Miscanthus sinensis

Miscanthus sinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Miscanthus
Species:
M. sinensis
Binomial name
Miscanthus sinensis
Andersson (1855)
Japanese susuki of the plateau

Miscanthus sinensis, the eulalia[1] or Chinese silver grass,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, native to eastern Asia throughout most of China, Japan, Taiwan and Korea.

Description

It is an herbaceous perennial grass, growing to 0.8–2 m (3–7 ft) tall, rarely 4 m (13 ft), forming dense clumps from an underground rhizome. The leaves are 18–75 cm (7–30 in) tall and 0.3–2 cm broad. The flowers are purplish, held above the foliage. This plant is the preferred structure for the nesting of some species of paper wasps, such as Ropalidia fasciata.[3]

Nomenclature

The Latin specific epithet sinensis means "from China",[4] though the plant is found elsewhere in eastern Asia.

Forms and varieties

  • M. sinensis f. glaber Honda
  • M. sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc.
  • M. sinensis var. variegatus Beal
  • M. sinensis var. zebrinus Beal

Cultivation

It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate climates around the world.

Miscanthus is a promising bioeconomy crop. The current cultivation area in Europe is relatively low. This is most likely due to its alternative crop status, where low knowledge about how to incorporate it into modern farming systems exist. Miscanthus can be used in unfavorable conditions, such as awkward shapes, slopes of land or relatively low soil quality. It can also play important roles for ecological services such as soil protection or when the farmer can use the biomass on his own farm as feed for animals.[5]

Miscanthus can be cultivated in areas where corn grows, up to an altitude of about 700 meters is optimal. Yet, Miscanthus is ideal for soils that are often too wet for traditional field crops like corn. Environmental factors such as compacted soils and poor water retention can reduce biomass production and yield for bioenergy use.

It has become an invasive species in parts of North America.[6] However, it is possible to reduce the likelihood of escape or hybridization with extant wild M. sinensis populations with breeding and proper management.[7]

Fertilization of Miscanthus for yield

Fertilization plays a key role in achieving higher yields, with nutrient supply and soil quality being decisive factors. Nitrogen is particularly important, with an optimal application of about 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Additional nitrogen beyond this does not seem to improve yield significantly.[8]

Nitrogen fertilization increases both water content and nitrogen content in the plant but does not affect its caloric value. The nitrogen content in Miscanthus also varies during the season. Other factors, such as spatial variation, soil type and soil texture, can affect nitrogen availability and thus influence yield.[9][10]

Other modern technologies can enable higher yields. Due to the energy demands and the competition between food crops and non-food crops like Miscanthus, research is now focused on genetically improving these plants. In the case of Miscanthus, improvements focus on increasing cellulose production to boost overall biomass yield.[11]

Cultivars

Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Strictus' with narrow growth habit, 'Variegata' with white margins, and ‘Zebrinus’ (sometimes incorrectly rendered as 'Zebrina') with horizontal yellow and green stripes across the leaves. Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]

  • 'Border Bandit'
  • 'Cosmopolitan' agm[13]
  • 'Dronning Ingrid'
  • 'Ferner Osten' agm[14]
  • 'Flamingo' agm[15]
  • 'Gewitterwolke' agm[16]
  • 'Ghana' agm[17]
  • 'Gold und Silber' agm[18]
  • 'Gracillimus'
  • 'Grosse Fontäne' agm[19]
  • 'Kaskade' agm[20]
  • 'Kleine Fontäne' agm[21]
  • 'Kleine Silberspinne' agm[22]
  • 'Malepartus'
  • 'Morning Light' agm[23]
  • 'Septemberrot' agm[24]
  • 'Silberfeder' agm[25]
  • 'Strictus' agm[26]
  • 'Undine' agm[27]
  • 'Variegatus'
  • 'Zebrinus' agm[28]
  • 'Zebrinus'
    'Zebrinus'
  • 'Strictus'
    'Strictus'
  • 'Ferner Osten'
    'Ferner Osten'
  • 'Malepartus'
    'Malepartus'

