March for the Beloved

"March For the Beloved" (Korean: 임을 위한 행진곡; Hanja: 임을 爲한 行進曲; RR: Imeul Wihan Haengjingok) is a Korean protest song that was composed in 1981 in honor of Democracy activist Yoon Sang-won and labor activist Park Ki-soon, who were killed during the Gwangju Uprising in 1980.[1][2][3] The original author of the lyrics is Paik Ki-wan,[4] and the composer is Kim Jong-ryul.

The song is composed in a minor key, in the style of a military march.[5]

History

In 1981, novelist Hwang Sok-yong, musician Kim Jong-ryul (a student at Chonnam National University) and 15 Noraepae (musical groups that composed minjunggayos) in the Gwangju region jointly created the song. The song was used in a musical called Dispelling- Wedding of Light.[6] The musical was dedicated to the "soul wedding" of Yoon Sang-won (Spokesperson for the civil army during the Gwangju uprising) and labor activist Park Ki-soon. The couple worked together at the Deulbul Night School, a night school that taught labor laws to workers), and were killed during the Gwangju Uprising in 1980. "March for the Beloved" was composed to be used as a chorus for the end of the musical.[6][7][3]

The song was written by Kim Jong-ryul at Hwang Seok-young's house in Gwangju in May 1981. The lyrics are based on a long poem called the "Moitbinari-dedicated to the young dancers of the southern lands", which was composed in prison by civic activist Baek Ki-wan in December 1980. At the time, Baek was imprisoned at Seodaemun Detention Center for a 1979 protest at a YMCA in Seoul.

In February 1982, the remains of Yoon Sang-won and Park Ki-soon were transferred to the Mangwol-dong Cemetery in Gwangju (now known as the May 18th National Cemetery).

The song was first released through the musical in 1982,[8][6] and the song was quickly circulated as a so-called 'minjunggayo' among labor movement forces through cassette tape copies, sheet music transcriptions, and word of mouth, and became a symbolic representative song of the Gwangju Uprising.[9] The song continued to be used among protesters, including during the 1987 June Democratic Struggle.[5]

Since 1997, the song has been performed at the 18 May annual remembrance for the Gwangju Uprising.[5]

Sheet music

The song is composed as a march in the minor key, typical of 1980s protest songs in Korea.[10] Initially it was composed in A minor,[11] but the sheet music in D minor is commonly used.[12]

\relative c' { \key f \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" d4. ( e8 ) f8. g16 f8. e16 | d2 a | d4. e8 f8. g16 f8. d16 | a'2. r4 |\break g4 g8. a16 bes4 d | a2 f | e4. f8 g8. (a16) f8. (e16) | d2. r4 |\break d4. ( e8 ) f8. g16 f8. e16 | d2 a | d4. ( e8 ) f8. g16 f8. d16 | a'2. r4 |\break g4 g8. a16 bes4 d | a2 f | e4. f8 g8. (a16) f8. e16 | d2. r4 |\break bes'4. bes8 g4 bes | d4. d8 d2 | c4. bes8 a4 g | a2. r4 |\break bes4. bes8 g4 bes | d4. d8 d2 | e4. f8 e4 d | e2. r4 |\break f4. (g8) f8. e16 d8. c16 | bes1 | a4. (bes8) a8. g16 f8. g16 | a2. r4 |\break d,4. ( e8 ) f8. g16 f8. d16 | a'1 | a4 a8. a16 e'4 f | d2. r4 \bar"|."} \addlyrics { 사 랑 도 명 - 예 도 이 름 도 남 김 없 이 한 평 생 나 가 자 던 뜨 거 운 맹 세 동 지 는 간 데 없 고 깃 발 만 나 부 껴 새 날 이 올 때 까 지 흔 들 리 지 말 자 세 월 은 흘 러 가 도 산 천 은 안 다 깨 어 나 서 외 치 는 뜨 거 운 함 성 앞 서 서 나 가 니 산 자 여 따 르 라 앞 서 서 나 가 니 산 자 여 따 르 라 }

Usage and international outreach

Domestic protests

The song is a common protest song in South Korea.[13] It is used in remembrance of the Gwangju Uprising, and is frequently used by labor figures in Korean politics.[14] The song was notably used in protests against presidents Park Geun Hye and Yoon Suk Yeol.[8][15][16]

There have been debates within South Korea over whether the song should be sung or chanted, with the South Korean government tending to promote singing over chanting.[17]

International usage

The song is also circulated abroad through migrant workers who returned to Korea after being dispatched to Korea, and it spreads at the Labor Movement sites in each country. It has been adapted and sung in the local languages of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar (Burma).[2][18][19]

