No. 457 Squadron RAAF

No. 457 Squadron RAAF
457 Squadron badge
Active16 June 1941 – 7 November 1945
CountryAustralia
AllegianceUnited Kingdom (1941–1942)
BranchRoyal Australian Air Force
RoleFighter
Nickname(s)"Grey Nurse Squadron"
Battle honoursFortress Europe, 1940–1944
Pacific, 1941–1945
Darwin, 1941–1944
Morotai
Borneo, 1945
Defence of Britain, 1940–1945
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Peter Malam Brothers
Insignia
Squadron codesBP (June 1941 – March 1942)[1][2]
XB (1943)[3]
ZP (January 1943 – November 1945)[3][4]
Aircraft flown
FighterSupermarine Spitfire (1941–1945)
TrainerCAC Wirraway (1942)
Ryan ST (1942)

No. 457 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) fighter squadron of World War II. Equipped with Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was formed in England during June 1941 under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme. The squadron was transferred to Australia in June 1942 and saw combat in the South West Pacific Area before being disbanded in November 1945.

The squadron saw combat against both Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan during the war. From March to May 1942 it was based in southern England and flew missions over German-occupied France during which it shot down at least five Luftwaffe aircraft. After being deployed to Australia, No. 457 Squadron was based near Darwin as part of No. 1 Wing RAAF and intercepted several Japanese raids on Allied bases in northern Australia between March and November 1943. The squadron remained at Darwin and saw almost no combat during 1944, but moved to Morotai and later Labuan in 1945 from where it attacked Japanese positions in the Netherlands East Indies and Borneo as part of Allied offensives in these areas.

History

Britain

No. 457 Squadron was formed at RAF Baginton in England on 16 June 1941. It was equipped with Supermarine Spitfires and was the second RAAF fighter unit to be formed in England after No. 452 Squadron.[5] The establishment of both these squadrons formed part of an expansion of RAF Fighter Command which sought to improve its ability to defend Britain from a renewed German air offensive and to conduct offensive operations over occupied Europe.[6] At the time of its formation the squadron's commanding officer, Squadron Leader Peter Malam Brothers, both flight commanders and all members of the ground crew were British, but most pilots were Australian. The squadron's ground crew component had been formed at RAAF Station Williamtown in Australia on 10 June, and departed for England on 7 August. On the same day No. 457 Squadron moved to RAF Jurby and thence to RAF Andreas, which were both situated on the Isle of Man to undertake training.[7] While at the Isle of Man the squadron trained both its own pilots and pilots from other squadrons for operational duties, and for a time functioned as an operational training unit at RAF Andreas. It also escorted Allied convoys in the Irish Sea, but did not make contact with German aircraft.[8][9] By October all the British pilots other than Brothers and the flight commanders had been replaced by Australians.[9] The squadron's ground crew arrived in Britain during October and November, making it an almost entirely Australian unit.[10]

Thirteen men wearing military uniform standing close together in front of a single propeller monoplane. A fourteenth man wearing military uniform is crouching and patting a dog to the left of the group.
Group photo of No. 457 Squadron's pilots at RAF Station Redhill in 1942

In March 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Redhill, Surrey where it assumed No. 452 Squadron's front line duties as part of No. 11 Group RAF. These included shipping protection patrols, escorting bombers, conducting fighter sweeps over northern France and contributing to the air defence of southern England.[9] Fighter Command had received authorisation to launch a full-scale offensive campaign against German air units shortly before No. 457 Squadron arrived at Redhill, and it became part of this effort.[11] The squadron first saw action on 26 March when Brothers shot down a Bf 109 during a multi-squadron fighter sweep over France, though one of its Spitfires was lost in this action. By the end of its first week of operations No. 457 Squadron had shot down three German aircraft and inflicted damage on several others and it went on to conduct 32 operations over German territory by 26 April.[9] These operations often encountered fierce opposition, and German Fw 190 fighters proved superior to the Spitfire Mark Vs that No. 457 Squadron was equipped with. The squadron scored its last victory over Europe on 29 April, though fighter sweeps over France continued until almost the end of May.[8]

On 28 May 1942 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to an Australian Government request to dispatch three fully equipped Spitfire squadrons to Australia to reinforce the RAAF. The squadrons selected were the Australian No. 452 and No. 457 Squadrons as well as the British No. 54 Squadron RAF.[12] Accordingly, No. 457 Squadron was withdrawn from operations on 28 May to prepare to be redeployed to Australia.[9] By this time its pilots had been credited with five confirmed "kills" and another four "probables" and damaging seven aircraft.[8] On 20 June the squadron left England on board the MV Stirling Castle, which was also carrying the men of No. 452 and No. 54 Squadrons.[13]

