The accession of Montenegro to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, took place on 5 June 2017.[1] In December 2009, Montenegro was granted a Membership Action Plan, the final step in an application for membership in the organization.[2] A formal invitation was issued by the alliance on 2 December 2015,[3] with accession negotiations concluded with the signature by the Foreign Ministers of an Accession Protocol on 19 May 2016.[4] Montenegro officially joined NATO on 5 June 2017.
Background
The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro applied to NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in June 2003.[5][6]Montenegro declared independence on 3 June 2006 and soon after opened a Permanent Mission to NATO in Brussels.[7] The new country subsequently joined PfP at the 2006 Riga summit. In November 2007, Montenegro signed a transit agreement with NATO, allowing the alliance's troops to move across the country.[8] Montenegro then signed an agreement with the United States, in which Montenegro would destroy its outdated weaponry as a precondition for NATO membership.[9] In late 2007, Montenegro's Defense Minister Boro Vučinić said that Montenegro would intensify its accession to the alliance after the 2008 Bucharest summit.[10] Montenegro entered Intensified Dialogue with NATO in April 2008, and adopted an Individual Partnership Action Plan in June 2008.[11] It was invited to join the Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants on 25 September 2008.[12][13] The country then applied for a Membership Action Plan on 5 November 2008 with support of Prime Minister Milo Đukanović,[14] which was granted in December 2009.[15] Montenegro also began full membership with the Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants in May 2009.[16][17]
Montenegro began to contribute its national armed forces to NATO foreign military operations.[18] The country deployed 40 soldiers, a three-member military medical team, and two officers under German command to Afghanistan in 2010. Montenegrin peacekeepers were also deployed to Liberia and Somalia.[19]
Montenegro has received support for its membership bid from several NATO countries, including Romania, Turkey, Germany and the United States.[20][21][22][23][24]
In December 2013, Dnevne Novine reported that NATO had decided that Montenegro would join NATO at the same time as Macedonia, whose membership has been vetoed by Greece over the Macedonia naming dispute, making accession unlikely in 2014.[25]
In March 2014, Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović stated the desire for Montenegro to join NATO,[26] and in May 2014 expressed the hopes an invitation to join the organization will be favoured at the 2014 NATO summit in September. Russian MP Mikhail Degtyarev of the nationalist LDPR warned that NATO membership would make Montenegro "a legitimate target of Russian missiles."[27]
On 29 May 2014, the Slovenian (Karel Erjavec & Roman Jakič) and Croatian (Vesna Pusić & Ante Kotromanović) foreign and defense ministers sent a letter to the Secretary General of NATO, stressing the importance of inviting Montenegro into NATO. The Slovene defense minister also stated that he expects Montenegro to receive a NATO invitation during NATO's 2014 Summit in Wales.[28] However, later that year NATO announced that it would not be offering any new countries membership into the organization that year. Analysts confirmed this as a sign that NATO members are becoming skeptical about further Eastern expansion following Russia's annexation of Crimea, due to worries about Russian retaliation to new security guarantees to countries so close to its borders.[29]
In June 2014, then NATO secretary-generalAnders Fogh Rasmussen suggested that NATO would open "intensified talks" with the aim of inviting Montenegro to join the alliance by the end of 2015,[30] but that Montenegro would not get an invitation to join the NATO summit in September. Further assessment of Montenegro's progress was expected by the end of 2015.[31]
A formal invitation was issued by the alliance on 2 December 2015.[3][33] Final accession talks began in February 2016,[34] and concluded in May, allowing Montenegro to take an "observer" status pending ratification by the governments of the other members, as well as by Montenegro's own parliament.[35]
Pro-Russian opposition parties argued that a referendum on NATO membership should be held simultaneously to parliamentary elections in October 2016, though the government suggested that the elections were a de facto plebiscite on the issue.[36] Pro-NATO parties advanced in the election result.
