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Nasal palatal approximant
Nasal palatal approximant
j̃
Encoding
X-SAMPA	j~

The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ỹ⟩.

The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; [j̃] and [w̃] may be called nasal glides.

Features

Features of the nasal palatal approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, in this case in addition to through the mouth.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[j̃], written ⟨ny⟩, is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Nheengatu		nheẽ	[j̃ẽʔẽ]	'to speak'	Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with ⟨ñ⟩
Hindustani^[1]		संयम / sanyama	[səj̃jəm]	'patience'	Allophone of /n/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang^[2]		[j̃ũ]		'brave'	Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.^[3]
Lombard		bisògn de	[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]	'need for (something)'	Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
Louisiana Creole^[4]		[sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃]		'bleed'	Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/
Polish^[5]		państwo	[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]	'state, country'	Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Brazilian^[6]	sonho	[ˈsõj̃ʊ]	'dream'	Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.^[7]^[8] See Portuguese phonology
	Most dialects^[9]	cães	[kɐ̃j̃s]	'dogs'	Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.
	Some dialects^[7]	me ame!	[ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]	'love me!'	Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds.
Shipibo^[10]		^{[example needed]}			Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.^[10]
Spanish	Zwolle-Ebarb^[11]	año	[ˈãj̃o]	'year'	Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Spanish	Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech^[12]	niños	[ˈnij̃os]	'kids'	Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakha		айыы	[aȷ̃ɯː]	'sin, transgression'	/ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.^[13]

Notes

^ Canepari (2005:335)
^ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
^ Jolkesky (2009:681)
^ Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). "Louisiana Creole". In Susanne Maria Michaelis; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber (eds.). The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish–based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
^ Gussman (2007)
^ Perini (2002:?)
^ ^a ^b Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
^ Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
^ Vigário (2003:77)
^ ^a ^b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
^ Stark (1980:170)
^ Lipski, John M. (1989). "Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
^ "Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-08-01.

References

Canepari, Luciano (2005), "Hindi", A Handbook of Pronunciation, Lincom Europa, p. 335
Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-926747-7
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
Perini, Mário Alberto (2002), Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7
Stark, Louisa R. (1980). "Notes on a Dialect of Spanish Spoken in Northern Louisiana". Anthropological Linguistics (in Spanish). 22 (4): 163–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30027771.
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
Vigário, Marina (2003), The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese, De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-017713-8