Darwin

Nine men wearing shorts, seven of them wearing wide brimmed hats, push a propeller-driven aircraft.
No. 457 Squadron ground crew push a Spitfire into its dispersal bay at Livingstone Airfield during February 1943

The Stirling Castle arrived at Melbourne on 13 August. After being given 14 days leave the squadron's personnel reassembled at Richmond, New South Wales on 6 September.[13] On 7 October it became part of No. 1 Wing RAAF along with No. 54 and No. 452 Squadrons.[14] Most of the Spitfires intended for the wing had been diverted to the Middle East during the voyage to Australia, however, and the squadron initially only had CAC Wirraway and Ryan ST aircraft for training purposes.[8][13] No. 457 Squadron was fully equipped with Spitfires by November and moved to Camden on the 7th of the month where it continued an intensive training program. In December the squadron was informed that it would be deployed to Darwin in the Northern Territory to counter the Japanese air raids against the town. The squadron's advance party departed on 31 December, and the main body followed by sea on 12 January 1943. No. 457 Squadron commenced air operations from Batchelor Airfield on 20 January and moved to Livingstone Airfield on the last day of the month.[13]

No. 457 Squadron first saw combat against the Japanese in March 1943. Although the squadron was scrambled a number of times in February, it did not claim its first "kill" until 7 March when two Spitfires shot down a Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" reconnaissance aircraft near Darwin. On 15 March No. 1 Wing's three squadrons intercepted a large raid on Darwin, and No. 457 Squadron shot down two A6M Zeros and damaged another of the fighters. The squadron was also credited with damaging a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bomber and claimed another three Zeros as "probables". No further Japanese aircraft were encountered over northern Australia until May. During this period No. 457 Squadron practiced tactics and cooperation with RAAF and Australian Army units.[13] Flying was normally limited to just one hour each day, however.[15]

On 2 May No. 1 Wing responded to a major Japanese raid on Darwin. In the resulting air battle No. 457 Squadron shot down one fighter and claimed another two "probables", but lost two Spitfires.[8] Overall, the RAAF suffered 14 Spitfires destroyed or damaged while claiming only six "kills", and the operation was not considered a success.[16] Seven days later No. 457 Squadron deployed a detachment of six Spitfires to Milingimbi Island after the island's airfield was attacked. This detachment intercepted Japanese raids on 10 and 28 May, shooting down two Zeros and two Bettys for the loss of three Spitfires.[17] The squadron also continued to take part in operations over the Darwin region, seeing combat on a number of occasions. During the last major battle near the town on 6 July No. 457 Squadron shot down a Zero and damaged five Bettys, but lost three Spitfires.[18]

Eleven young men crouching or standing in front of a propeller-driven aircraft which another man is working on. The crouching man in the centre of the photograph is gesturing with his hands and the men around him are laughing.
Flying Officer John Smithson demonstrating how he shot down two Japanese bombers on 12 November 1943

Japanese air activity over northern Australia dropped away after 6 July, and No. 457 Squadron saw little further combat. As a result, the squadron's personnel suffered greatly from boredom.[18] No. 457 Squadron scored its next "kills" on 17 August, when its aircraft shot down three of the four Dinahs sent over Darwin that day; the fourth was destroyed by No. 1 Wing's acting commander, Wing Commander Clive Caldwell.[19] The squadron shot down another two Dinahs on 20 August.[18] On 7 September No. 1 Wing intercepted a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft escorted by 20 fighters. In the ensuing battle No. 457 Squadron shot down four Zeros without loss.[20] On 4 November No. 457 Squadron deployed six Spitfires to Drysdale River Mission Airfield, and two days later they intercepted and damaged a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron maintained a detachment at Drysdale River Mission until December, when No. 54 Squadron assumed this duty.[21] During the early hours of 12 November three No. 457 Squadron Spitfires were part of a force which intercepted a raid on Darwin. No. 457 Squadron pilot Flying Officer John Smithson made the only interception and destroyed two Betty bombers.[22]

