Lavalin Skytrain Project is the earliest mass rapid transit plan of Bangkok to solve the traffic congestion in Bangkok during 1970s. The project feasibility study was conducted by Thai Government with the association from West Germany Government in 1971 which led to establishment of Expressway Authority of Thailand under Clause 39 of the Announcement of the Revolutionary Council Decree 290 dated 27 November 1972 (B.E.2515) to responsible for planning and construction of expressway and mass rapid transit projects.
In 1979, the master plan compiled by Japanese advisers would have consisted of the First Stage Urban Mass Transit Lines such as the first line known as the Rama IV line, a 25-km route between Phrakhanong and Mo Chit, while the second line, the Sathon line, a 20-km route would connect Wongwian Yai and Lad Phrao, and the third line, the Memorial Line, a 16-km route that connects Dao Khanong and Makkasan, and the expected numbers of passengers were expected to be 200,000 passengers a day in 1990.[2] The rolling stock would have utilized six heavy rail cars running at 15 minutes per train for non-rush hour and four minutes during rush hour, compared with current trains running at 6–8 minutes per train during non-rush hour and 3–5 minutes per train during rush hour, using three heavy rail cars.[2] The project was meant to have a cost of $1100 million.[3]
The finalised version of the project consisted of three light rail transit lines which are Sathorn Line, Rama IV Line, and Saphan Phut Line, with the depot located in Huai Khwang district (current location of Phra Ram 9 depot of MRT Blue Line). The project was expected to begin in 1981 and be completed in 1986. However, due to the 1979 oil crisis, Lavalin Skytrain project was shelved as the estimated costs were doubled.
However, after two years of construction, In June 1992, The project was terminated by the government of Anand Panyarachun . The government stated that SNC-Lavalin failed to sign a shareholders agreement by a specified and the Thai government refused requests for overseas loan and investment guarantees.[5] Outside of Thailand, numerous international media sources suggested politics played in its demise.
Today, There are two remainings from the construction of Lavalin Skytrain project: the abandoned viaduct in the middle of Phra Pok Klao Bridge (now converted into Chao Phraya Skypark),[6] and a reserved space in the middle of Sathorn Bridge (currently used by Silom Line).
Master Plan
The concept of developing a master plan began in 1972 when the Thai government sought cooperation from the German government to jointly develop a mass transit network. Subsequently, the Cabinet passed a resolution approving the continuous study, promotion, and support for the creation of the master plan starting from 1994. The sequences of the master plan are as follows:
1994: Mass Rapid Transit Systems Master Plan (MTMP)
The first version of the plan, endorsed by the Cabinet on 27 September 1994 and to be implemented from 1995 to 2011, consisted of an extension of 135 kilometres (84 mi) to the three systems already in progress (MRT, BTS , BTS and the BERTS), which would have had a combined length of 135 kilometres (84 mi)[7]The plan was divided into two phases as follows:
Phase 1 (1995-2001) consisted of MRT Blue Line northwestern and western extensions, BTS Skytrain north and southeastern extensions, and the Orange Line running in an east-west and north-south direction. The total length of this phase is 71.4 kilometres (44.4 mi).
Phase 2 (2001-2011) consisted of MRT Purple Line phases 1 and 2, BERTS eastern extension and east-west section, and MRT Orange Line eastern and southeastern extensions. The overall length of this phase is 63.6 kilometres (39.5 mi).
Later, in 1996, the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) revised this master plan and renamed it the Comprehensive Transport Master Plan (CTMP), which included an additional 178.9 kilometres (111.2 mi) of routes. This revised master plan included monorail and light rapid transit lines to enhance Bangkok into a rail transportation metropolis. The plan consisted of 11 railway projects with a combined length of 206 kilometres (128 mi), as follows;
2000: Urban Rail Transportation Master Plan in Bangkok and Surrounding Areas (URMAP)
Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the cancellation of the BERTS, in 1998, the Cabinet passed a resolution stating that the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) should conduct a feasibility study for a new master plan to replace the CTMP due to the development not progressing as planned and because Thailand was in the process of recovering from the economic crisis. The main objective of this new master plan is to emphasis the distribution of urban growth from the city centre to suburban areas, promoting more decentralised urban development along major roads.
