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Nature exposure and mental health refers to the association between an individual interacting with natural environments and its effect on the individual's mental health. Most studies consider any interaction with nature as exposure, such as a hike, being in a forest or a place with water (e.g. lake, beach), going on a walk in a park, etc.^[1] Currently there is extensive research on the impact of the exposure to nature on people, which finds a beneficial association in various ways. Studies show that the contact of human beings with nature has decreased with the contemporary lifestyle of being most of the time indoors and with increasing time spent on screens. However, the interaction with nature has been considered to be a general health promoter thanks to the many benefits it brings to mental health and cognition as well.^[2] As a consequence, therapists use nature in their treatments to improve mental or physical health. These treatments and techniques are called ecotherapy.

Mental health and emotional impact

Mental health has been defined as the state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community.^[3] Research on the exposure to natural environments show that nature strengthens our mental health in multiple ways, such as lowering stress and improving mood.^[4] Moreover, there is evidence that demonstrates that the contact with nature is associated with increases in happiness, subjective well-being, positive affect, positive social interactions and a sense of meaning and purpose in life, as well as decreases in mental distress.^[4] A practical example of this are nature walks. These can increase brain activity in the subgenual prefrontal cortex, which becomes deactivated when a person is feeling anxious or depressed.^[1]

Research shows that the mental health effects of nature are positive across all ages.^[5] In regards to children, in Denmark there was a study done throughout eighteen years that analyzed the comparison between children ages 0–10 years old that lived in neighborhoods with more green space and children from lower levels of exposure to green space. It was found that the children from the higher level of green space had 55% less risk of developing multiple psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, substance disorder, eating disorders, and mood disorders.^[6] Similarly, another study done in four European cities found that adults with low levels of exposure to outdoor environments in childhood had significantly worse mental health compared to adults with high levels of exposure to outdoor environments in childhood.^[5] A 10-year UK study found that both the greeness of people's home surroundings (within 300m of their home) and their access to green and blue spaces nearby (such as parks, lakes and beaches) both reduced people's risk of anxiety and depression.^[7]^[8] In addition, there are restorative effects from nature that support the mental health and well-being for the elderly. Studies show that the interaction of older adults with nature can be linked to better moods, decreased chance of depression, reduced stress levels and improved cognitive function.^[9]

Cognitive impact

Cognition refers to all forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imagining, and problem solving.^[10] Thanks to both correlational and experimental research, a positive association has been found between the environment and cognitive abilities.^[1] Some of the main benefits that studies have found are improvement on working memory performance, improved attention, cognitive flexibility, and attentional-control tasks.^[1] In contrast, exposure to urban environments has been linked to attention deficits.^[4]

Short periods of nature exposure can also cause cognitive benefits, including exposure just through images.^[11] An attentional-control experiment made by Australian researchers asked college students to participate in a dull, attention-draining task in which they had to press a computer key when they saw certain numbers flash on the screen. Midway through the task participants had micro-breaks of 40 seconds in which they would see either a city scene with a flowering meadow green roof or a bare concrete roof. The participants that viewed the green roof made significantly less omission errors and showed more consistent responding to the task compared to participants who viewed the concrete roof according to the study.^[11] Such changes in attention can reflect, for example, on how humans perceive time in nature when compared to urban environments.^[12]

In addition to the exposure to images of nature, multiple experimental studies have used a wide range of stimulus types such as sounds and real world exposure.^[1] These studies have compared participants’ cognitive performance after nature exposure in comparison with urban environments.^[6] A significant impact that has been discovered consistently with natural environments is the improvement in working memory. This has been found persistently through a backward digital span task, in which participants are told to repeat sequences of numbers (which vary in length) in reverse order. Likewise, participants that had exposure to natural environments improved their performance.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schertz, Kathryn E.; Berman, Marc G. (October 2019). "Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 28 (5): 496–502. doi:10.1177/0963721419854100. ISSN 0963-7214. S2CID 197722990.
^ Bratman, Gregory N.; Anderson, Christopher B.; Berman, Marc G.; Cochran, Bobby; De Vries, Sjerp; Flanders, Jon; Folke, Carl; Frumkin, Howard; Gross, James J.; Hartig, Terry; Kahn, Peter H.; Kuo, Ming; Lawler, Joshua J.; Levin, Phillip S.; Lindahl, Therese; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Mitchell, Richard; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Roe, Jenny; Scarlett, Lynn; Smith, Jeffrey R.; Van Den Bosch, Matilda; Wheeler, Benedict W.; White, Mathew P.; Zheng, Hua; Daily, Gretchen C. (2019). "Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective". Science Advances. 5 (7): eaax0903. Bibcode:2019SciA....5..903B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0903. PMC 6656547. PMID 31355340.
^ "Mental health". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Weir, Kirsten (April 1, 2020). "Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition". Monitor on Psychology. 51 (3). American Psychological Association: 50. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Preuß, Myriam; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Marquez, Sandra; Cirach, Marta; Dadvand, Payam; Triguero-Mas, Margarita; Gidlow, Christopher; Grazuleviciene, Regina; Kruize, Hanneke; Zijlema, Wilma (January 2019). "Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (10): 1809. doi:10.3390/ijerph16101809. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6572245. PMID 31121806.
^ ^a ^b Engemann, Kristine; Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker; Arge, Lars; Tsirogiannis, Constantinos; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2019-03-12). "Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (11): 5188–5193. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.5188E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1807504116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6421415. PMID 30804178.
^ Geary, Rebecca S.; Thompson, Daniel; Mizen, Amy; Akbari, Ashley; Garrett, Joanne K.; Rowney, Francis M.; Watkins, Alan; Lyons, Ronan A.; Stratton, Gareth; Lovell, Rebecca; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Parker, Sarah C.; Song, Jiao; Tsimpida, Dialechti; White, James (2023-10-01). "Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales". The Lancet Planetary Health. 7 (10): e809 – e818. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00212-7. hdl:10871/134336. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 37821160.
^ "Local green spaces are linked with better mental health". NIHR Evidence. 12 November 2024.
^ tkfadmin (2016-08-02). "The Importance of Nature in Older Populations". Nature Sacred. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
^ ^a ^b Lee, Kate E.; Williams, Kathryn J. H.; Sargent, Leisa D.; Williams, Nicholas S. G.; Johnson, Katherine A. (2015-06-01). "40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 42: 182–189. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003. ISSN 0272-4944.
^ Correia, Ricardo A. (April 2024). "Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time". People and Nature. 6 (2): 358–366. doi:10.1002/pan3.10601.