PROFILPELAJAR.COM

NorNed
NorNed
	Location of NorNed
Location
Country	Norway, Netherlands
Coordinates	53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E; 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E
General direction	north–south
From	Feda, Norway
Passes through	North Sea
To	Eemshaven, Netherlands
Ownership information
Partners	Statnett, TenneT
Construction information
Manufacturer of conductor/cable	Nexans, ABB
Construction started	2006
Commissioned	2008
Technical information
Type	submarine cable
Type of current	HVDC
Total length	580 km (360 mi)
Power rating	700 MW
AC voltage	300 kV (Feda), 400 kV (Eemshaven)
DC voltage	±450 kV
No. of poles	1

NorNed is a 580-kilometre (360 mi) long high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Feda, Norway and the seaport of Eemshaven in the Netherlands, which interconnects both countries' electrical grids. It was once the longest submarine power cable in the world.^[2] Budgeted at €550 million, and completed at a cost of €600m,^[3] the NorNed cable is a bipolar HVDC link with a voltage of ±450 kV and a capacity of 700 MW. NorNed is a joint project of the Norwegian transmission system operator Statnett and its Dutch counterpart TenneT. The cable system itself and the two converter stations were produced by ABB.

History

Installation of the first sections started in early 2006 and the final section was laid by the end of 2007. On the Dutch shore, TenneT has connected the cable to the 380 kV Dutch high‑voltage grid. In Feda, Statnett has done the same for the 300 kV Norwegian transmission grid. Commercial operation started on 5 May 2008 with a capacity auction. The first commercial power transfer took place on 6 May 2008.^[4]

After two months of operation, the cable generated revenues of approximately €50 million. In the business case drawn up for the NorNed cable, annual revenues were estimated at €64 million.^[5]

NorNed has been included in European Market Coupling Company operations as of 12 January 2011.^[6] The internal grid in Norway is sometimes not capable of handling enough power for NorNed and Cross-Skagerrak, and capacity for these cables is then artificially limited.^[7]

The cable had a fault in 2011, causing 7 weeks out of operation.^[8]

A fault was discovered in May 2022, causing a shutdown of operations. Operations are expected to resume in October 2022.^[9]^[10]

Technology

Although classed as a "bipolar" HVDC scheme, the NorNed scheme is unusual for a Line-Commutated (thyristor-based) HVDC scheme since there is just one 12-pulse converter at each end of the scheme, midpoint-grounded at Eemshaven. With voltage-source converter-based HVDC systems, this arrangement with the two high voltage cables at equal and opposite voltages but only a single converter at each end is referred to as a Symmetrical monopole.

Consequently, with a DC voltage of ±450 kV, the converter for the NorNed project has a terminal to terminal DC voltage rating of 900 kV, making it (as of 2012) the highest voltage rating of any HVDC converter in the world. The connection has a loss of 4.2% (95.8% efficiency).^[11]

Sites

Site	Coordinates
Eemshaven Converter Station	53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E / 53.43444; 6.86583
Feda Converter Station	58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E / 58.28278; 6.86528 (NorNed - Feda Converter Station)

Trading mechanism

NorNed is the first power link between the Nordic electrical transmission system Nordel and the continent that is planned to be open to the power market. The main trading over the link is presumed to be one day ahead spot market trading based on the price difference between the markets. In spite of quite equal average spot market prices, the hour-by-hour differences are quite significant most of the time. The way the power exchanges will be compensated was to be agreed, and the direct net income from the trade is to be shared 50/50 between TenneT and Statnett.^[12]

References

^ The NorNed Project (ABB website) Archived June 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Skog, J.E., van Asten, H., Worzyk, T., Andersrød, T., Norned – World’s longest power cable, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 2010, paper reference B1-106.
^ NorNed operational NorNed, 6 May 2008. Retrieved: 23 August 2010. Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "NorNed auction expected to start Monday May 5" (Press release). TenneT. 2008-04-28. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ "NorNed cable off to a promising start" (Press release). TenneT. 2008-07-09. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
^ "Marketcoupling on NorNed-cable" (Press release). TenneT. 2011-01-12. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
^ Lie, Øyvind (17 January 2014). "Statnett forsvarer struping av Norned" [Statnett defends throttling of Norned]. Teknisk Ukeblad (Technical Weekly) (in Norwegian). Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "NorNed Interconnector - Cable Repair". Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ "NorNed-kabelen forventes i drift igjen fra august" [The NorNed cable is expected to be in operation again from August]. Statnett (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-08-14.
^ Pedersen, Ole Petter; Lingjærde, Magnus (31 August 2022). "Feilen ligger bare 30 meter fra land: Unik utenlandskabel nede i minst fem måneder | Europower" [The fault is only 30 meters from shore: Unique foreign cable down for at least five months | Europower]. Europower | Siste nyheter fra fornybarbransjen (in Norwegian).
^ Skog et al. NorNed – World’s longest power cable page 10
^ "The Norned HVDC cable link–A power transmission highway between Norway and The Netherlands". researchgate.net. Retrieved 26 January 2018.