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Narrow-headed vole
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Subfamily:	Arvicolinae
Genus:	Stenocranius
Species:	S. gregalis
Binomial name
	Stenocranius gregalis; (Pallas, 1779)
Synonyms
	Lasiopodomys gregalis (Pallas, 1779); Microtus gregalis (Pallas, 1779); Mus gregalis Pallas, 1779;

The narrow-headed vole (Stenocranius gregalis) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It was previously placed in the genus Microtus,^[2] but modern listings either lump this into genus Lasiopodomys^[1] or split it out into Stenocranius.^[3] It ranges over northern and central Asia.^[3]

Description

The narrow-headed vole has a head-and-body length between 89 and 122 mm (3.5 and 4.8 in) and a short tail of 21 to 32 mm (0.8 to 1.3 in). The dimensions of the skull distinguishes it from other Microtus species in China. In summer, the fur on the back is pale yellowish-buff, paler on the flanks and merging into the yellowish-grey underparts. In winter, the dorsal colour is a brighter reddish-ochre. The tail can either be a uniform yellowish-buff or can be bicoloured, dark brown above and yellowish-brown below. The upper surfaces of the hands and feet are brownish-white. ^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The narrow-headed vole is distributed across the tundra region of northern Asia from the White Sea to the Kolyma River. It also occurs as separate populations on the steppes of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, southwestern Siberia, the Sakha Republic, Mongolia, and northern China.^[1]^[3] Its typical habitat is grassy plains, semi-deserts, open grassy areas in forests, alpine meadows and water meadows at altitudes of up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).^[1]

During the colder phases of the Pleistocene glaciations, the narrow-headed vole's range was contiguous and extended into most of Europe. It retreated into the Carpathians, Urals, and Asia during the warmer interglacials. The Carpathian population was highly divergent genetically with Asian narrow-headed voles^[5] and became extinct in the Late Copper Age, during the Middle Holocene.^[6] In the Urals, the narrow-headed vole disappeared in the Late Holocene.^[7]

Behaviour

The narrow-headed vole lives in a complex system of tunnels that run up to 25 cm (10 in) beneath the ground surface. This has multiple entrances and several nesting chambers. The narrow head of this species may have evolved to make it easier for it to squeeze through narrow gaps and crevices in frozen ground.^[4] It is mainly active at dusk and by night, but also emerges from its burrow to forage during the day. It feeds on grasses, legumes and other underground and above-ground plant material. Breeding takes place in the warmer months, with about five litters averaging eight offspring being produced annually.^[4]

This vole, along with Alexandromys middendorffi, is one of the primary preys of the Arctic fox on the Yamal Peninsula.^[8]

Status

The narrow-headed vole has a very extensive range and although populations fluctuate, no particular threats have been identified with this species and overall the population seems stable. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Batsaikhan, N.; Tsytsulina, K.; Formozov, N.; Sheftel, B. (2008). "Microtus gregalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2014.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
^ Musser, G. G.; Carleton, M. D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 998–999. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Stenocranius gregalis". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. 1.11. American Society of Mammalogists.
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrew T. Smith; Yan Xie (2008). A guide to the mammals of China. Princeton University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
^ Baca, M., Popović, D., Lemanik, A., Baca, K., Horáček, I., & Nadachowski, A. (2019). Highly divergent lineage of narrow-headed vole from the Late Pleistocene Europe. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-10.
^ Németh, A., Bárány, A., Csorba, G., Magyari, E., Pazonyi, P., & Pálfy, J. (2017). Holocene mammal extinctions in the Carpathian Basin: a review. Mammal Review, 47(1), 38-52.
^ Kosintsev, P. A., & Bachura, O. P. (2014). Formation of recent ranges of mammals in the Urals during the Holocene. Biology Bulletin, 41(7), 629-637.
^ Terekhina, Alexandra (2021). "The context of an emerging predation problem: Nenets reindeer herders and Arctic foxes in Yamal". European Journal of Wildlife Research: 4.