land Forces. W-3WA is a variant with FAR-29 certificate. 34 built.[21]
W-3AE Sokół
Medical evacuation version used by Polish Land Forces (AE for "Aero Ewakuacja"). Three W-3WA upgraded.[25]
W-3R Sokół
Medical evacuation version used by Polish Air Force. Two built.[21]
W-3RL Sokół
Land search and rescue version used by Polish Air Force. Six built.[21]
W-3RM Anakonda
"Anakonda" (en: "Anaconda") Navalized search and rescue version used by Polish Navy. One prototype and eight production aircraft built from 1991 to 2002.[26]
W-3WARM Anakonda
Modernised search and rescue helicopter for Polish Navy, with upgraded and standardised equipment. Eight helicopters (two W-3 and six W-3RM) upgraded, re-entering service from 2017 to 2020.[27]
W-3PSOT / W-3PPD Gipsówka
"Gipsówka" (en: "Gypsophila") W-3PPD was a flying command centre variant (PPD stands for "Powietrzny Punkt Dowodzenia" – "Airborne Command Post"). In 2006 this variant received new digital battlefield (after modernization helicopter is able to guide artillery equipped with Topaz fire control system) and observation systems and was adopted by Polish Land Forces Aviation under new name W-3PSOT (PSOT stands for "Powietrzne Stanowisko Obserwacji Terenu" – "Airborne Observation Post"). This variant is equipped with pylons for weapons (same like in W-3W) but has no 23 mm fixed cannon. One built.
W-3RR Procjon
"Procjon" (en: "Procyon") is a radioelectronic reconnaissance version (RR stands for "Rozpoznanie Radioelektroniczne" – "Radioelectronic Reconnaissance"). Three built.[21]
W-3PL Głuszec
"Głuszec" (en: "Capercaillie") is a PZL W-3WA upgrade program to bring armed variant of Sokół up to 21st century standards by including advanced avionic systems (in Glass cockpit configuration) and other changes like FADEC-equipped engines. Avionics include two 10″ MFD displays, single tactical display (maps and Elbit Toplite FLIR), INS/GPS, TACAN, VOR/ILS, DME navigation, HUD, IFF, PNL-3 night vision goggles, HOCAS (Hands on Collective and Stick) control, infrared and radar warning receiver, MIL-STD-1553B data link.[28] Twin 23 mm cannon was replaced by single pilot's controlled 12,7 mm WKM-Bz machine gun with 350 rounds. Designed for Combat Search and Rescue duties.[29] The first prototype (s/n: 360901) was tested by the Land Forces aviation in 2009. Eight W-3WA are to be upgraded.[21][30]

Prototypes and proposals

Prototypes and proposals that were not adopted by armed forces.[20]

W-3B Jastrząb
Proposed armed version with tandem-seat cabin and guided AT rockets.
W-3K/W-3WB Huzar
Proposed armed version with guided ZT3 Ingwe ATGM, FLIR and 20 mm GA-1 cannon with helmet-mounted sight. Modification by Kentron (Denel) company in 1993 tested in South Africa. Some elements like hardpoint were used in serial W-3W/W-3WA variant. One built.
W-3L Sokół Long
Proposed stretched version seating up to 14 passengers, mockup only.
W-3MS/W-3WS Sokół
Proposed gunship version.
W-3U Salamandra
Armed version, with avionics and armament from Mi-24W. Only one built, later converted into transport variant and sold to Myanmar.
W-3U-1 Aligator
Proposed anti-submarine version.
W-3PL/N
Proposed navalised version of W-3PL with folding rotor, radar, dipping sonar, air-to-surface missiles and torpedoes.[31]

Operators

Czech Air Force PZL W-3A search and rescue helicopter
A Philippine Air Force W-3A Sokol on combat helicopter paint scheme before all units were transferred to search and rescue role.
 Algeria
 Chile
 Czech Republic
 Myanmar
 Philippines
 Poland
 South Korea
  • Fire Department of Choong Nam[38]
 Uganda

Former operators

 Germany
 Portugal
  • Helibravo Aviação[38]
 United Arab Emirates
 Spain

Specifications (W-3A)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004,[41] PZL-Świdnik[42]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 12 passengers or four stretcher cases and one attendant / 2,100 kg (4,630 lb) payload
  • Length: 14.21 m (46 ft 7 in) fuselage
  • Height: 5.14 m (16 ft 10 in)
  • Empty weight: 3,850 kg (8,488 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 6,400 kg (14,110 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów PZL-10B turboshaft engines, 671 kW (900 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 15.7 m (51 ft 6 in)
  • Main rotor area: 193.6 m2 (2,084 sq ft) NACA 23012M[43]

