The England–Scotland football rivalry, between the England and Scotland national football teams,[1][2] is the oldest international fixture in the world, first played in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow. Scottish nationalism has been a factor in the Scots' desire to defeat England above all other rivals, with Scottish sports journalists traditionally referring to the English as the "Auld Enemy".[3]
BBC Online commented that the games "have represented all that is good and all that is bad about football since the fixture began,"[1] while The Guardian newspaper once reported that "for millions across both sides of the border the encounter represents a chance for the ultimate victory over the enemy."[4] As of 2023, the teams have played 116 matches; England have won 49, Scotland 41, and there have been 26 draws.[5]
The rules of association football had been formalised and set down by The Football Association in England in 1863.[6] By 1870 C. W. Alcock, Secretary of The Football Association, issued public challenges in various Scottish newspapers,[7] including The Glasgow Herald, to Scottish players to play an international match against England. One of the few public responses that Alcock received from Scotland stated that "devotees of the 'association' rules will find no foeman worthy of their steel in Scotland".[8] Alcock ardently defended that the right to play in these matches "was open to every Scotchman whether his lines were cast North or South of the Tweed".[7] The first match was described in the Glasgow Herald as "the great international football match"[9] and there was acceptance by the same newspaper in 1871 that "both captains had been successful in the composition of elevens capable of efficiently representing their respective causes".[10]
Although the five matches played between 5 March 1870 and 24 February 1872 are not currently recognised by FIFA as official, they were organised under the auspices of the FA and were described as "international" by The Scotsman newspaper. In 1870, Alcock had even suggested that the next international match should be held near the England-Scotland border as an easily accessible venue for both teams,[7] but this did not receive a response. Requests for Scotland-based players to partake were issued for each of these five matches, for example in November 1870:
any Scotch players who may be desirous of assisting their country ... may communicate with Messrs A F Kinnaird.[11]
The matches are notable not just for being the first international matches, but also for illustrating emerging team playing tactics. For example, in the November 1870 match onlookers were treated to a match with "many scientific points"[12] and in 1871 players (including Alcock) are noted to have been "acting in concert", leading to a goal"[13]
England v Scotland 1870–72: scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.
In 1872 a challenge match was agreed with the Glasgow team Queen's Park, who would represent Scotland. The FA's minutes of 3 October 1872 note that:
In order to further the interests of the Association in Scotland, it was decided that during the current season, a team should be sent to Glasgow to play a match v Scotland.
In April 1879, England beat Scotland 5–4 at The Oval
According to The Scotsman newspaper of 2 December 1872, there were only about ten football clubs in Scotland. These early international matches helped to increase the popularity of association football in Scotland.[14] The first official match was held on 30 November 1872, on Scotland's national saint's day, St. Andrew's Day, and it took place at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, home of the West of Scotland Cricket Club.[15][16] The Scotland team was made up entirely of players from Queen's Park,[15] the most successful Scottish club of the period.[16] The game ended a 0–0 draw, watched by a crowd of 4000 who had paid a shilling each for admission.[15][16]
The first goal between the two sides was scored by England's William Kenyon-Slaney[17] in the next game at The Oval, the first official match between the two in England, which the English won 4–2 on 8 March 1873.[14] Following this, the game became an annual event, being held in England or Scotland in alternate years.[14] Scotland took their first win in the fixture in the 1874 game, again played at Hamilton Crescent, where they defeated England 2–1.[18] Later in the 1870s Scotland won the fixture three times in a row, including a 7–2 victory in the 1878 game.[14]
From the first match in late 1872, England and Scotland played each other in the spring of every year (except during World War I and World War II) until 1989. From 1884 until 1984, the match was the highlight of the annual British Home Championship played between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[note 1] Due to the capacity of Hampden Park in the period, the fixture drew some of the largest ever football crowds, including the enduring European record attendance of 149,415 in 1937 (even though there was little to play for in that match: Wales had already won the series).[19] After the British Home Championship ended in 1984, the annual England v Scotland fixture continued in the form of the Rous Cup until 1989.
