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National Captioning Institute, Inc.
Abbreviation	NCI
Founded	January 30, 1979; 45 years ago
Tax ID no.	52-1144663
Legal status	501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
Purpose	To provide access to public media for those who, for whatever reason, are restricted from that access.
Headquarters	Chantilly, Virginia
Coordinates	38°54′32″N 77°26′52″W / 38.908850°N 77.447857°W
Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer	Gene Chao
Revenue	$17,845,288 (2016)
Expenses	$17,288,663 (2016)
Endowment	$24,947 (2016)
Employees	229 (2016)
Website	ncicap.org

The National Captioning Institute, Inc. (NCI) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization^[3] that provides real-time and off-line closed captioning, subtitling and translation, described video, web captioning, and Spanish captioning for television and films. Created in 1979^[5] and headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia, the organization was the first to caption live TV and home video, and holds the trademark on the display icon featuring a simple geometric rendering of a television set merged with a speech balloon to indicate that a program is captioned by National Captioning Institute. National Captioning Institute also has an office in Santa Clarita, California.^[6]

History

The National Association of Broadcasters formed a task force in 1972 to create the technology to provide captions of television broadcasts without an unreasonably large financial burden on television networks or local television stations.^[7] Federal funding paid for the technology. Viewers would buy an adapter for their televisions that would decode and display the text while watching closed-captioned television programs.^[7] Up to that point, captioning of television shows was rare, with Boston television station WGBH being one of the few with open captioning of news and public affairs shows since the early 1970s.^[8]^[9]

The National Captioning Institute was incorporated on January 30, 1979, with millions of dollars of start-up funding from the federal government.^[1]^[2]^[10] On March 23, 1979, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare announced plans for closed-captioning of twenty hours per week of television shows.^[11] The National Captioning Institute established its original headquarters in Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia,^[12] and later that year it established a second office in Los Angeles.^[13]

The National Captioning Institute's work first became publicly well known on March 16, 1980, when ABC, NBC, and PBS collectively introduced closed-captioning of their television shows.^[7] At the time, CBS decided not the join the group at first because CBS preferred a different captioning system that was being used in Europe.^[14]^[15] John E.D. Ball was the founding president of the National Captioning Institute.^[16] Marc Okrand was the National Captioning Institute's first supervisor of captioning, overseeing the transcription of audio.^[17] At the time, employees of the National Captioning Institute used court-reporter steno machines to caption shows.^[17]

Rosalynn Carter hosted a reception at the White House honoring the work of the National Captioning Institute on March 19, 1980.^[18] In 1981, Hollywood Radio and Television Society gave an award to the National Captioning Institute for developing the closed captioning system for television shows.^[19]

In 1981, RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video became the first video company to release movies on videotape that had closed captions.^[17]

In 1982, the NCI developed real-time captioning, a process for captioning newscasts, sports events, and other live broadcasts as the events are being televised, thereby bringing thousands of households into national conversations in a way that had previously been impossible.^[20]

Also in 1982, the NCI provided the first real-time captioning for a live event, the Academy Awards. A court reporter trained as a captioner provided the captions using a Stenotype machine, which uses phonetic codes and allows the captioner to take down the spoken word at speeds of up to 250 words per minute. The ad-libs and the awarding of the Oscars were live captioned by the steno captioner, while a production coordinator displays the prepared captions of the scripted portions of the broadcast. Later that year, ABC's "World News Tonight" was the first regularly-scheduled program to be real-time captioned.^[21]

In 1989, the NCI partnered with ITT to develop the first caption-decoding microchip to be built directly into new television sets in the factory.^[21] It led to the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act in 1990, mandating that all new television sets 13 inches or larger manufactured for sale in the U.S. contain caption-decoding technology.^[20]

In 1993, a federal law went into effect that required built-in capacity to display captions on all televisions 13 inches or larger, which would make purchasing separate decoders no longer necessary.^[16]^[22] Virtually all television shows were being broadcast with closed-captions at that point.^[22]

In 2006, the National Captioning Institute terminated the employment of 14 employees who had joined the National Association of Employees and Transmission Technicians in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.^[23]

In 2015–2016, National Captioning Institute employees attempted to organize with the Communication Workers of America (CWA), again in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.^[24]" [T]he National Association of Broadcast Employees & Technicians–Communication Workers of America, AFL–CIO (the Union) attempted to unionize NCI's TX and CA offices. [...] On June 26, [COO] Toschi sent this email to NCI management about the Union:"^[25]

[E]mployees have been attempting to [unionize] …. There are a considerable number of employees … that have expressed interest …. [The] union … will be holding a meeting on June 29…. [T]he threat is serious. NCI's position… is solidly against unionization. I will be sending a company-wide communication to this effect ….

