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National Constitution Center
	Exterior of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia
	Philadelphia Location of the National Constitution Center in Pennsylvania
Established	September 17, 2000
Location	Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates	39°57′13″N 75°08′57″W / 39.9536°N 75.1491°W
Type	History museum
Visitors	817,000 (2011)
Director	Jeffrey Rosen
Public transit access	5th Street/Independence Hall: Market–Frankford Line SEPTA bus: 38, 44, 48; Philly PHLASH
Website	constitutioncenter.org

The National Constitution Center is a non-profit institution that is devoted to the study of the Constitution of the United States. Located at the Independence Mall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the center is an interactive museum which serves as a national town hall, hosting government leaders, journalists, scholars, and celebrities who engage in public discussions, including Constitution-related events and presidential debates.

The groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 17, 2000, the 213th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution. The center opened on July 4, 2003,^[1] joining other historic sites and attractions in what has been called "America's most historic square mile",^[2] because of its proximity to Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell. The center offers civic learning resources onsite and online. It does not house the original Constitution, which is stored at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C.

Background

The center was created by the Constitution Heritage Act.^[3] Approved on September 16, 1988, and signed by President Ronald Reagan,^[4] the act defined the National Constitution Center as "within or in close proximity to the Independence National Historical Park. The Center shall disseminate information about the United States Constitution on a non-partisan basis in order to increase the awareness and understanding of the Constitution among the American people."^[5] The center is at 525 Arch Street, an address chosen because May 25 (5/25) was the date that the Constitutional Convention began in Philadelphia.^{[citation needed]}

The architectural firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners designed the center,^[6] and Leslie E. Robertson Associates were the structural engineers for the project. Witold Rybczynski of The New York Times wrote, "Quiet but assertive, respectful of its surroundings, considerate of its public, this building is destined to take its place among the nation's leading public monuments."^[7]

Ralph Appelbaum Associates designed the center's visitor experience and exhibition hall. The public space is 160,000 square feet (15,000 m²), including galleries. The center has 75,785 square feet (7,040.7 m²) of exhibit space. The center is made of American products, including 85,000 square feet (7,900 m²) of Indiana limestone, 2.6 million pounds of steel, and a half-million cubic feet of concrete. Construction of the center was overseen by project manager Hill International.

Prior to its closure in December 2019, the Newseum, a journalism-themed museum in Washington D.C., had featured a four-story-tall stone panel inscribed with the text of the First Amendment as part of its exterior design. The Freedom Forum, a nonprofit organization that created the museum, announced in March 2021 that the panel would be dismantled and donated to the National Constitution Center for display in its second-floor atrium.^[8]

Leadership

The National Constitution Center board of trustees appointed law professor, legal commentator, and former visiting scholar Jeffrey Rosen to serve as president and chief executive officer of the center; Rosen began his tenure in June 2013.^[9] The chairmen of the board of the Center have been:

Chairman	Period
John C. Bogle	1999–2007
George H. W. Bush	2007–2009
Bill Clinton	2009–2012
Jeb Bush	2013–2017
Joe Biden	2017–2019
Neil Gorsuch	2019–

Civic education

Through its Annenberg Center for Education and Outreach, the center offers onsite and online civic-education programs and a study center which develops and distributes teaching tools, lesson plans and resources.^[10]^[11]

Public engagement

The center has hosted several debates, including a 2008 Democratic presidential primary debate between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama,^[12] a town hall meeting with Senator John McCain,^[13] and a 2006 Pennsylvania Senatorial debate between Republican incumbent Rick Santorum and Democratic challenger Bob Casey.^[14]

The center hosted the second 2024 Presidential debate on September 10, 2024.^[15] It was the first debate between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris, after President Joe Biden exited the race in the weeks following the first debate of the cycle.^[16] Ironically, no mention was made of the US Constitution by either candidate during the entire 90 minute debate.

Liberty Medal

In 2006, the center became home to the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, an annual award established in 1988 to recognize "men and women of courage and conviction who strive to secure the blessings of liberty to people around the globe."^[17]

Reception

George Will wrote for The Washington Post, "At the other end of the mall sparkles a modernist jewel of America's civic life, the National Constitution Center".^[18] Jason DeParle wrote for The New York Times Learning Network, "Since opening in 2003, [the National Constitution Center] has put forward a vision of constitutional history both left and right have embraced."^[19] According to The Philadelphia Inquirer, "The National Constitution Center has established itself as one of the city's cultural celebs, attracting a million visitors a year, putting pizzazz into civic and educational offerings, hosting blockbuster exhibitions, and attracting the nation's intellectual cognoscenti and media elite like bears to honey."^[20]