The only exception to this pattern of annual fixtures in the spring was in 1973, when there were two games. The first game that year was a friendly match that marked the centenary of the Scottish Football Association. There were also two fixtures staged in 1902, but this was because the first game had to be abandoned due to the first Ibrox disaster. The British Home Championship also acted as qualifiers for three major tournaments – the 1950 World Cup, the 1954 World Cup and the 1968 European Championship.
The 1928 Scotland team which defeated England 5–1 at Wembley was nicknamed the Wembley Wizards.[15] The match had an unusual background; England and Scotland were the two traditionally dominant countries in the British Home Championship, yet neither side had managed to beat either Ireland or Wales in their first two games of that year's Championship.
Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 80,868 Referee: William Bell (Scotland)
1961
The game played in 1961 saw Scotland suffer their heaviest defeat in the fixture. The performance of Scotland goalkeeperFrank Haffey contributed towards the English stereotype of bad Scottish goalkeepers.[20][21] "What time is it?" "Nine past Haffey", was a popular joke for many years.[22] England players Jimmy Armfield and Johnny Haynes insisted that the result was more due to the quality of their forward play, and that Haffey could not have done much else to prevent most of the goals.[23]
England had won the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley less than a year before the 1967 game, and were undefeated in 19 games.[15][24] Despite fielding four of the Celticside that went on to win the European Cup a month later and stars such as Denis Law, Jim Baxter and Billy Bremner, Scotland were massive underdogs going into the match.[15] Scotland took an early lead through a goal by Law, and Bobby Lennox put Scotland 2–0 up with just 12 minutes remaining.[15] England were somewhat hampered by the fact that Jack Charlton suffered an injury early in the game.[15][24] England managerAlf Ramsey was unable to substitute Charlton and therefore decided to use him in the unfamiliar role of centre forward.[15][24] Ironically, Charlton scored England's first goal.[15] Scotland soon reestablished a two-goal lead, however, with Jim McCalliog making the score 3–1.[15]Geoff Hurst scored a late goal to make the final score 3–2 to Scotland.[15]
At the end of the 1977 match, the Scottish fansinvaded the pitch, ripping up large sections of it and tearing down the goalposts.[27]
The match itself was a triumph for the new Scotland manager Ally MacLeod and contributed to the sense of optimism that built towards Scotland's participation in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Gordon McQueen opened the scoring late in the first half with a powerful header from a crossedfree-kick from the left-hand side. Kenny Dalglish doubled Scotland's advantage with a scrambled effort, before England scored a late consolation goal from a penalty kick taken by Mick Channon. The defeat hastened the end of Don Revie's tenure as England manager.
In December 1995, despite media rumours that UEFA would deliberately keep the two apart in the draw,[28] England and Scotland were both drawn in the same group for the forthcoming European Championship, to be hosted by England in the summer of 1996. This draw excited much comment and anticipation in the build-up to the championship, especially as it would be the first meeting between the two sides for seven years, and tickets for the game sold out within two days of the draw being made.[29] The match assumed even greater significance for both teams when both England and Scotland drew their opening fixtures, against Switzerland and the Netherlands respectively, meaning both were even more in need of a win to further their chances of progressing in the tournament.