The new master plan has been adapted with several projects modifying routes from the CTMP, emphasising distribution to various areas as follows:
Ratchayothin to Si Iam Line was extended to Si Samrong and merged with the Samrong to Si Samrong Line, becoming the Yellow Line. The line will be divided into two phases: Phase 1 will run from Lat Phrao to Pattanakarn, and Phase 2 will extend from Pattanakarn to Samrong.
This master plan is a conversion of the URMAP master plan into practical implementation based on government policies, which stipulate that projects in the previous master plan must be completed within 6 years (2004 – 2009). This period coincides with the recovery of the economy from the crisis in 1997. The master plan outlines a mass transit network in areas anticipated to experience continuous and increasing land use in the future. It specifies the construction of one railway station every 2 kilometres in the city areas and every 1 to 1.5 kilometres in suburban areas, aiming for the rapid transit project to be a guiding initiative for future urban development.
This master plan consists of 7 rapid transit lines with an additional 291.2 kilometres (180.9 mi) added to the existing 43.7 kilometres (27.2 mi). These lines are categorised into three groups as follows;
MRT (Bang Yai to Rat Burana) : This route combines the B-1 section of the Blue Line and the OS section of the Orange Line from the original master plan.
In 2006, the Cabinet revised the previous BMT master plan with the aim of expanding coverage to more areas in Bangkok. Three routes were added to this master plan, as follows:
MRT (Lat Phrao to Samrong): This line was included in the URMAP plan but was removed from the BMT plan.
MRT (Khae Rai to Suwinthawong) : This line was included in the CTMP plan but was removed from the URMAP plan.
In 2008, the government revised the master plan for the rapid transit network once again, focusing on urban expansion and increasing transit routes in suburban areas, taking into account the growing urbanisation projected for the future. This revision resulted in a total of 9 lines with a combined length of 311 kilometres (193 mi). The revised routes are as follows:
BTS was extended from Saphan Mai to Eastern Ring Road-Lam Luk Ka with the new extension from Km.25 to Rangsit.
BTS was extended from Samut Prakan to Bang Pu, while the National Stadium to Phran Nok section has been shortened to Yot Se.
MRT has been upgraded to the Outer Circle Line, divided into several sections as follows;
Southeastern section (Samrong to Pattanakarn)
Northeastern section (Pattanakarn to Khae Rai)
Northwestern section (Khae Rai to Bang Wa)
Southwestern section (Bang Wa to Samrong)
2010: M-Map Revision
In 2009, the government revised the M-Map, this time considering urban expansion and the distribution of development to suburban areas, guided by the rapid transit projects. This revised M-Map includes the study of a total of 12 transit lines, with a combined length of 509 kilometres (316 mi) , consisting of 8 main lines and 4 feeder lines, as follows:[8]
This line was designed to support the opening of the new Bangkok Metropolitan Administration building and to enhance connectivity in the Sathorn district.
This master plan has been implemented for the development of actual projects since 2011. Currently, over 70% of the plan has been completed. However, with the unsuitability of certain routes, the master plan has been revised. This revision includes cancellations, modifications, and suspensions of 5 routes as follows
SRT: Taling Chan to Makkasan section was shortened to Taling Chan-Siriraj.
MRT: The route was shortened to Bang Khun Non due to overlapping routes with SRT Light Red Line from Taling Chan to Bang Khun Non
MRL: Cancelled as it is not part of the 4-year expedited plan.
MRL: Cancelled for the same reason as the Grey Line.
As a result, the rapid transit network in Bangkok and its surrounding areas now consists of 10 lines.