Bioenergy uses

M. sinensis is a candidate for bioenergy production due to its stable yields in various climatic environments and soils, low-cost propagation by seed, effective nutrient cycling, and high genetic variation. To reduce the environmental impacts of grain-based ethanol production and increase energy security, M. sinensis plays an essential role as a renewable energy source.[29]

The dry surface biomass of the Chinese silver grass, which is normally harvested in spring, can be burned directly in straw fire power plants for electricity production. The feedstock can also be used to produce bioethanol by fermentation or biomethane by anaerobic digestion. Bioethanol and biomethane are biofuels able to power various means of transport and represent a scalable source of alternative fuel.[30][29] The harvested raw material is transported from the field to the power plant or the bioreactor in the form of big bales, chopped straw or pellets.[31]

Lignin content in M. sinensis is hampering fermentation and affects the efficiency during bioconversion. Obtaining Chinese silver grass with low lignin content and thus promising to increase bioconversion efficiency, is possible by green crop harvesting in autumn or early winter, adequate fertilisation and breeding for favourable traits.[30][31]

When developing new varieties of Miscanthus intended as a bioenergy crop, M. sinensis shows promise to be used as a source of genetic material because it is expressing favourable traits.[29]

Environmental benefits and carbon sequestration

Miscanthus sinensis shows a high potential for Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, especially under moderate warming scenarios (RCP 4.5). Under high warming scenarios (RCP 8.5) the SOC stocks may decline over time,[32] because Miscanthus sinensis is better adapted to cooler climates.[33]

Higher SOC improves soil structure, nutrient cycling, water retention, microbial activity and biodiversity which are essential for soil health, sustainability and productivity in agricultural practices. Healthier soil can build up resilience against extreme weather events, especially against soil erosion and water loss through soil structure and stability. Moreover, increased SOC in soils play an important role in climate change mitigation by helping to offset greenhouse gas emissions.[34]

Usually, C4 carbon fixation plants have higher root exudation and rhizodeposition than Miscanthus. This suggests that the carbon dynamics in Miscanthus are dominated by recycling processes instead of carbon stabilization, meaning that not as much carbon is directly released into the soil through the roots. An important way of carbon storage in Miscanthus is through translocation of carbon into rhizomes before the crop is harvested. Additionally, carbon gets back to the soil through decomposition of plant material.[35]

The carbon sequestration potential of Miscanthus sinensis varies by climate, soil type, management practices and land-use history.[36] Depending on the land-use practice, a lot of carbon can be lost because of soil disturbances. The benefit of using perennial crops like Miscanthus sinensis is that you don’t have those annual disturbances and therefore, the soil has time to replace those losses. This leads to a higher stable soil carbon content.[37][38] Especially in the first few decades SOC stocks can increase but might eventually decline again when returning to conventional cropping practices.[39]

Each species of Miscanthus has its own way of carbon transfer and allocation. Miscanthus sinensis produces less yield than Miscanthus x giganteus above ground but allocates carbon below ground more efficiently, which can enhance SOC. Furthermore, Miscanthus sinensis has a higher tolerance for water stress which might also enhance the effectiveness of the carbon retention.[35]

Invasive potential of Miscanthus sinensis

Miscanthus sinensis has demonstrated significant invasive potential due to its adaptability and competitive nature. Dougherty characterized the ecological niche of Miscanthus sinensis, noting its ability to thrive in diverse environmental conditions, which contributes to its invasiveness.[40] This adaptability allows Miscanthus sinensis to establish itself in a variety of habitats, outcompeting native species and altering local ecosystems.[40]

Miscanthus sinensis can show competitive abilities against aggressive species like switchgrass, enabling it to outcompete other plants, reduce biodiversity, and potentially lead to monocultures.[41] Its advantages over other plants include its tolerance to a wide range of temperatures, soil types, and moisture levels, as well as the potential for long-term seed viability.[42][43]

Finally, Bonin et al. compared the establishment and productivity of Miscanthus sinensis to Miscanthus × giganteus, a similar grass species, highlighting the former's robust establishment capabilities.[44] The research indicated that Miscanthus sinensis has a higher potential for naturalization and spread compared to Miscanthus × giganteus.[44] This comparison underscores the need for careful consideration when selecting species for bioenergy production to avoid unintended ecological consequences.