The United States Senate voted on the Resolution of Ratification (Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification (Treaty Doc. 114-12)) on 28 March 2017.[37]PresidentDonald Trump signed a presidential memorandum on 11 April 2017.[38] Ratification by each member state was completed with Spain's ratification on 10 May. On 28 April 2017 Montenegro's parliament ratified the accession treaty.[39] Montenegro officially joined NATO as a member state on 5 June 2017.[1]
The reaction of the Russian government to Montenegro's bid to join NATO had been increasingly hostile[40] culminating in an attempt to stage a coup d'état on 16 October 2016, on the day of the parliamentary election that allegedly would have included assassination of Montenegro's prime minister Milo Đukanović, according to the statements made by Montenegrin officials.[41][42] The coup plot involved Russian nationals, including a Russian military intelligence officer previously expelled from Poland.[43][44][45] Tensions between the countries went on unabated thereafter.[46]
According to a government poll in March 2014, 46 percent of Montenegro's populace supported NATO membership, while 42 percent opposed it.[47] A poll in July 2015 from the Centre for Democracy and Human Rights, which receives financial support from NATO, found that 36.6 percent support membership, to 37.3 percent against, with sharp divisions between ethnic groups: 71.2 percent of Montenegrin Albanians and 68 percent of Montenegrin Bosniaks support membership, while only 11.3 percent of Montenegrin Serbs do.[48] Russian MP Mikhail Degtyarev of the Nationalist LDPR threatened in May 2014 that NATO membership would make Montenegro "a legitimate target of Russian missiles."[27]
Political views
The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro and Social Democratic Party of Montenegro maintain a strong desire for Montenegro to become a NATO member state. In early 2009 they launched a two-year campaign with the aim of promoting accession to NATO, which is handled by the MAPA media agency under theatrical director Radmila Vojvodić.[49] The ruling coalition of PM Milo Đukanović claims Montenegro cannot afford to remain neutral and identifies NATO and the EU as a common process of Euro-Atlantic integrations.[50] According to a demographic breakdown of polling, citizens of pro-Serbian or pro-Russian political orientation, Eastern Orthodox Christian conservatives, women and the undereducated are the main groups that do not support NATO membership. The campaign has been somewhat successful, but received criticism from the Nansen Dialogue Centre for significant financial investment in a biased and propagandist campaign during a recession.[51] As a direct response, the establishment of the Serb National List [sr] group launched the "No to NATO!" campaign, on a much smaller scale.[52]
The leading opposition political party, the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro, has remained ambiguous on the question of NATO membership. Although strong supporters of European integration, they maintain that EU and NATO integrations are completely separate paths and endorse holding a referendum. SNP CG has generally avoided giving a direct answer, but it is indirectly opposed to NATO membership.[citation needed] The New Serb Democracy is an outspoken opponent of NATO membership, supporting a referendum and convinced there would be a negative outcome.[53] The Movement for Changes is completely neutral and supports holding a referendum, and acknowledging its result.[54] According to Strategic Marketing's poll on the question as to whether to schedule a referendum, 72% of respondents support holding it. CATI's poll from 11–15 December 2009 on the question of its result yielded the following: 44% would vote against it, 40% would vote in favor, while 8% is unsure. According to a poll released in October 2009, 31.2% of Montenegro's populace supported NATO membership, while 44% opposed it.[55] A poll by Ipsos in March 2014 found that 46% supported membership versus 42% who were opposed.[56] A December 2015 poll found support at 47%, opposition at 39%, with the remaining 14% undecided.[57]
Opposition parties, including Socialist People's Party of Montenegro, have argued that membership should be approved in a national referendum.[57]A political crisis followed the government's announcement of intention to join NATO; large protests, supported by pro-Serbian parties, were held in Podgorica in mid-October 2015 that culminated in a riot in the capital on 24 October.[citation needed] Đukanović accused Serbia and Russia of supporting.[58]
A split in the ruling coalition followed in January 2016.[citation needed]
NATO membership was an issue of debate during the October 2016 parliamentary election. The Democratic Party of Socialists, which had governed Montenegro since 1991 and supports membership, won the election with 41% of the popular vote.