The attack on 12 November was the final Japanese raid on the Darwin area.[23] As a result, No. 1 Wing's flying squadrons had little to do and the pilots became bored.[22] No. 457 Squadron conducted little operational flying until 8 March 1944, when it and No. 452 Squadron were ordered to Perth, Western Australia in response to fears that a Japanese naval force would raid the area. The squadrons departed Darwin on 9 March and arrived at RAAF Station Guildford (modern Perth Airport) three days later after flying through very difficult weather conditions. No attack eventuated, however, and the squadron returned to Livingstone Airfield between 23 and 28 March.[24][25] The squadron next saw action on 18 April when two of its Spitfires took part in an attack on a Japanese radar station in the Babar Islands.[25] In May 1944, No. 1 Wing's headquarters and No. 57 and 457 Squadrons were deployed to Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia to protect the facilities which had been established to refuel the British Eastern Fleet before Operation Transom, during which the fleet attacked Surabaya, Java.[26] No. 457 Squadron departed for Exmouth Gulf on 10 May and returned to its new base at Sattler Airfield on the 24th of the month.[25] The squadron again provided a detachment at Drysdale River Mission from 1 June 1944 and began to be reequipped with Mark VIII Spitfires on 2 July.[25]

Morotai and Labuan

A single propeller monoplane in flight over a body of water. The aircraft is painted in a camouflage pattern and a shark's mouth behind the propeller on its nose.
One of No. 457 Squadron's Spitfires near Labuan in 1945

On 1 July 1944 No. 452 and No. 457 Squadrons were transferred to the newly formed No. 80 Wing RAAF. This wing had been established to support a planned offensive from Darwin into the Netherlands East Indies (NEI).[27] The offensive was cancelled in June, but this was not communicated to the wing, which continued to train for the operation until August. After the operation was cancelled the wing and its squadrons had no purpose, but continued to conduct training exercises as a means of maintaining morale.[28] In November the wing was informed that it was to move to Morotai island in the NEI to take part in Allied offensives in the region.[29]

No. 457 Squadron's movement to Morotai was delayed until early 1945. The squadron's ground crew departed Darwin by sea on 18 January and arrived on the island on 1 February.[25] The Spitfires departed Sattler on 6 February and arrived at Morotai two days later. No. 457 Squadron flew its first operations from Morotai on 10 February.[30] The squadron's main roles in this period were to conduct ground attack missions against Japanese camps and shipping as well as escorting other aircraft engaged in attacking these targets. This involved a heavy workload, and the squadron flew over 293 operational sorties between February and the end of April. From May No. 457 Squadron's Spitfires began using dive bombing tactics as well as strafing targets with their guns.[31]

No. 457 Squadron participated in the Borneo Campaign during the final months of the war. On 27 May it was ordered to prepare for deployment, and on 5 June its personnel and equipment sailed for Labuan island off the north-west coast of Borneo.[32] During this operation the squadron was attached to No. 81 Wing.[33] The Spitfires departed Morotai on 17 June and commenced operations from Labuan two days later alongside No. 76 Squadron RAAF with the primary roles of providing air support to Allied troops in the area and air defence for the island.[34] On 20 June two No. 457 Squadron fighters shot down a Dinah; this was the squadron's first "kill" since 12 November 1943. Operations against the Japanese continued until the end of the war on 15 August 1945.[32] During the war 25 of the squadron's Australian personnel were killed.[35]

Following the Japanese surrender No. 457 Squadron initially remained at Labuan. During this period it flew security patrols as well as training exercises and air tests. The squadron's serviceable aircraft left Labuan on 9 October for Oakey, Queensland and arrived there on the last day of the month. No. 457 Squadron was officially disbanded at Labuan on 7 November 1945.[32] Following the war the squadron was awarded the battle honours "Fortress Europe, 1940–1944", "Pacific, 1941–1945", "Darwin, 1941–1944", "Morotai", "Borneo, 1945" and "Defence of Britain, 1940–1945".[35]

Aircraft operated

Three monoplane aircraft on the ground. All three aircraft have had their forward propellers removed.
Wrecked Spitfires of No. 457 Squadron awaiting disposal by being dumped in the sea at Labuan, 1946

No. 457 Squadron operated the following aircraft:[13][36][37][38]

From To Aircraft Version
June 1941 September 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I
September 1941 February 1942 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa
December 1941 May 1942 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb
September 1942 November 1942 CAC Wirraway
September 1942 November 1942 Ryan ST
September 1942 July 1944 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vc
July 1944 October 1945 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.VIII

Squadron bases

No. 457 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields:[36][37][38]