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 238 km/h (148 mph, 129 kn)
  • Never exceed speed: 260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
  • Range: 745 km (463 mi, 402 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 1,224 km (761 mi, 661 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 4,910 m (16,110 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 9.3 m/s (1,830 ft/min)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Citations

  1. ^ Lorencowicz, Wojciech. Pierwszy śmigłowiec Sokół w Ameryce Południowej (First Sokół helicopter in South America) in: Lotnictwo 2-3/2011, p. 30-32. (in Polish)
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Polish recommendation opens Huzar's avionics door for Boeing." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 12 August 1998.
  3. ^ a b c Jeziorski, Andrzej. "Take your partners." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 2 September 1998.
  4. ^ a b "Arms makers square up for Polish bidding war." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 19 May 1999.
  5. ^ Simon 2004, p. 92.
  6. ^ Stewart, Penny."Mobile manoeuvres." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 28 March 2000.
  7. ^ "Poland studies Mi-24 upgrade possibility." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 21 March 2000.
  8. ^ Jaxa-Malakowski, Ryzsard. "SW-4 five-seater goes into series production." Archived 2017-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 1 October 2002.
  9. ^ Hoyle, Craig. "PICTURE: Poland receives upgraded W-3PL 'Gluszec' helicopters." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 14 February 2011.
  10. ^ Glowacki, Bartosz. "Warsaw details plans for military helicopter buy." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 4 January 2012.
  11. ^ Sobie, Brendan. "Sokol work could go to Indonesia." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 30 March 2004.
  12. ^ Peruzzi, Luca. "FARNBOROUGH: Face the facts with AgustaWestland's Giuseppe Orsi." Archived 2017-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 20 July 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Swidnik wins Sokol successes." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 13 September 1995.
  14. ^ a b Simon 2004, p. 67.
  15. ^ Simon 2004, p. 85.
  16. ^ Ripley 2010, p. 417.
  17. ^ Glowacki, Bartosz. "Polish military continues expeditionary focus." Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 8 June 2010.
  18. ^ "Car bomb in Kufa kills 53, injures 105". NBC News.
  19. ^ Glowacki, Bartosz. "Poland disbands VIP transport unit." Archived 2017-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 4 January 2012.
  20. ^ a b c Wersje W-3 Sokół. Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine lotniczapolska.pl
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h PZL W-3 Sokół production list. Archived 2014-04-17 at the Wayback Machine gdziewojsko.wordpress.com
  22. ^ "All PAF W-3A 'Sokols' operational - ZamboTimes". Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  23. ^ Grzegorz Hołdanowicz: Raport WTO - 12/2006. Archived 2014-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Altair
  24. ^ Sokół W-3WA VIP po oblocie. Archived 2013-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Altair
  25. ^ "PZL-Swidnik to modernise Polish army W-3s". 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  26. ^ Fiszer and Gruszcyński 2021, p. 42.
  27. ^ Fiszer and Gruszcyński 2021, p. 43.
  28. ^ e-RAPORT MSPO 0/2007. Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Altair
  29. ^ W-3PL Archived 2013-07-25 at the Wayback Machine mon.gov.pl
  30. ^ PZL-Świdnik Signs Contracts For Five New Helicopters and 14 Helicopter Upgrades With The Polish Ministry of National Defence. Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine pzl.swidnik.pl
  31. ^ "PZL-Świdnik SA Starts Development of the W-3PL/N Naval Helicopte". www.pzl.swidnik.pl. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g "World Air Forces 2025". Flightglobal Insight. 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  33. ^ "CONAF ENAJENARÁ HELICOPTERO SW-3A SOKOL". aviaciontotal.cl. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  34. ^ "Aviación ejecutiva llega a su madurez en FIDAE 2012". gacetaeronautica.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  35. ^ e-RAPORT MSPO 1/2011. Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Altair
  36. ^ "Lotnictwo w Policji". Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  37. ^ "PZL Świdnik partnerem FUNDACJI TOPR - Fundacja Ratownictwa Tatrzańskiego TOPR". fundacja.topr.pl. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  38. ^ a b c d Sałata, Dariusz; Sałata, Krzysztof; Wrona, Andrzej (2004). "Użytkownicy śmigłowców W-3" [W-3 helicopter users]. Aeroplan (in Polish). No. 5-6/2004 (50/51). Agencja Lotnicza Altair. pp. 17–33. ISSN 1232-8839.
  39. ^ "Uganda Orders W-3A, A109 Helicopters". DefenceWeb.Co.Za (DefenceWeb). 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  40. ^ Girke, Thomas. "Helicopter-DataBase - PZL W-3". www.helicopter-database.de. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
  41. ^ Jackson 2003, pp. 340–342.
  42. ^ W-3A technical data. Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine pzl.swidnik.pl
  43. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