Synonyms

  • Eulalia japonica Trin.
  • Saccharum japonicum Thunb.
  • The beginning of November, on Tonomine highlands in Kamikawa, Hyogo, Japan
    The beginning of November, on Tonomine highlands in Kamikawa, Hyogo, Japan
  • Plant with horizontal variegations
    Plant with horizontal variegations
  • Magnified view of leaf; 0 to 1 = 1 mm; the saw-like edge can cut human skin
    Magnified view of leaf;
    0 to 1 = 1 mm; the saw-like edge can cut human skin

References

  1. ^ "Miscanthus sinensis". RHS. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Miscanthus sinensis". The Encyclopedia of Life.
  3. ^ Ito, K (1992). "Relocation of Nests by Swarms and Nest Reconstruction in Late Autumn in the Primitively Eusocial Wasp, Ropalidia fasciata with Discussions on the Role of Swarming". Journal of Ethology. 109 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1007/BF02350115. S2CID 8001673.
  4. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  5. ^ Winkler, Bastian; et al. (October 2020). "Implementing miscanthus into farming systems: A review of agronomic practices, capital and labour demand". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 132: 110053. Bibcode:2020RSERv.13210053W. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110053.
  6. ^ Chinese silvergrass. Invasive.org: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, February 2, 2010. Accessed May 28, 2010.
  7. ^ Quinn LD, Allen DJ, Stewart JR (2010) Invasiveness potential of Miscanthus sinensis: implications for bioenergy production in the United States. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. 1-2, 126–153.
  8. ^ Lee, Moon-Sub; et al. (2017-04-18). "Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Biomass Production and Yield Components of Miscanthus ×giganteus". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 544. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00544. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5394105. PMID 28458675.
  9. ^ Schwartz, H.; et al. (May 1994). "The effect of fertilization on yield and quality of Miscanthus sinensis 'Giganteus'". Industrial Crops and Products. 2 (3): 153–159. doi:10.1016/0926-6690(94)90031-0.
  10. ^ Strašil, Z. (2016-06-30). "Evaluation of Miscanthus grown for energy use". Research in Agricultural Engineering. 62 (2): 92–97. doi:10.17221/31/2014-RAE.
  11. ^ Chupakhin, Evgeny; et al. (2021-12-12). "Methods of Increasing Miscanthus Biomass Yield for Biofuel Production". Energies. 14 (24): 8368. doi:10.3390/en14248368. ISSN 1996-1073.
  12. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 64. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  13. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus 'Cosmopolitan'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  14. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Ferner Osten'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  15. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Flamingo'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Gewitterwolke'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  17. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Ghana'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Gold und Silber'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  19. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Grosse Fontane'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  20. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Kaskade'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  21. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Kleine Fontane'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  22. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Kleine Silberspinne'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  23. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Morning Light'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  24. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Septemberrot'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  25. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Silberfeder'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  26. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Strictus'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  27. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Undine'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  28. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Miscanthus sinensis 'Zebrinus'". Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Stewart, J. R., et al. (2009). “ The ecology and agronomy of Miscanthus sinensis, a species important to bioenergy crop development, in its native range in Japan: a review”. GCB Bioenergy 1: 126–153. doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01010.x