The match was played at Wembley Stadium on Saturday 15 June 1996. Before the game, Scotland's national anthem, Flower of Scotland, was completely drowned out by booing from English spectators.[30] The first half was closely fought, ending 0–0, although Scotland had the better of the chances.[31] The introduction of Jamie Redknapp into the England team as a substitute for the second half helped to turn the match in England's favour,[32][33] and they took the lead through a headed goal by Alan Shearer.[32] Scotland were awarded a penalty kick in the 76th minute after a foul by Tony Adams on Gordon Durie, but Gary McAllister's kick was saved by the England goalkeeper David Seaman.[33] Shortly afterwards, Paul Gascoigne, who played in Scotland for the Glasgow club Rangers, scored a second goal for England, after chipping the ball over Scottish defender Colin Hendry.[34] In 2006, the year before he became Prime Minister, Gordon Brown drew criticism in Scotland when he was reported as saying that Gascoigne's goal was one of his favourite moments in football,[35] although Brown subsequently denied saying this.[36]
Scotland eventually went out of the championship on goals scored, but would have proceeded beyond the first round of a tournament for the first time in their history had England not conceded a late goal in their 4–1 victory over the Netherlands in their final group game. The Guardian newspaper later commented that "England fans' joy was complete when Patrick Kluivert stole a late goal for the Dutch team – and thereby deprived Scotland of a place in the quarter-finals".[37]
The Euro 96 game had encouraged some to call for the resumption of regular matches between the two, but this did not happen.[38] The teams did not meet again until three years later, in 1999, when they were again drawn together in the European Championship; this time in a qualifying play-off for the 2000 tournament, after both teams had finished as runners-up in their respective qualifying groups.[39]
The tie took place over two legs, the first in Scotland at Hampden Park on Saturday 13 November 1999, with the return leg at Wembley four days later. The first leg was the first match contested by the two sides in Scotland for ten years. England won that match 2–0, with both goals scored by Paul Scholes.[40] There was crowd trouble following the game, and 51 people were arrested in the city centre of Glasgow after battles between fans.[41] Scotland had the better of the second match, winning 1–0 with a goal from Don Hutchison and coming close to a second goal, but England progressed to the finals of the tournament, winning 2–1 on aggregate.[42]
In the early 21st century there were suggestions that the British Home Championship should be restored to the schedule, or at least for the England v Scotland fixture to be played more regularly.[43][44] There was some speculation that England would invite Scotland to be their first opponents when Wembley Stadium was re-opened in 2007,[45] but this did not happen. There was further talk of organising a one-off England v Scotland match at the end of the 2007–08 season,[46] but the Scotland manager George Burley was opposed to this timing and the match was not arranged.[47] On 16 June 2012, The Football Association announced that England would play Scotland in August 2013 as part of their 150th anniversary celebrations.[48][49] England won an entertaining friendly fixture by 3–2, after Scotland had twice taken the lead.[50]
It was announced in July 2014 that a return match would be played at Celtic Park on 18 November 2014, as an option for a return match had been included in the contract for the August 2013 friendly.[51]Wayne Rooney scored twice in a 3–1 victory for England.[52][53]
The teams met on 18 June 2021 at Wembley in Group D of the UEFA Euro 2020 finals, which had been delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.[56][57] The match ended in an uninspiring goalless draw, the first scoreless draw in an England-Scotland match since the 1987 Rous Cup match at Hampden Park.
In November 2022, a friendly game was announced for 12 September 2023 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the first official international fixture between Scotland and England, to take place at Hampden Park.[58] Due to the 2022 FIFA World Cup being played in the winter, the match could not be played during the 2022 November international break as intended, so was instead arrange for the following year 151 years after the first international.[59] The game finished 3–1 to England, with Harry Kane, Jude Bellingham and Phil Foden getting on the scoresheet for England, and Harry Maguire scoring an own goal for Scotland.
Stadium: Hampden Park Attendance: 49,129 Referee: Davide Massa (Italy)
Records
England and Scotland have played each other more than any other nation, playing 116 official matches.[60][61] England have the better record overall in the fixture, with 49 wins to Scotland's 41.[62] There have been 26 draws, only four of them goalless, with 98 years separating the first and second of those matches.[62] England have scored 206 goals to 175 by Scotland.[62] The record margin of victory in the fixture was England's 9–3 win in 1961,[62] while Scotland's biggest victory was 7–2 in 1878.[62] The record attendance of 149,415, which is also a European record attendance, was set at Hampden Park in 1937.[15]
Scotland long held an advantage in terms of wins, as they recorded ten wins in the first 16 matches. Scotland, the far smaller country in terms of population, were superior during this period because passing football developed earlier there, as shown by the Scotch Professors who moved to play in the nascent English professional league during the late 1880s (although those players themselves were not eligible, as Scotland refused to pick England-based Scots until 1896).[63][64] Scotland were also dominant in the 1920s and 30s, and prior to the Second World War had 29 wins in the series to England's 19. England reversed the dominance after the war, and Scotland have only won 12 matches since then. The Scots did win three games out of four from 1974 to 1977, but lost every other meeting in the 1970s, and have only won three times (compared to 14 English wins) since 1977. England pulled ahead for the first time in the history of the fixture with their win in 1983.