Montenegro became the 29th member of NATO on 5 June 2017 when it deposited its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty with the U.S. State Department in Washington, D.C. On 7 June 2017, The Flag of Montenegro was raised at NATO Headquarters in a special ceremony to mark the country's accession to NATO. Flag raising ceremonies were also held simultaneously at Allied Command Operations in Mons and Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk, Virginia.[60]
Defunct comic books publisher Fawcett ComicsIndustryComicsGenreSuperhero, horrorFounded1939; 85 years ago (1939)[1]Defunct1953; 71 years ago (1953)FateLash Larue, Jungle Girl, Strange Suspense Stories, & several other Fawcett IP sold to Charlton Comics in 1954Captain Marvel intellectual properties acquired by DC Comics from Fawcett Publications in 1991.HeadquartersNew York City, New York, United StatesParentFawcett Publications Fawcett Comics, a...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) خوسيه فيليز معلومات شخصية الميلاد 19 نوفمبر 1951 (73 سنة) تلدة مواطنة إسبانيا الحياة العملية المهنة مغني، ومغن مؤلف اللغات الإسبانية المو...
Austrian physician Julius Wagner-JaureggJulius Wagner-Jauregg with his signatureBornJulius Wagner(1857-03-07)7 March 1857Wels, Austrian EmpireDied27 September 1940(1940-09-27) (aged 83)Vienna, Nazi GermanyNationalityAustrianOther namesJulius WagnerAlma materUniversity of ViennaKnown forMalariotherapySpouse(s)Balbine Frumkin (divorced 1903)Anna Koch (married 1899)ChildrenJulia and TheodorAwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1927) Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of th...
(Santiago) TequixquiacKota dan MunisipalitasGereja Saint James Apostle di Tequixquiac BenderaLambangNegara MeksikoNegara bagianMeksikoDidirikan pada1168Status Munisipal1820Pemerintahan • Presiden MunisipalSalvador Raúl Vásquez Valencia (2016-2018)Ketinggian2.200 m (7,200 ft)Populasi (2010) • Munisipalitas33.907Zona waktuUTC-6 (CST)Kode pos55650Situs web(Spanyol) http://www.tequixquiac.gob.mx/ Tequixquiac merupakan kota dan munisipalitas yang terle...
Newspaper in Detroit, Michigan Detroit Metro TimesAAN award winning cover of the Aug. 8-14, 2018 Metro Times, by Eric Millikin.TypeAlternative weeklyOwner(s)Big Lou Holdings LLCPublisherChris KeatingEditorLee DeVitoFounded1980Headquarters30 E. Canfield St., Detroit, Michigan 48201Circulation50,000ISSN0746-4045OCLC number10024235 Websitemetrotimes.com The Detroit Metro Times is a progressive alternative weekly located in Detroit, Michigan. It is the largest circulating weekly newspaper in the ...
Questa voce sull'argomento cestisti spagnoli è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Nieves Anula Nazionalità Spagna Altezza 174 cm Pallacanestro Ruolo Guardia Termine carriera 2006 CarrieraSquadre di club 2003-2006 Taranto CrasNazionale 1995-2001 SpagnaPalmarès Europei Bronzo Francia 2001 Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Modifica dati su Wikidata...
Duta Besar Indonesia untuk IndiaMerangkap BhutanLambang Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik IndonesiaPetahanaIna Hagniningtyas Krisnamurthisejak 17 November 2021KantorNew Delhi, IndiaDitunjuk olehPresiden IndonesiaPejabat perdanaSudarsonoDibentuk1950Situs webkemlu.go.id/newdelhi Berikut adalah daftar diplomat Indonesia yang pernah menjabat Duta Besar Republik Indonesia untuk India: No. Foto Nama Mulai menjabat Selesai menjabat Merangkap Diangkat oleh Ref. 1 Sudarsono 1950 1953 Birma ...