  30. ^ a b Van der Weijde, T., et al. (2017). “Evaluation of Miscanthus sinensis biomass quality as feedstock for conversion into different bioenergy products”. GCB Bioenergy 9: 176–190. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12355
  31. ^ a b Jørgensen, U. (2011). “ Benefits versus risks of growing biofuel crops: the case of Miscanthus”. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3: 24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.003
  32. ^ Jarecki, Marek; Kariyapperuma, Kumudinie; Deen, Bill; Graham, Jordan; Bazrgar, Amir Behzad; Vijayakumar, Sowthini; Thimmanagari, Mahendra; Gordon, Andrew; Voroney, Paul; Thevathasan, Naresh (2020-12-10). "The Potential of Switchgrass and Miscanthus to Enhance Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration—Predicted by DayCent Model". Land. 9 (12): 509. doi:10.3390/land9120509. ISSN 2073-445X.
  33. ^ Nakajima, Toru; Yamada, Toshihiko; Anzoua, Kossonou Guillaume; Kokubo, Rin; Noborio, Kosuke (2018-07-04). "Carbon sequestration and yield performances of Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sinensis". Carbon Management. 9 (4): 415–423. doi:10.1080/17583004.2018.1518106. ISSN 1758-3004.
  34. ^ Nunes, Márcio R.; Veum, Kristen S.; Parker, Paul A.; Holan, Scott H.; Karlen, Douglas L.; Amsili, Joseph P.; van Es, Harold M.; Wills, Skye A.; Seybold, Cathy A.; Moorman, Thomas B. (July 2021). "The soil health assessment protocol and evaluation applied to soil organic carbon". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 85 (4): 1196–1213. doi:10.1002/saj2.20244. ISSN 0361-5995.
  35. ^ a b Briones, Maria J.I.; Massey, Alice; Elias, Dafydd M.O.; McCalmont, John P.; Farrar, Kerrie; Donnison, Iain; McNamara, Niall P. (2023). "Species Selection Determines Carbon Allocation and Turnover in Miscanthus Crops: Implications for Biomass Production and C Sequestration". SSRN 4410840.
  36. ^ Clifton-Brown, John; Hastings, Astley; Mos, Michal; McCalmont, Jon P.; Ashman, Chris; Awty-Carroll, Danny; Cerazy, Joanna; Chiang, Yu-Chung; Cosentino, Salvatore; Cracroft-Eley, William; Scurlock, Jonathan; Donnison, Iain S.; Glover, Chris; Gołąb, Izabela; Greef, Jörg M. (2016-05-23). "Progress in upscaling Miscanthus biomass production for the European bio-economy with seed-based hybrids". GCB Bioenergy. 9 (1): 6–17. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12357. hdl:2164/7395. ISSN 1757-1693.
  37. ^ Gelfand, Ilya; Zenone, Terenzio; Jasrotia, Poonam; Chen, Jiquan; Hamilton, Stephen K.; Robertson, G. Philip (2011-08-16). "Carbon debt of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands converted to bioenergy production". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13864–13869. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017277108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158227. PMID 21825117.
  38. ^ Zenone, Terenzio; Gelfand, Ilya; Chen, Jiquan; Hamilton, Stephen K.; Robertson, G. Philip (December 2013). "From set-aside grassland to annual and perennial cellulosic biofuel crops: Effects of land use change on carbon balance". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 182–183: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.07.015.
  39. ^ Jarecki, Marek; Kariyapperuma, Kumudinie; Deen, Bill; Graham, Jordan; Bazrgar, Amir Behzad; Vijayakumar, Sowthini; Thimmanagari, Mahendra; Gordon, Andrew; Voroney, Paul; Thevathasan, Naresh (2020-12-10). "The Potential of Switchgrass and Miscanthus to Enhance Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration—Predicted by DayCent Model". Land. 9 (12): 509. doi:10.3390/land9120509. ISSN 2073-445X.
  40. ^ a b Dougherty, R. F. (2013). Ecology and niche characterization of the invasive ornamental grass Miscanthus sinensis.
  41. ^ Meyer, M. H., Paul, J., & Anderson, N. O. (2010). Competitive ability of invasive Miscanthus biotypes with aggressive switchgrass. Biological Invasions, 12(11), 3809–3816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9773-0
  42. ^ Quinn, L. D., Stewart, J. R., Yamada, T., Toma, Y., Saito, M., Shimoda, K., & Fernández, F. G. (2012). Environmental tolerances of Miscanthus sinensis in invasive and native populations. BioEnergy Research, 5(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-011-9163-1
  43. ^ Meyer, M. H., Van Zeeland, C., & Brewer, K. (2021). Chinese silvergrass seed shows long-term viability. HortTechnology, 31(1), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04741-20
  44. ^ a b Bonin, C. L., Mutegi, E., Snow, A. A., Miriti, M., Chang, H., & Heaton, E. A. (2017). Improved feedstock option or invasive risk? Comparing establishment and productivity of fertile Miscanthus × giganteus to Miscanthus sinensis. BioEnergy Research, 10(2), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9808-1
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