Mussel toxic peptide

Mussel toxic peptide (MTP) is a marine biotoxin that can be found in mussels of the species Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) that are contaminated by mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Trichoderma. MTP is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, which has a mild effect on voltage-gated potassium channels.^[1]

Discovery and distribution

MTP was extracted from mussels harvested from Bizerte lagoon, located in the north of Tunisia. It was first discovered during investigation of the cause of a yearly repetitive food poisoning occurring after consumption of mussels from Bizerte lagoon during the autumn-winter season. During this season, changes in temperature and precipitation, which contains phosphates and nitrogen, contribute to conditions that are favourable for the growth of microorganisms that contaminate the siphon of the mussels. As with other marine biotoxins, it is difficult to track MTP’s origin but its occurrence has been increasing over the last decade due to changes in the local environment. This toxin found in mussels appears to contain two fractions, namely C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT) and MTP. C17-SAMT has been found earlier in spoiled food and belongs to a family of toxins produced by fungi (sphinganine-analog mycotoxins). While the C17-SAMT fraction has been studied before^[2]., MTP was only investigated recently.

Chemistry

Homology and family

MTP belongs to a wider group of marine biotoxins. Based on the clinical symptoms that they induce, marine biotoxins are distinguished in two groups: diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and marine neurotoxic biotoxins.^[3] The grouping of marine biotoxins is also delineated based on their mechanism of action, where MTP is included into the channel-blocking neurotoxin family. As cases were not (at least not systematically) reported until the last decade, MTP might be a newly introduced toxin, coming from a species that was recently brought into the Bizerte lagoon.

Structure

Unlike most other marine neurotoxins, MTP is proteinaceous and has a molecular mass of 6.4kDa, which is large compared to the masses of other marine biotoxins. While its toxicity has been investigated, the exact structure of MTP remains unclear.

Target and mode of action

MTP blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, but has an almost negligible effect on potassium channels.^[1] In mouse neuroblastoma, the IC₅₀ value was 4.5 μM for sodium and 102.1 μM for potassium channels, showing a much stronger affinity for sodium channels. MTP acts as a pore blocker on sodium channels.^[1]

Toxicity

Injection of MTP in mice caused symptoms of toxicity such as restlessness, breathing difficulties, paralysis of hind limbs and death in less than five minutes. Since a widespread chain of cases in humans has not been reported, its symptomatology has not yet been described.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Marrouchi, R.; Benoit, E.; Schlumberger, S.; Marzougui, Z.; Le Caer, JP.; Molgó, J.; Kharrat, R. (2020). "Purification, Toxicity and Functional Characterization of a New Proteinaceous Mussel Biotoxin from Bizerte Lagoon". Toxins. 12 (8): 487. doi:10.3390/toxins12080487. PMC 7472388. PMID 32751635.
^ Marrouchi, R.; Benoit, E.; Le Caer, JP.; Belayouni, N.; Belghith, H.; Molgó, J.; Kharrat, R. (2013). "Toxic C17-Sphinganine Analogue Mycotoxin, Contaminating Tunisian Mussels, Causes Flaccid Paralysis in Rodents". Marine Drugs. 11 (12): 4724–4740. doi:10.3390/md11124724. PMC 3877882. PMID 24287956.
^ Murk, A.J.; Nicolas, J.; Smulders, F.J.M.; Burk, C.; Gerssen, A. (2019). "Marine biotoxins: Types of poisoning, underlying mechanisms of action and risk management programs". Chemical Hazards in Food of Animal Origin. ECVPH Food safety assurance. 7: 207–239. doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_09. ISBN 978-90-8686-326-6. S2CID 135143802.

Read other articles:

Agus Martowardojo

Agus MartowardojoPotret saat menjabat Komisaris Utama PT PLN Gubernur Bank Indonesia ke-15Masa jabatan23 Mei 2013 – 23 Mei 2018PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoJoko Widodo PendahuluDarmin NasutionPenggantiPerry WarjiyoMenteri Keuangan Indonesia Ke-27Masa jabatan20 Mei 2010 – 19 April 2013PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoWakilAnny RatnawatiMahendra Siregar PendahuluSri MulyaniPenggantiHatta Rajasa(Pelaksana tugas)Chatib BasriDirektur Utama Bank Mandiri ke-4Masa ...