Falcon 9 space launch that occurred on 22 December 2015 at 01:29:00 UTC Falcon 9 flight 20Official patch for Orbcomm-OG2 missionFalcon 9 Full Thrust launchLaunch22 December 2015; 8 years ago (22 December 2015), 01:29:00 UTCOperatorSpaceXPadCape Canaveral, SLC-40PayloadOrbcomm-OG2 × 11OutcomeSuccessComponentsFirst stageB1019.1Falcon launches← Flight 19Flight 21 → Falcon 9 flight 20 (also known as Orbcomm OG2 M2)[1] was a Falcon 9 space launch that oc...
Sporting event delegationQatar at the1988 Summer OlympicsIOC codeQATNOCQatar Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olympic.qa/en (in English and Arabic)in SeoulCompetitors10 (10 men and 0 women) in 3 sportsMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 Qatar competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.[1] Sport Men Women Tot...
English businessman (1755–1847) Peter Finch MartineauSpouse(s)Catherine Marsh, Susannah Scott FamilyMartineau family Peter Finch Martineau (12 June 1755 – 2 December 1847)[1][2] was an English businessman and a philanthropist, with particular interest in improving the lives of disadvantaged people through education. Life and family A Unitarian, he was born into the renowned Martineau family of Norwich and is listed in the 1939 edition of Burke's Landed Gentry as the t...
Conurbation around the city of Bristol, EnglandThis article is about the place in England. For the place in the United States, see Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol metropolitan area. Greater Bristol is a term used for the conurbation which contains and surrounds the city of Bristol in the South West of England. There is no official Greater Bristol authority, but the term is sometimes used by local, regional and national authorities, and others as a synonym for either the Bristol Urban Area or a ...
This article is about the utility holding company broken up by the SEC in 1946. For other entities similarly named, see North American (disambiguation). Share of the North American Company, issued on February 9, 1892 Oregon and Transcontinental stock owned by Henry Villard The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company.[1][...
منارة جزيرة أرزيو الموقع الجزائر إحداثيات 35°52′26″N 0°17′22″W / 35.87389°N 0.28944°W / 35.87389; -0.28944 ارتفاع بؤري 19 متر نطاق المنارة 13 ميل بحري صفات الضوء Fl R 5s رقم الأميرالية E6672 تعديل مصدري - تعديل تعتبر منارة جزيرة أرزيو من أقدم المنارات في الجزائر. تق...
Paralimpiade Musim Panas 1992 (bahasa Spanyol: Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992; bahasa Katalan: Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992) adalah Paralimpiade kesembilan yang diselenggarakan di Barcelona, Catalonia, Spanyol. Selain itu, Paralimpiade 1992 untuk Orang-orang dengan cacat mental diadakan segera setelah Paralimpiade reguler di ibukota Spanyol, Madrid.[1] Lihat pula Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai 1992 Summer Paralympics. Olimpiade Musim Panas 1992 Referens...
Caribbean: Anguilla Project‑class Caribbean portalThis page is within the scope of WikiProject Caribbean, an attempt to build a comprehensive guide to the countries of the Caribbean on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, you can edit this article, or visit the project page, where you can join the project and/or contribute to the discussion. If you are new to editing Wikipedia visit the welcome page to become familiar with the guidelines.CaribbeanWikipedia:WikiProject CaribbeanTempl...
1941 film by Lew Landers Back in the SaddleTheatrical release posterDirected byLew LandersScreenplay by Richard Murphy Jesse Lasky Jr. Produced byHarry GreyStarring Gene Autry Smiley Burnette Mary Lee CinematographyErnest MillerEdited byTony MartinelliMusic byRaoul Kraushaar (supervisor)ProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date March 14, 1941 (1941-03-14) (USA) Running time71 minutes[1]CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$84,...
International education organisation This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: IDP Education – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February ...
City in Lower Saxony, Germany Not to be confused with Göppingen. For other uses, see Göttingen (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Göttingen – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Lower Saxony, GermanyG...
