The National Underwater Reconnaissance Office (NURO) is the "hidden younger brother"[further explanation needed][citation needed] of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). NRO was initiated in 1960 and developed as a common office for United States Air Force and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to manage satellite reconnaissance. The first revelation about NRO came in 1973, but its very existence was not declassified until 1992. According to Jeffrey T. Richelson, "[m]ost often the Under Secretary of the Air Force served as a Director of the NRO".[1] NURO was initiated in 1969 and developed as a common office or liaison office for the United States Navy and the CIA to manage underwater reconnaissance. NURO used "special project submarines" like USS Seawolf (SSN-575), USS Halibut (SSN-587), and USS Parche (SSN-683) deep inside the waters of the Soviet Union to put out listening devices, tap communication cables, monitor Soviet Navy bases and record sound signatures of Soviet submarines. NURO is a little-known agency; even its name has been secret and its very existence was first revealed in 1998. The United States Secretary of the Navy has served as its director.[2]
In Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage, Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew argue that the origin of NURO was the sinking of Soviet submarine K-129 outside Hawaii in March 1968. When the USS Halibut returned half a year later with 22,000 photos of the Soviet submarine, the CIA realized the significance of underwater reconnaissance.[3] NURO was initially formed by CIA Director Richard Helms and dominated by the CIA: "from the day NURO was formed, the CIA [with its Deputy Director for Science and Technology Carl Duckett] took charge. [Captain James] Bradley [from U.S. Naval Intelligence] could spare only a few people for the new office. His entire staff in the undersea part of Office of Naval Intelligence numbered only about a few dozen. The CIA, however, had no such constraints. It moved in with eight permanent staffers and more consultants loyal to the agency".[4] The Navy prepared to use a midget submarine to investigate K-129 underwater, but the CIA wanted the whole submarine. They built the ship Glomar Explorer (now GSF Explorer) to raise K-129, which became very expensive (up to 500 million dollars).[5] From the mid-1970s, the CIA lost its day-to-day control of NURO.[further explanation needed] Captain James Bradley was able to conduct his own special project operations. Through Bradley it was a direct link to General Alexander Haig and Henry Kissinger. From 1972 to 1974, the Secretary of Navy John Warner was the director of NURO.[6]
The Chief Scientist of the U.S. Navy, John Piña Craven, argues that Bradley was a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) officer at the Office of Naval Intelligence. Craven was a close colleague of Bradley, and Craven seems to indicate that NURO actually was a liaison office not just between the CIA and the Navy but also between the CIA and the DIA using officers from Naval Intelligence.[7] Also others indicate that NURO might have been a CIA-DIA liaison office.[8]
NURO operations were conducted primarily in Soviet home waters using specially equipped nuclear-powered attack submarines or "special project submarines", but this intelligence gathering was, according to Ola Tunander, just a part of NURO's activity. He refers to a high-ranking CIA officer saying that NURO in the 1980s also ran operations in the waters of friendly countries, such as those of Scandinavia, penetrating into the archipelagos and naval bases of Sweden.[9] United States Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger stated in 2000 that NURO's submarine operations into Swedish waters in the 1980s were run as a "routine, regular series of defense testing" after US-Swedish Navy-to-Navy consultations.[10] However, these operations may also have had another purpose. ABC-TV said in 1984 of the U.S. submarine intelligence gathering: "Most of the top-secret missions are into the waters of the Soviet Union, but according to both active duty and retired military sources, some missions have been run into the territorial waters of those nations considered friendly to the U.S. Even friendly countries, sources say, sometimes do things they don't want the U.S. to know about, things that could inadvertently threaten U.S. security. The missions are conducted by specially equipped nuclear-powered attack submarines and in some cases by a nuclear-powered mini-sub called NR-1."[11] Tunander also says that during this period (1981–87), the Secretary of Navy John Lehman was the Director of NURO.[12]
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع عباس أباد (توضيح). عباس أباد عباس اباد - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد إير
Major builder San Francisco and California Historical Landmark in California, United States The Remillard brothers and members of their family were successful owners of brick manufacturing plants in Oakland and San Francisco, California from the 1860s to the mid 1900s. The three brothers who founded the brick making company, and started the Remillard fortune, immigrated from St. Valentin (near Napierville), Quebec to California toward the end of the California Gold Rush. Pierre-Nicolas “Peter
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For another book, see The Good War: Why We Couldn’t Win the War or the Peace in Afghanistan. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Good War – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Good War: An Oral History of World War I…
Iranian human rights defender Abdolfattah Soltaniعبدالفتاح سلطانیBornNovember 2, 1953 (1953-11-02) (age 70)NationalityIranianOccupationlawyerOrganizationDefenders of Human Rights CenterKnown forHuman rights cases; 2005, 2009, and 2012 arrestsSpouseMasoumeh DehghanChildren4AwardsNuremberg International Human Rights Award (2009)International Bar Association Human Rights Award (2012) Abdolfattah Soltani (Persian: عبدالفتاح سلطانی; born 2 November 1953) i…
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Royal College of OphthalmologistsEstablished14 April 1988Headquarters18 Stephenson Way, London, EnglandRegion United KingdomPresidentBernie ChangAffiliationsAcademy of Medical Royal CollegesWebsitewww.rcophth.ac.uk The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, founded in 1988, is an independent professional body and one of the Medical Royal Colleges. They set the standards and examinations for medical doctors aiming to become ophthalmologists, and provide surgical skills training, as well as services t…
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