Gustave Eiffel

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gustave et Eiffel. Gustave EiffelPhotographie de Nadar en 1888.FonctionPrésidentSociété des ingénieurs civils de Francejanvier - décembre 1889BiographieNaissance 15 décembre 1832DijonDécès 27 décembre 1923 (à 91 ans)ParisSépulture Cimetière de Levallois-Perret (31 décembre 1923)Nom de naissance Alexandre Gustave Bonickhausen dit EiffelNationalité françaiseDomiciles Rue Rabelais (1923), place d'IénaFormation École centrale ParisCollège ...

Eric Pereira

Eric Pereira Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Eric PereiraTanggal lahir 5 Desember 1985 (umur 38)Tempat lahir BrasilPosisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2007–2008 Metropolitano 0 (0)2007–2008 → Gaz Metan Mediaș (loan) 31 (10)2008–2011 Gaz Metan Mediaș 86 (26)2011–2012 Karpaty Lviv 6 (0)2012–2013 Gaz Metan Mediaș 22 (4)2013–2014 Pandurii Târgu Jiu 18 (11)2014–2015 Al-Ahli 9 (1)2015 Pandurii Târgu Jiu 13 (2)2015 Matsumoto Yamaga 0 (0)2015–2016 Na...

Shankha Ghosh

Sankha GhoshLahirChittapriyo Ghosh(1932-02-05)5 Februari 1932(২২ মাঘ , ১৩৩৮ বঙ্গাব্দ)Chandpur, BangladeshMeninggal21 April 2021(2021-04-21) (umur 89)Kolkata, Benggala Barat, IndiaKebangsaanIndiaAlmamaterUniversitas KalkutaDikenal atasPenyair dan kritikusPenghargaanPadma Bhushan (2011)Penghargaan Jnanpith (2016) Shankha Ghosh (5 Februari 1932 – 21 April 2021)[1][2] adalah seorang penyair dan kritikus Bengali India.[3&#...

Citigroup

Citi beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Citi (disambiguasi). Citigroup Inc.Kantor pusat Citigroup di Lower ManhattanJenisPublikKode emitenNYSE: CKomponen S&P 100Komponen S&P 500ISINUS1729674242IndustriJasa keuanganPendahuluCiticorpTravelers GroupDidirikan8 Oktober 1998; 25 tahun lalu (1998-10-08)PendiriSanford Weill(Travelers Group)Samuel Osgood(Citicorp)Kantorpusat388-390 Greenwich St.New York City, New York 10013Amerika SerikatWilayah operasiSeluruh duniaTokohku...

Juniel

Choi Suh-Ah최서아Nama lainJunielLahir3 September 1993 (umur 30)Asal Korea SelatanGenreK-popPekerjaanPenyanyiTahun aktif2011–sekarangLabelFNC MusicAI EntertainmentVictor Entertainment (2011.4-2011.11)Warner Music Japan (2011.11-present)C9 Entertaiment (2016-present)Artis terkaitF.T. Island, CN BlueSitus webjuniel.jp Choi Suh-Ah (Hangul:최서아; lahir 3 September 1993) juga dikenal sebagai Juniel adalah penyanyi asal Korea Selatan. Album dan album mini # ! Judul Tanggal rilis L...

Guerra preventiva

Guerra preventiva (o un colpo preventivo) è il tentativo di respingere o sconfiggere un'offensiva o un'invasione percepita come inevitabile, o per ottenere un vantaggio strategico in un'imminente guerra (presumibilmente inevitabile), prima che la minaccia si materializzi. Indice 1 Nel diritto internazionale 2 Approccio classico 3 I quattro elementi di Sofaer 4 Intenti 5 Note 6 Voci correlate 7 Collegamenti esterni Nel diritto internazionale Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Legittima difesa ...

Indian Super League

Top division men's association football league in India This article is about the top division in men's Indian football. For top division in Indian women's football, see Indian Women's League. Football leagueIndian Super LeagueOrganising bodiesAIFF and FSDLFounded21 October 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-21)CountryIndiaConfederationAFCNumber of teams12Level on pyramid1Domestic cup(s) Super Cup Durand Cup International cup(s) AFC Champions League 2 SAFF Club Championship Current...

Cozumel

Island in Quintana Roo, Mexico CozumelSatellite image of Cozumel Island in 2001Location of Cozumel in Quintana Roo StateCozumelGeographyLocationCaribbean SeaCoordinates20°25′N 86°55′W / 20.42°N 86.92°W / 20.42; -86.92Total islands2Area647.33 km2 (249.94 sq mi)Highest point14 mAdministration MexicoStateQuintana RooMunicipalityCozumelLargest settlementSan Miguel de Cozumel (pop. 84915)Presidente municipal (Municipal presiden...