Taiwan

In 1988, Ke Zhenglong, executive director of Taiwan Taoyuan Airline Labor Union, went to South Korea to exchange labor movement experience, and heard this "March for You" during the factory strike movement in Mashan City. After returning to Taiwan, he took the car of Zheng Cunqi, a well-known Taiwanese labor activist who was an advisor to the Taoqin trade union at that time, to Shitou Mountain in Hsinchu City to participate in training related to autumn fighting . He mentioned this song to Zheng Cunqi, which impressed him deeply. Under the suggestion of the other party, Ke Zhenglong wrote down the melody from memory, and composed the Chinese version of "Battle Hymn of Laborers ":[20][21] 130 with Jiang Jintai, a trade union member, and taught them to the trade union members. It was sung in various Taiwanese labor movements.[22] The "Battle Hymn of Laborers - Song of Gwangju, South Korea" included in the 2008 album "Black Hand Ginseng" by the Black Hand Nakashi Workers Band sings "Battle Hymn of Laborers" written by Ke Zhenglong and Jiang Jintai in Chinese and Korean, and the original version "Dedicated to Your March" also greatly promoted this song in Taiwan.[23] Occupy Taipei Movement in response to Occupy Wall Street in 2011,[24] Hualong Self-Help Association parade in 2014,[25] EVA Air flight attendant strike in 2019 [26] As well as Taiwan's May 1st Labor Day parade[27][28][29][30] and many other movements over the years, demonstrators sang the "Battle Hymn of Laborers" in chorus. Taiwan's Hsinchu Female Workers Choir also wrote lyrics and sang another version of " Taiwan Laborers' Battle Hymn ".[31]

Hong Kong

In 1981, the Hong Kong Student Christian Movement (SCMHK), which had been inactive for a period of time, was reorganized and established a close cooperative relationship with Korean youth Christian organizations such as the Korean Christian Student Federation (KSCF) . The two organizations, both of which belong to the World Christian Students Union, collaborated in organizing youth meetings in the 1980s. At this time, South Korea was still in the era of Chun Doo-hwan's rule, and the Korean Federation of Christian Student Unions was a staunch supporter of the democratization movement,[32] and they often sang "March for You" in gatherings with Hong Kong youths. In 1984, Huang Huizhen, a member of SCMHK who was studying at the Divinity School of Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, was working as a trainee in the Hong Kong Christian Labor Organization. She translated this song into the Cantonese version of "Love's Battle" for labor gatherings. The title is the literal translation of the original song's English name "March for Love".[21]

Around 1993, Hong Kong grassroots singer Billy (real name Kong Fanqiang)[33] learned the song from a friend he met during the movement, and got the score handwritten by Huang Huizhen in 1984,[21] but he thinks the lyrics of this version are out of tune and difficult to sing in Cantonese. In 1998, Billy formed the social movement band Noise Cooperative and heard Taiwan's "Battle Hymn of Labor". The following year, the Noise Cooperative rewrote and sang a new Cantonese version while retaining the title of "Love 's Battle".

In 2005, during the anti-WTO parade launched by South Korean farmers in Hong Kong, some Hong Kong citizens sang this song to express their support for the South Korean peasant demonstrators. In addition, labor movements such as the May Day parade in Hong Kong in 2015 and the Hoi Lai Village cleaners’ strike in 2017, as well as the Occupy Central movement in 2014 all featured this song.

On September 27, 2017, to commemorate the third anniversary of the official start of the Occupy Central movement on September 28, 2014, Hong Kong social activist and singer Jin Peiwei re-wrote the lyrics and sang the Cantonese version of "Umbrella March" and uploaded it to her YouTube channel.

During the anti-extradition bill movement that broke out in 2019, Jin Peiwei and other demonstrators publicly sang this version of the song many times.[34][5]

Mainland China

In the 2007 album "Singing for the Laborers", the Workers' Band Migrant Youth Art Troupe in Mainland China sang "March Dedicated to You" into a Chinese version of "Ode to Laborers ", and the lyricist was Sun Heng, a member of the band. As musicians who are also enthusiastic about the labor movement, the Migrant Youth Art Troupe maintains a good relationship with Taiwan's black hand Nakashi Workers Band and Hong Kong's Noise Cooperative, and it was Billy of the Noise Cooperative who encouraged them to contribute to this song Created the mainland version. From 2012 to 2018, the non-governmental organization Beijing Workers' Home, founded by Sun Heng, held the "Migrant Workers' Spring Festival Gala" for migrant workers in Pi Village, Jinzhan Township, Chaoyang District, Beijing, and sang this song "Ode to Laborers" every year. However, because the lyrics of "Hymn to Laborers" focus on praising "laborers are the most glorious", they did not highlight the spirit of resistance in the original version and other versions, which caused some controversy .