From To Base Remark
16 June 1941 7 August 1941 RAF Baginton, Warwickshire
7 August 1941 3 October 1941 RAF Jurby, Isle of Man
3 October 1941 23 March 1942 RAF Andreas, Isle of Man
23 March 1942 31 May 1942 RAF Redhill, Surrey
31 May 1942 18 June 1942 RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire
18 June 1942 13 August 1942 en route to Australia
13 August 1942 6 September 1942 Melbourne, Victoria
6 September 1942 7 November 1942 RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales
7 November 1942 18 January 1943 Camden Airfield, New South Wales
18 January 1943 31 January 1943 Batchelor Airfield, Northern Territory
31 January 1943 10 January 1944 Livingstone Airfield, Northern Territory Dets. at Drysdale River Mision, Western Australia
and Millingimbi, Northern Territory
10 January 1944 19 January 1944 Sattler Airfield, Northern Territory
19 January 1944 11 March 1944 Livingstone Airfield, Northern Territory
11 March 1944 25 March 1944 RAAF Station Guildford, Western Australia
25 March 1944 10 May 1944 Livingstone Airfield, Northern Territory
10 May 1944 24 May 1944 en route to Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia
24 May 1944 6 February 1945 Sattler, Northern Territory Dets. at RAAF Learmonth, Western Australia
and Drysdale River Mission, Western Australia
8 February 1945 5 June 1945 Morotai Island, Netherlands East Indies
5 June 1945 7 November 1945 Labuan, Malaysia

Commanding officers

No. 457 Squadron was commanded by the following officers:[35][36]

From To Name
20 June 1941 May 1942 Squadron Leader P.M Brothers
4 June 1942 2 February 1944 Squadron Leader K.E. James
2 February 1944 27 November 1944 Squadron Leader T.H. Trimble
27 November 1944 31 August 1945 Squadron Leader B.D. Watson
31 August 1945 7 November 1945 Flight Lieutenant D.H. Maclean

Notes

  1. ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 23.
  2. ^ Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 65.
  3. ^ a b Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 133.
  4. ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 143.
  5. ^ Eather 1995, p. 113.
  6. ^ Herington 1954, pp. 129–130.
  7. ^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 138.
  8. ^ a b c d e Eather 1995, p. 114.
  9. ^ a b c d e RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 139.
  10. ^ Herington 1954, p. 131.
  11. ^ Herington 1954, p. 345.
  12. ^ Gillison 1962, pp. 563–564, 650
  13. ^ a b c d e f RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 140.
  14. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 102.
  15. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 118.
  16. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 123–124.
  17. ^ Thomas 2009, pp. 15–16.
  18. ^ a b c Eather 1995, p. 115.
  19. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 148–150.
  20. ^ Odgers 1968, pp. 110–111.
  21. ^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 141.
  22. ^ a b Odgers 1968, p. 118.
  23. ^ Thomas 2009, p. 26.
  24. ^ Odgers 1968, pp. 136–139.
  25. ^ a b c d e RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 142.
  26. ^ Odgers 1968, p. 229.
  27. ^ Thomas 2009, p. 77.
  28. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 163.
  29. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 166.
  30. ^ Odgers 1968, p. 396.
  31. ^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, pp. 142–143.
  32. ^ a b c RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 143.
  33. ^ Waters 1995, p. 110.
  34. ^ Odgers 1968, p. 472.
  35. ^ a b c "457 Squadron RAAF". Units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  36. ^ a b c Rawlings 1978, p. 449.
  37. ^ a b Halley 1988, p. 478.
  38. ^ a b Jefford 2001, pp. 94–95.

References

  • Alexander, Kristen (2006). Clive Caldwell, Air Ace. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-705-0.
  • Bowyer, John D.R.; Rawlings, Michael J.F. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
  • Eather, Steve (1995). Flying Squadrons of the Australian Defence Force. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-15-3.
  • Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes Since 1938. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
  • Gillison, Douglas (1962). Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2000369.
  • Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • Herington, John (1954). Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. III (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633363.
  • Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons: A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents Since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
  • Odgers, George (1968) [1957]. Air War Against Japan 1943–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 246580191.
  • RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Vol. 2: Fighter Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-42794-9.
  • Rawlings, John D.R. (1978). Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
  • Thomas, Andrew (2009). Spitfire Aces of Burma and the Pacific. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces. Botley: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-422-0.
  • Waters, Gary (1995). OBOE – Air Operations Over Borneo 1945. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 0-642-22590-7.

Further reading

  • Grant, Jim; Phil Listemann (2008). No.457 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron, 1941–1945; Spitfire. France: RAF-in-Combat.COM. ISBN 978-2-9526381-2-8.
  • Smith, Frank; Geoffrey Pentland (1971). Spitfire Markings of the RAAF: Pacific Area 1942–45, part 1. Dandenong, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications. ISBN 0-85880-001-2.
  • Smith, Frank; Peter Malone (1971). Spitfire Markings of the RAAF: Pacific Area 1944–45, part 2. Dandenong, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications. ISBN 0-85880-007-1.
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