President and COO Jill Toschi, ^[25]

NCI responded with actions that according to the judge violated labor laws, "which included firing two workers, interrogating employees, searching employees' chat logs for union discussions, sending anti-union emails to employees, maintaining an unlawful social media policy, and maintaining an unacceptable behavior policy."^[26]

"An NLRB administrative law judge in Fort Worth, Tex., found that the National Captioning Institute violated federal law when it fired two workers for their union activity, and committed other labor law violations. [...] [Judge Robert Ringler] ordered NCI to cease and desist all unlawful practices, rescind illegal and overbroad policies, and offer the two fired workers reinstatement with full back pay, plus interest. NCI also was ordered to notify employees of the NLRB order by email and Intranet."^[26]^[25]

External links

Related media at Wikimedia Commons:

Wikimedia Commons files with closed captioning in English

NCI Official Website
How Deaf Advocates Won the Battle for Closed Captioning and Changed the Way Americans Watch TV, Olivia B. Waxman (16 March 2020), TIME, describing the role of the NCI in advocating for closed captioning
Captions For Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Viewers, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
W3C timed text homepage

References

^ ^a ^b "National Captioning Institute, Inc." District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs. Government of the District of Columbia. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Stevens, Mary (May 5, 1989). "Captioning gives deaf whole story". Chicago Tribune. p. 67.
^ ^a ^b ^c "National Captioning Institute Inc." Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". National Captioning Institute Inc. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
^ "Three Major Networks Plan to Offer Closed Captioning for Deaf". InfoWorld. 10: 9. June 25, 1979. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
^ "Contact". National Captioning Institute.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brennan, Patricia (September 29, 1985). "National Captioning Institute: CC: Decoding Television for the Hearing Impaired". The Washington Post. p. TV8.
^ McLean, Robert A. (October 15, 1980). "Closed-caption is Catching On". Boston Globe. p. 1.
^ McLean, Robert A. (November 13, 1980). "The Latest in Captions". Boston Globe. p. 1.
^ Rattner, Steven (April 16, 1979). "Washington Watch: Legislative Veto Faces Test Studying the Energy Department Broadcasters Help the Deaf Briefcases". The New York Times. p. D2.
^ "Plans for Prime-Time TV Captions". The Washington Post. March 24, 1979. p. B4.
^ "Real Estate Notes". The Washington Post. June 30, 1979. p. F18.
^ "TV Captions for the Deaf to Be Available in March". Associated Press. Boston Globe. January 7, 1980. p. 1.
^ Brown, Les (February 5, 1980). "New Device Calls Up Printed Matter on TV: How the Systems Vary Regarded as Superior Way The First Programs". The New York Times. p. C24.
^ Carmody, John (January 29, 1980). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. B10.
^ ^a ^b "John E.D. Ball" (obituary). The Washington Post. April 13, 2010. p. B6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nishi, Dennis (May 14, 2009). "How I Got Here: Helping the Hearing Impaired And Voicing the Klingons". Wall Street Journal. p. D4.
^ Carmody, John (March 12, 1980). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. D14.
^ "A Lego Toys commercial filmed in England". UPI NewsTrack. March 4, 1981.
^ ^a ^b "A Brief History of Closed Captioning". 21 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b "HISTORY OF CLOSED CAPTIONING - NCI leads in providing services to viewers and content providers".
^ ^a ^b Yant, Monica (June 29, 1993). "Captioning Gets a Regular Role on TV Television: Federal law takes effect Thursday requiring sets 13 inches or larger to have built-in subtitle capability". Los Angeles Times. p. 2.
^ Macías, Jorge Luis (April 1, 2006). "Protestan ex empleados de NCI" (Spanish). La Opinión (Los Angeles, California). p. 3A.
^ Lukas, Mike. "NCI v CWA Op-Ed Series". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Administrative Law Judges Decision". National Labor Relations Board. NLRB - ALJ. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Judge Orders NCI to Rehire Fired Union Supporters". CWA Communications. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2020.