The M-Map details plans for additional rapid transit lines in Bangkok Metropolitan Region.
2024: M-Map 2
To accommodate the expansion of the city into the suburban areas, in March 2017, the Cabinet assigned the Ministry of Transport and the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) to study an additional 10 transit lines. These lines were to be included in the M-Map Phase 2. The study was to be conducted in collaboration with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)[9][10] to plan and support the necessary budget for investment, should there be a need to secure foreign loans for the project.
The second phase of the M-Map 2 focuses on developing feeder lines to support urban expansion and feed passengers into Bangkok's main transit routes, which include the BTS, BTS, MRT, MRT, SRT, SRT, and ARL. Initially, the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) considered incorporating routes that had not yet been implemented, were under study, were outside the master plan, or had been canceled from the previous master plan. Four pilot routes were identified. Additionally, the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (MRTA) proposed 8 new lines to be included in the master plan, resulting in a total of 11 initial routes.
Subsequently, the OTP, in collaboration with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), revealed the details of the draft master plan for the M-Map 2, which was approved by JICA. This draft included 5 new lines totaling 131 kilometres (81 mi), both as extensions of existing lines and as new lines. However, due to changing circumstances, the Department of Rail Transport (the current status of the OTP) reconsidered the entire M-Map 2. They proposed a new long-term plan (Project Long List) consisting of 29 lines, which will be submitted to the Cabinet for approval as the actual master plan in the future.
On July 25, 2023, the Department of Rail Transport officially announced the draft of the M-Map 2. This new master plan will be submitted to the Cabinet for official approval in 2024, with the goal of expediting the commencement of all projects within 20 years, by 2042. The master plan is divided into three main categories as follows[11]
Both routes are from the previous master plan that was not completed. MRTA has temporarily halted these plans until there is clarity on passenger guarantees.
The route is from the previous master plan that was not completed. MRTA has temporarily halted these plans until there is clarity on passenger guarantees.
The proposed route by the Department of Rail Transport, which cancels the Light Red Line from Bang Sue to Hua Mak to Chachoengsao. Instead, it will utilize part of the infrastructure from the Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao high-speed railway to add new stations for the Airport Rail Link City Line, expanding travel areas and replacing the entire eastern segment of the Light Red Line
The proposed route by the BMA, which separates the original Grey Line into distinct sections. The northern section largely follows the original plan, and the Department of Rail Transport has extended the line further to Lam Luk Ka Road
Vatcharaphol to Khlong Si
Phra Khanong to Rama III
The proposed route by the BMA will replace the existing Bangkok BRT.
The proposed route by the BMA, which separates the extension of the Light Green Line from Udom Suk to Suvarnabhumi Airport for independent development
Group 3 : Feeder Line
Lat Phrao to Nonthaburi Pier
Most of these routes focus on feeding passengers into the main transit system and may be proposed to operate as regular buses, bus rapid transit, trams, or may be considered as extensions of connectable routes.
Don Mueang to Si Saman
Salaya to Mahachai
Srinagarindra to Bang Bo
Khlong Hok to Ongkharak
Rattanathibet to Yaek Pak Kret
Khlong San to Siriraj
Bang Sue to Rama III
Ratchaprhuek to Khae Rai
Phra Khanong to Srinagarindra
Bang Sue to Pathum Thani
Mueang Thong Thani to Pathum Thani
Bang Khae to Samrong
Phraek Sa to Tamru
Thammasart University (Rangsit Campus) to Nawanakhon
Bang Na to Chong Nonsi
Suvarnabhumi Airport to Bang Bo
Borommaratchachonnani to Lak Si
Thanyaburi to Thammasart University (Rangsit Campus)
^Voraakhom, Kotchakorn (10 November 2022). "Chao Phraya Sky Park". world-architects.com. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^เส้นทางปรับแผนรถไฟฟ้า. Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region website (in Thai). Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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