Otto Königsberger

Otto Königsberger
Königsberger - A pencil sketch by Sarbjit Bahga
Born(1908-10-13)13 October 1908
Berlin, Prussia, German Empire
Died3 January 1999(1999-01-03) (aged 90)
London, United Kingdom
Nationality
  • German (1908–1950)
  • Indian (1950–1991)
  • British (1991–1999)
OccupationArchitect
Known forArchitecture, Urban planning

Otto H. Königsberger (13 October 1908 – 3 January 1999) was a German-Indian architect who worked mainly in urban development planning in Africa, Asia and Latin America, with the United Nations.[1][2][3][4] He also proposed plans for developing new cities like Bhubaneswar and Jamshedpur in India.

Early life

Otto speaking with Jawaharlal Nehru on the latter's visit to the Hindustan Housing Factory, 1950

Königsberger was born in Berlin in 1908, and trained as an architect there at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin), graduating in 1931. In 1933, he won the Schinkel Prize for Architecture[5] for a design for the Olympic Stadium in Berlin. However, with the rise to power of the Nazi Party, Königsberger was forced to leave the country, as was his uncle, physicist Max Born. Königsberger later illustrated Born's popularized physics text, The Restless Universe (published 1935).[6]

Königsberger spent the next six years in the Swiss Institute for the History of Egyptian Architecture in Cairo, where he gained his doctorate. When his uncle Max Born was in Bangalore as a guest of C. V. Raman, the Diwan Mirza Ismail enquired if he know of any trained architect. Thanks to Born's introduction, Königsberger was appointed chief architect and planner to Mysore State, India in 1939. His buildings during this period include some buildings in the Indian Institute of Science (1943–44), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Bombay (Mumbai), the bus station, Serum Institute and Victory Hall (1946, renamed as Town Hall) in Bangalore, the town plan for Bhubaneswar, and some town planning for Jamshedpur with the vision of J. R. D. Tata. After Indian Independence he became director of housing for the Indian Ministry of Health from 1948 to 1951, working on resettling those displaced by partition.[7]

Resident in India since 1939, Königsberger became an Indian citizen in 1950, when he received Indian passport from the Nehru government.[8][9] He emigrated to England in 1951, but remained an Indian citizen until 1991, when he was driven to take British citizenship due to the UK government's stance on immigration legislation, which made it problematic for him to receive health care in the United Kingdom.[10][11]

Career

In 1953 Königsberger moved to London and became head of the Department of Development and Tropical Studies at the Architectural Association, which later became the Development Planning Unit of University College, London, where he worked as a professor until his retirement in 1978.

Königsberger taught that town planners in the developing world should be prepared to dynamically adapt their plans, and involve local communities and techniques, as opposed to imposing a static master plan based on Western ideas – an approach he called Action Planning. He served as a senior adviser to the United Nations Economic and Social Council from the 1950s, and helped launch Habitat International[12] in 1976, which he edited until 1978. His Manual of tropical housing and building[13] was published in several languages and remains a standard course text in many parts of the world.

  • Hydrogen gas plant at IISc, Bangalore (partly demolished in 2021)
    Hydrogen gas plant at IISc, Bangalore (partly demolished in 2021)

Awards and legacy

In 1989, Königsberger was one of the first recipients of the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour, the most prestigious award given by the United Nations in recognition of work carried out in the field of human settlements development.[14][15] The same year, University College London established the Otto Koenigsberger Scholarship[16] to enable young professionals from developing countries to study urban planning in the UK.

See also

Bibliography

  • Abrams, Charles; United Nations. (1959). A housing program for the Philippine Islands. New York: United Nations Technical Assistance Administration.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto H.; Steven Groák (1981). A Review of Land Policies. Pergamon Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-08-026078-5.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto H.; Carl Mahoney; Martin Evans (1971). Climate and House Design. United Nations. p. 93.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto H.; S. Groak (1978). Essays in Memory of Duccio Turin, 1926-1976: Construction and Economic. Pergamon Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-08-021844-1.
  • Bernstein, Beverly; International Urbanization Survey. (1973). Infrastructure problems of the cities of developing countries. New York: International Urbanization Survey, Ford Foundation.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto; Tata Iron and Steel Company (1945). Jamshedpur development plan. Bombay: Printed by S. Ramu at the Commercial printing press.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto (1952). "New towns in India". Town Planning Review. 23 (2): 95–131. doi:10.3828/tpr.23.2.cpn33402758n8446. ISSN 0041-0020.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto H.; Robert Lynn (1965). Roofs in the Warm Humid Tropics. Published for the Architectural Association by Lund, Humphries. p. 56.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto; Nations Unies. (1975). The absorption of newcomers in the cities of Developing countries. New York: United Nations.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto (1971-02-01). "The City in Newly Developing Countries". Urban Studies. 8 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1080/00420987120080111. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 157280569.
  • Koenigsberger, Otto H.; Charles Abrams; Steven Groák; Beverly Bernstein (1981). The Work of Charles Abrams: Housing and Urban Renewal in the USA and the. Pergamon Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-08-026111-9.
  • Lee, Rachel (2012). "Constructing a Shared Vision: Otto Koenigsberger and Tata & Sons". ABE Journal European Architecture Beyond Europe. 2.

References

  1. ^ Patrick Wakely (1999-01-26). "Cities of light from slums of darkness". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  2. ^ "Otto Konigsberger (1908-1999)". 2007-06-19. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  3. ^ Dennis Sharp (1999-01-13). "Obituary: Otto Konigsberger". Retrieved 2008-02-10. [dead link‍]
  4. ^ Rachel Lee. "Constructing a Shared Vision: Otto Koenigsberger and Tata & Sons". journals.openedition.org. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  5. ^ A prize awarded by Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein zu Berlin (Architecture and Engineering Office of Berlin) since 1852. "Architekten- und Ingenieursverein zu Berlin". 2007-01-30. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  6. ^ Born, Max (1951). The Restless Universe. Dover Publications. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-486-20412-3.; originally published by Blackie and Son Limited, 1935.
  7. ^ Kalia, Ravi (2004). Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-57003-544-9.
  8. ^ "The German architect who led independent India's first attempt at prefabricated housing". 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  9. ^ Vandana Baweja. "The Beginning of a Green Architecture: Otto Koenigsberger at the Department of Tropical Architecture at the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture, London, UK" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  10. ^ "German who went native". bangaloremirror.com. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  11. ^ Rachel Lee. "Otto Koenigsberger: Transcultural Practice and the Tropical Third Space" (PDF). OASE Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  12. ^ "Habitat International". Elsevier. 2008-02-10. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-10. A Journal for the Study of Human Settlements, Established at the UN Habitat Conference, Vancouver, 1976
  13. ^ Koenigsberger, Otto (1980). Manual of tropical housing and building : climatic design. London: Longman.
  14. ^ "UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour Award Winners". 2008-02-10. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  15. ^ James Mugambi (2005-10-28). "UN HABITAT announces the 2007 Scroll of Honour Award Winners". Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  16. ^ "Scholarships and Funding". University College London. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2013.

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