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月）コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓コルク（木栓、�...

Часы мира (Берлин)

ДостопримечательностьЧасы миранем. Urania-Weltzeituhr[1] 52°31′16″ с. ш. 13°24′48″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Германия Местоположение Митте Дата основания 1969[1] Высота 10 м[1] Материал алюминий[1], золото[1] и сталь[1] Медиафайлы на Викискладе «Час�...

Lamé (fencing)

For other uses, see Lamé (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lamé fencing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Foil fencers wearing different colored lamés In modern fencing, a lamé is an electrically ...

Chang Shan-chwen

Taiwanese medical researcher Chang Shan-chwen張上淳NationalityTaiwaneseKnown forMedical researcher and academic administratorScientific careerInstitutionsNational Taiwan University and HospitalCentral Epidemic Command Center WebsiteChang's Faculty Page at National Taiwan University. Chang Shan-chwen (Chinese: 張上淳) is a Taiwanese medical researcher and academic administrator. He convenes the advisory specialist panel of the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC), which is ass...

هارتسفيل (نيويورك)

لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع هارتسفيل (توضيح). هارتسفيل الإحداثيات 42°14′49″N 77°41′38″W / 42.246944444444°N 77.693888888889°W / 42.246944444444; -77.693888888889 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1810 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ستوبين خصائص جغرافية المساحة ...

Bosnien och Hercegovina

För andra betydelser, se Bosnien och Hercegovina (olika betydelser). Bosnien och HercegovinaBosna i Hercegovina (bs/hr)Босна и Херцеговина (sr) Flagga Statsvapen Nationalsång: Intermeco läge Huvudstad(även största stad) Sarajevo Officiella språk BosniskaKroatiskaSerbiska[1] Statsskick Federation - President 3 statschefer - Premiärminister Borjana Krišto Självständighet -Från Socialistiska federativa republiken Jugoslavien -...

Badlaa

10th episode of the 8th season of The X-Files BadlaaThe X-Files episodeThe Indian beggar, the episode's main antagonist. The character was played by noted stuntman Deep Roy.Episode no.Season 8Episode 10Directed byTony WharmbyWritten byJohn ShibanProduction code8ABX12Original air dateJanuary 21, 2001 (2001-01-21)Running time44 minutesGuest appearances Tony Adelman as Trevor's Father Jane Daly as Mrs. Holt Ruth de Sosa as Quinton's Mother Bill Dow as Charles Burks Jacob Fra...

نهائي كوبا ليبرتادوريس 2018

نهائي كأس ليبرتادوريس 2018الحدثكأس ليبرتادوريس 2018 بوكا جونيورز ريفر بليت 3 5 المباراة الأولى بوكا جونيورز ريفر بليت 2 2 التاريخ11 نوفمبر 2018[ملاحظة 1]الملعبملعب لا بومبونيرا، بوينس آيرس الأرجنتينالحكمروبرتو توبار (تشيلي)المباراة الثانية ريفر بليت بوكا جونيورز 3 1 بعد ال�...

Alan Jones (racing driver)

Australian racing driver and commentator (born 1946) For other people named Alan Jones, see Alan Jones (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Alan Jones racing driver – news · news...

SD Negeri Mekar Jaya 13

SD Negeri Mekar Jaya 13InformasiDidirikan01 Januari 1979JenisNegeriAkreditasiANomor Statistik Sekolah101026606013Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20228799Kepala SekolahKoko Komala S.PdRentang kelasI, II, III, IV, V, VIKurikulumKurikulum 2013StatusSekolah Standar NasionalAlamatLokasiJalan Merapi №35, Abadijaya, Kec. Sukmajaya, Depok, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaTel./Faks.(021) 7716568Situs webSitus ResmiSurelsdn_mekarjaya13@yahoo.co.idMoto SD Negeri Mekar Jaya 13 adalah sebuah sekolah dasar ne...

Yuan Meng

Questa voce sull'argomento tennisti cinesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Yuan MengNazionalità Cina Altezza168 cm Peso63 kg Tennis Termine carriera2014 Carriera Singolare1 Vittorie/sconfitte 224–176 Titoli vinti 0 WTA, 4 ITF Miglior ranking 86 (10 marzo 2008) Risultati nei tornei del Grande Slam Australian Open 2T (2006, 2008) Roland Garros 1T (2006, 2008) Wimbledon 1T (2006, 2008) US Open 1T (2006) Dop...