All official matches between England and Scotland
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first
As well as the rivalry between the national sides, English and Scottish club teams have also met on numerous occasions in the various European club competitions. These matches are frequently described by the media as being a "Battle of Britain", irrespective of the clubs involved.[65][66][67][68] Matches between English and Scottish club sides in the late 19th century were big events, such as the meeting in 1895 of English league champions Sunderland and Scottish league champions Heart of Midlothian in a game grandly described as the Championship of the World.[69] The most important club meeting was when Celtic and Leeds United met in the semi-final of the 1969–70 European Cup, which was the first contest to be popularly described as a "Battle of Britain".[70] Celtic won the first leg at Elland Road 1–0, and the second leg was played at Hampden Park to allow a bigger crowd to attend than could be held at Celtic Park. Billy Bremner opened the scoring early on to level the aggregate score, but Celtic came back to win the match 2–1 and the tie 3–1.[71]
Until 2007, the Scottish clubs held their own in meetings with English clubs, winning 13 and losing 12 of the 37 matches.[72] Since 2007, the English clubs have been unbeaten in these fixtures.[72] After a goalless draw between Manchester United and Rangers in the 2010–11 Champions League, The Daily Telegraph reporter Roddy Forsyth commented that the growing financial disparity between the two leagues was reflected in a below capacity attendance at Old Trafford, the defensive tactics used by Rangers, and the weakened team selection by United.[68]Hearts suffered a record defeat against Tottenham in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League,[73][74] but performed more creditably against Liverpool in 2012–13.[75] The most recent competitive meeting of clubs from the two countries was between Hibernian and Aston Villa in the 2023-24 UEFA Europa Conference League Play-off round.[76]
There have also been a number of other competitions between English and Scottish clubs. Before European competition started in 1955, the Coronation Cup was staged in 1953, to mark the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Four prominent clubs from each country participated in a knockout tournament, with Celtic and Hibernian defeating two English clubs each to reach the final, which Celtic won 2–0 at Hampden.[77] A similar competition called the Empire Exhibition Trophy was staged in 1938, with Celtic defeating Everton 1–0 in the final at Ibrox.[78] Back in 1902, the four-team British League Cup was staged, with both Rangers and Celtic defeating their English opponents to set up a final between them (this was before the Old Firm term came into use).[79]
In the 1970s, American oil giant Texaco sponsored the Texaco Cup, which was a knockout competition for clubs that had failed to qualify for the main European competitions.[80] Interest in the competition soon waned, however, and Texaco withdrew their sponsorship after the 1974–75 season.[80] The competition continued for a few years in the form of the Anglo-Scottish Cup, but it was discontinued in 1981.[80]
Players and managers
The rivalry between the two nations has not prevented their respective nationals from playing in each other's domestic leagues, in certain cases to high renown. Historically, the trend has been for Scottish players to play in the richer English league, although many English players have also played in Scotland.
By the late 2000s, the flow of Scottish players to major English clubs had dried up, due to the Scotland team being less competitive at international level and the English Premier League attracting stars from all over the world, rather than just from the British Isles.[81] This trend has been somewhat reversed more recently, with the Scottish national side managed by Steve Clarke featuring few home-based players and several playing in the upper levels of English football, namely Andy Robertson, John McGinn and Billy Gilmour.[82]
There have been fewer notable English players who have played in Scotland. Joe Baker was the first player to play for England without having played in the Football League, but his was an isolated example because he played at a time when a player was only allowed to play for the country of his birth.[83] Those rules were subsequently relaxed and the sons or even grandsons of Scots are now allowed to play for Scotland. This means that some footballers born in England have played in and for Scotland, including Andy Goram and Stuart McCall.