  • Fiszer, Michał and Gruszczyński, Jerzy. "Anakonda snakes into service". Air International, March 2021, Volume 100, Issue 3. pp. 42–43. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
  • Ripley, Tim. Middle East Air Power in the 21st Century. Casemate Publishers, 2010. ISBN 1-8488-4099-3.
  • Simon, Jeffery. Poland and NATO: A Study in Civil-military Relations. Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. ISBN 0-7425-2994-0.
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  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع نتائج منتخب فلسطين لكرة القدم (توضيح). هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. نتائج منتخب فلسطين لكرة القدم 1998–2009 2010–2019 2020–حتى الآن المباريات غير الرسمية عنت هذه قائمة نتائج منتخب فلسطين ...

قائمة المقاريب الفضائية

مقراب هابل الفضائي هذه قائمة المقاريب الفضائية (المراصد الفضائية الفلكية) بحسب نطاقات التردد الرئيسية: أشعة غاما والأشعة السينية والأشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية والأشعة تحت الحمراء والميكروويف والراديوية. المقاريب التي تعمل في نطاقات تردد متعددة مدرجة في جميع الأقسام ال�...

 

Jacopo Peri

Costume indossato da Jacopo Peri, ne La pellegrina Jacopo Peri (Zazzerino) (Roma, 20 agosto 1561 – Firenze, 11 agosto 1633) è stato un compositore, organista e tenore italiano durante il periodo di transizione tra Rinascimento e Barocco. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere pubblicate 2.1 Opere teatrali (autore letterario) 2.2 Balli, tornei, intermedi (per la famiglia Medici) 2.3 Balli, tornei, intermedi (per la corte di Mantova) 2.4 Oratori 2.5 Musica vocale 3 Discografia 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Al...

 

Dialetto tarantino

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento linguistica è ritenuta da controllare. Motivo: Mancanza di fonti certe e solide, soprattutto nei paragrafi iniziali che trattano la storia del dialetto tarantino; riguardo agli aspetti consonantico-fonetici, la sezione è parzialmente provvista di fonti, tuttavia non sono sufficienti a spiegare ipotesi di origini di più vocaboli e la loro conseguente evoluzione nell'attuale parlata tarantina. Molte di queste sono azzardate, e non supportate validam...

Stéphane Tritz

French footballer Stéphane Tritz Personal informationDate of birth (1987-02-25) 25 February 1987 (age 37)Place of birth Strasbourg, FranceHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Right back[1]Team informationCurrent team Wormatia WormsNumber 16Youth career2003–2005 StrasbourgSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2005–2008 Strasbourg B 70 (2)2009 Colmar 10 (0)2009–2010 Rodez 37 (0)2010–2014 Tours 59 (0)2014 Oțelul Galați 10 (0)2014–2015 Brest B 12 (0)2014–20...

 

Hallmark

Official stamp on gold, silver etc. This article is about the quality stamp. For the greeting card company, see Hallmark Cards. For other uses, see Hallmark (disambiguation). A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of metal, mostly to certify the content of noble metals—such as platinum, gold, silver and in some nations, palladium. In a more general sense, the term hallmark is used to refer to any standard of quality. Not to be confused with responsibility mar...

 

Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert

Saint-Nazaire-le-DésertcomuneSaint-Nazaire-le-Désert – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneAlvernia-Rodano-Alpi Dipartimento Drôme ArrondissementDie CantoneLe Diois TerritorioCoordinate44°34′N 5°17′E44°34′N, 5°17′E (Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert) Superficie42 km² Abitanti142[1] (2009) Densità3,38 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale26340 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE26321 CartografiaSaint-Nazaire-le-Désert Sito istituzionaleModifica dati su Wiki...

Hugues de Payens

Hugues de PayensLahirca. 1070PaynsMeninggalca. 1136Kerajaan YerusalemKebangsaanChampenoisDikenal atasMahaguru pertama Kesatria Kenisah Raja Baldwin II dari Yerusalem bersama Hugues de Payens dan Godfrey de Saint-Omer Hugues de Payens, atau Hughes de Payns, Hughes de Pagan (Hugh dari Payens atau Hugh Pagan) (lahir sekitar tahun 1070, wafat 1136), seorang kesatria Prancis dari wilayah Champagne, adalah salah seorang pendiri dan mahaguru (Grand Master) pertama Kesatria Kenisah. Bersama dengan S...

 

Minas Gerais

State in Brazil For other uses, see Minas Gerais (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Minas Gerais – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State in BrazilMinas GeraisState FlagCoat of armsMotto(s): Libertas quæ ...