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Metorchis conjunctus
	Drawing of ventral view of Metorchis conjunctus, scale bar is 1 mm
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Trematoda
Order:	Plagiorchiida
Family:	Opisthorchiidae
Genus:	Metorchis
Species:	M. conjunctus
Binomial name
	Metorchis conjunctus; Cobbold, 1860
Synonyms
	Parametorchis noveboracensis (Hung, 1926); Parametorchis intermedius (Price, 1929); Parametorchis canadensis (Price, 1929); Parametorchis manitobensis (Allen & Wardle, 1934)

Metorchis conjunctus, common name Canadian liver fluke, is a species of trematode parasite in the family Opisthorchiidae. It can infect mammals that eat raw fish in North America. The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail and the second is a freshwater fish.

Taxonomy

This species was discovered and described by Thomas Spencer Cobbold in 1860.

Distribution

The distribution of M. conjunctus includes:

East Greenland^[4]
From Quebec to Saskatchewan^[4]
Maine,^[5] Connecticut,^[5] South Carolina,^[5] US^[4]

Description

The body of M. conjunctus is pear-shaped and flat.^[6] The body length is 1⁄4–3⁄8 inch (6.4–9.5 mm).^[6] It has a weakly muscular terminal oral sucker.^[2] No prepharynx is present.^[2] The pharynx is strongly muscular.^[2] The esophagus is very short.^[2] The intestinal ceca vary from almost straight to sinuous.^[2] The acetabulum is slightly oval and weakly muscular.^[2] The male has an anterior testis and a posterior testis.^[2] The testes vary from almost round to oval, and may be deeply lobed or slightly indented.^[2] No cirrus pouch is found.^[2] The seminal vesicle is slender.^[2] The ovary is trilobed.^[2] The receptaculum seminis is elongated or pyriform, and slightly twisted, and situated to the right and behind the ovary.^[2]

The eggs are oval and yellowish brown.^[2]

Lifecycle

The first intermediate host of M. conjunctus is a freshwater snail, Amnicola limosus.^[4]

The second intermediate host is a freshwater fish: Catostomus catostomus,^[4] Salvelinus fontinalis,^[4] Perca flavescens,^[4] or Catostomus commersoni.^[7] Metacercaria of M. conjunctus were also found in northern pike (Esox lucius).^[8]

The definitive hosts are fish-eating mammals such as domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus), wolves (Canis lupus),^[5] red foxes (Vulpes vulpes),^[9] gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus),^[3] coyotes (Canis latrans), raccoons (Procyon lotor),^[5] muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), American minks (Neovison vision),^[5] fishers (Martes pennanti),^[4]^[10] or bears.^[8] It can also infect humans.^[7] It lives in the bile duct and in the gallbladder.^[6]

Effects on human health

M. conjunctus causes a disease called metorchiasis.^[11] It has been known to infect humans since 1946.^[4] Humans had eggs of M. conjunctus in their stools, but they were asymptomatic.^[8] Sashimi from raw Catostomus commersoni was identified as a source for an outbreak in Montreal in 1993.^[7] It was the first symptomatic disease in humans caused by M. conjunctus.^[8]

Symptoms

After ingestion of fish infected with M. conjunctus, about 1–15 days are needed for symptoms to occur, namely for eggs to be detected in the stool (incubation period).^[12]

The acute phase consists of upper abdominal pain and low-grade fever.^[7] High concentrations of eosinophil granulocytes are in blood.^[7] Also, higher concentrations of liver enzymes are seen.^[7] When untreated, symptoms may last from 3 days to 4 weeks.^[7] Symptoms of chronic infection were not reported.^[12]

Diagnosis and treatment

Eggs of M. conjunctus can be found by stool analysis.^[8] Serologic analysis can be also used - ELISA test for IgG antibodies against antigens of M. conjunctus.^[8]

Drugs used to treat infestation include praziquantel:^[7] 75 mg/kg in three doses per day (the same dosage applies for adults and for children).^[8]^[13]

Effects on animal health

Watson and Croll (1981)^[14] studied symptoms of cats. Prevention includes feeding with cooked fish (not raw fish).^[6]

M. conjunctus was found to be a common infection of domestic dogs in First Nations settlements in 1973.^[15] It has been in found in other animals including raccoons, minks, and gray foxes. ^[3]

The prevalence of M. conjunctus in wolves in Canada is 1–3%.^[12] In wolves, M. conjunctus causes cholangiohepatitis with periductular fibrosis in the liver.^[5] It sometimes causes chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas in wolves.^[5]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference^[2]

^ Hung See-Lü (1926). "A new species of fluke, Parametorchis noveboracensis, from the cat in the United States". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 69(2627): 1–2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Price E. W. (1929). "Two new species of trematodes of the genus Parametorchis from fur-bearing animals". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 76(2809): 1–5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mills J. H. & Hirth R. S. (1968). "Lesions Caused by the Hepatic Trematode, Metorchis conjunctus, Cobbold, 1860: A Comparative Study in Carnivora". Journal of Small Animal Practice 9(1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1968.tb04678.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Chai J. Y., Darwin Murrell K. & Lymbery A. J. (2005). "Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues". International Journal for Parasitology 35(11–12): 1233–1254. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Wobeser G., Runge W. & Stewart R. R. (1983). "Metorchis conjunctus (Cobbold, 1860) infection in wolves (Canis lupus), with pancreatic involvement in two animals". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19(4): 353–356. PMID 6644936.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Axelson R. D. (1962). "Metorchis Conjunctus Liver Fluke Infestation in a Cat". Canadian Veterinary Journal 3(11): 359–360. PMID 17421548. PDF.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h MacLean J. D., Arthur J. R., Ward B. J., Gyorkos T. W., Curtis M. A. & Kokoskin E. (1996). "Common-source outbreak of acute infection due to the North American liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus". The Lancet 347(8995): 154–158. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90342-6
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Behr M. A., Gyorkos T. W., Kokoskin E., Ward B. J., MacLean J. D. (1998). "North American liver fluke (Metorchis conjunctus) in a Canadian aboriginal population: a submerging human pathogen?" Canadian Journal of Public Health 89: 258–259. PMID 9735521. PDF.
^ Smith H. J. (1978). "Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14(3): 366–370. PMID 691132.
^ Dick T. A & Leonard R. D. (1979). "Helminth parasites of fisher Martes pennanti (Erxleben) from Manitoba, Canada". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15(3): 409–412. PMID 574167.
^ Dennis J. Richardson; Peter J. Krause (6 December 2012). North American Parasitic Zoonoses. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4615-1123-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Waikagul J. & Thaekham U. (2014). Approaches to Research on the Systematics of Fish-Borne Trematodes. Academic Press, 130 pp., page 6–7.
^ "FLUKE, hermaphroditic, infection".[1], 2 pp., accessed 31 December 2015.
^ Watson T. G & Croll N. A. (1981). "Clinical changes caused by the liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus in cats". Veterinary Pathology 18(6): 778–785. doi:10.1177/030098588101800608.
^ Unruh D. H., King J. E., Eaton R. D. & Allen J. R. (1973). "Parasites of dogs from Indian settlements in northwestern Canada: a survey with public health implications". Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 37(1): 25–32. PMID 4265550.

External links

Cameron T. W. M. (1944). "The morphology, taxonomy and life history of Metorchis conjunctus". Canadian Journal of Research 22: 6–16. doi:10.1139/cjr44d-002.
Eaton R. D. P. (1975). "Metorchiasis – A Canadian Zoonosis". Epidemiological Bulletin (National Health and Welfare, Canada) 19: 62–68.