There was a temporary influx of English players to the Scottish league during the late 1980s, while English clubs were banned from European competition due to the Heysel disaster.[84] Prominent England players including Terry Butcher, Trevor Steven, Gary Stevens, Chris Woods and Mark Hateley all moved to Rangers. During this time, Rangers had a higher turnover than Manchester United and could therefore offer wages that could compare with even the biggest English clubs.[84] Since the inception of the Premier League, however, the English clubs have become wealthier than Rangers and Celtic.[85] No prominent England player has played in Scotland in recent years,[when?] although Chris Sutton and Alan Thompson played a significant part in Celtic's run to the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. The most recent player to be capped by England while playing in Scotland was Celtic goalkeeper Fraser Forster.[citation needed]
Scottish managers, including Bill Shankly and Matt Busby, have enjoyed great success in England football. Alex Ferguson dominated the Premier League with Manchester United until his retirement in 2013.[86] Ferguson claimed in 2010 that he had turned down approaches by the FA to manage England, partly because it would have been a "tremendous handicap" for any Scot to manage England.[87] English managers have also worked at Scottish clubs, with John Barnes and Tony Mowbray managing Celtic for short periods, and Steven Gerrard and Michael Beale at Rangers.
Supporters
The rivalry also manifests itself in the fact that many Scottish people support England's opponents[88] and vice versa,[89][90] despite the fact that England and Scotland are both countries of the United Kingdom. Whether Scots should support England against other national teams is routinely a matter of heated debate.[91][92][93] Some Scotland fans sing, "Stand up if you hate England"[94] and, "If you hate the fucking English, clap your hands",[95] while some English fans reciprocate these sentiments with, "Stand up if you hate Scotland",[96] or "Scotland get battered, everywhere they go".[97] However, the phenomenon of Scots wishing England well in international tournaments is not unknown, with a survey on the eve of the 2002 World Cup finding that one Scot in three intended to support England, while only one in six intended to support England's opponents.[98] A survey before the 2010 World Cup found a more even divide, with 24% on each side.[93] The largest group in both surveys did not offer an opinion either way.[93][98]
Scotland fans booed "God Save the King" during the 150th anniversary game on 12 September 2023.[99]
^ abThe annual match was suspended between 1915 and 1919 because of World War I. Four unofficial wartime internationals were played during the war.
^Two unofficial internationals were played in May and August 1935 for the King's Silver Jubilee Trust Fund.
^ abThe annual match was suspended between 1940 and 1946 because of World War II. 16 unofficial wartime internationals were played during the period, followed by an unofficial international in 1946 as a fundraiser for the Burnden Park disaster.
^"The Joy of Six: England's best performances since '66". The Guardian. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007. England fans' joy was complete when Patrick Kluivert stole a late goal for the Dutch – and thereby deprived Scotland of a place in the quarter-finals.
^Kelly, Graham (1 July 1996). "My Euro 96 Diary". The Times. p. 33. Euphoria after the fantastic crowd behaviour at England v Scotland. The match could indeed be reinstated on a regular basis, but the fixture schedule is much heavier nowadays and you must consider the very heavy security arrangements that were in place. Would this need to be repeated?
^Ronay, Barney (8 April 2014). "Manchester United: how did they get into this mess?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Under Ferguson, United dominated the Premier League, as inaugural champions of the rebranded top tier in 1993 and its most visible presence for the next 20 years
^Liddle, Rod (7 October 2007). "Nelson Dida's Comedy Act is No Laughing Matter". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010., in which English journalist Rod Liddle announces, "I already have my Ukraine flag ready for Scotland's next fixture".
^"Do I or Don't I Sing Flower of Scotland? What's Important is Helping George Win", The Sunday Times, 23 March 2008. Douglas Alexander interview with Terry Butcher on the subject of the latter's appointment as assistant to Scotland manager George Burley, in which Butcher is quoted, "I never hide away from the fact that when Scotland got knocked out of World Cups in the past, like in 1982 and 1986 and 1990, we cheered the roof off, the England team did that, but George has asked me to do a job for him and that's something I want to do".