Thailand

The Thai version is called "Unity" or "Solidarity" (Thai: โซลิดาริตี้), which was sung by Paradon (Thai: ภราดร ), a Thai female labor band founded in 1993. It was sung during the 2006 demonstrations against the Thailand-U.S. Free Trade Agreement.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hwang, Susan (2022). "From Victimhood to Martyrdom: "March for the Beloved" and the Cultural Politics of Resistance in 1980s' South Korea". Korean Studies. 46 (1): 135–166. doi:10.1353/ks.2022.0006. ISSN 1529-1529.
  2. ^ a b "80년대 운동가요 고전 '임을 위한 행진곡' 동남아서 '민중의 노래'로 애창" [The classic 80s activist song 'March for the Beloved' is loved in Southeast Asia as a 'people's song']. 한겨레(뉴스 라이브러리). 1989-06-21. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  3. ^ a b "[이사람] 5·18 33돌 음악회에 '행진곡' 전곡 바칩니다" [[This person] Dedicates the entire 'March' to the 33rd Anniversary Concert of May 18]. The Hankyoreh. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  4. ^ Cho, Hee-yeon (2021-07-03). "The life and death of Paik Ki-wan, the lyricist of "March for the Beloved" and legendary figure of the struggle for democracy in Korea". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 22 (3): 413–420. doi:10.1080/14649373.2021.1966907. ISSN 1464-9373.
  5. ^ a b c d Park, T. K. (2019-07-03). "South Korean Protest Music Is Inspiring Hong Kong's Demonstrators". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  6. ^ a b c Lee, Jung-Min Mina (February 2023). "Minjung Kayo : Imagining Democracy through Song in South Korea". Twentieth-Century Music. 20 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1017/S1478572222000470. ISSN 1478-5722.
  7. ^ 이유진 (2017-05-17). "10장면으로 다시 보는 '임을 위한 행진곡' 수난기" [The Passion of ‘March for the Beloved’ Revisited in 10 Scenes]. 한겨레 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  8. ^ a b "The Gwangju Uprising and its 40-year Global History: A Visual and Cultural Approach". korea.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  9. ^ "폭풍우 속에 만든 산 자여 따르라". The Hankyoreh. 1991-05-12.
  10. ^ 김창남, 《노래 제4집》, 실천문학사, 1993년, ISBN 978-89-3920-206-1, 198-199쪽
  11. ^ 김현정의 뉴스쇼, '임 행진 곡' 최초 녹음본 공개, 노컷뉴스, 2017년 5월 18일
  12. ^ 민주노총, 《삶의 노래 진실의 노래》, 1996년, ISBN 89-7546-129-7, 323쪽
  13. ^ Ha, Jarryn (22 May 2024). "39 March for the Beloved: A Brief History of a South Korean Protest Song". The Oxford Handbook of Community Singing.
  14. ^ Yoo, Byeong-seon (2009-10-25). "(여적) 민중의례" [Folk ritual]. Kyunghyang Shinmun.
  15. ^ 임형섭 (2017-05-18). "정치권, 9년만에 손잡고 부른 '님을 위한 행진곡'…곳곳서 눈물" [Political circles join hands to sing 'March for You' after 9 years... Tears everywhere]. Yonhap News.
  16. ^ "Protesters sing traditional pro-democracy anthem as votes get counted". BBC News. 14 December 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  17. ^ Kim, Ji-hoon (2015-05-15). "For "March for the Beloved", ministry says sing, but don't chant". Hankyoreh (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  18. ^ "미얀마 임을위한행진곡 - YouTube". YouTube.
  19. ^ "'임을 위한 행진곡'…아시아 아우르는 진정한 '한류'". 뉴스1. 2013-05-19.
  20. ^ "桃勤公司企業工會的Facebook贴文". Facebook (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  21. ^ a b c 정근식 (2016-05-13). "임을 위한 행진곡의 세계화: 홍콩, 대만, 중국을 중심으로" (PDF). 5·18 과 역사를 둘러싼 정치. 5·18 民众抗争36周年纪念学术大会 (in Korean). pp. 117–145. Retrieved 2020-05-19.: 142 
  22. ^ 郭佳 (January 2016). "追問新工人文化及其中港台民眾連帶：從「新工人藝術團」形塑「新工人階級」之文化行動入手". 國立交通大學社會與文化研究所學位論文: 144.
  23. ^ 劉自強（前桃勤工會常務理事）. 黑手那卡西工人乐队《黑手參》收錄《勞動者戰歌》説明 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). ……在一次馬山的工廠罷工現場，看見韓國工人們魚貫走出工廠無視於廠方的強力鎮壓，工人們口中唱著歌，手上敲打著戰鼓，臉上更充滿視死如歸的神情，這場景震撼了當時所有來自臺灣的工會幹部，其中來自桃勤工會的柯正隆深受感動，當下牢記歌曲旋律回國後又受當時任桃勤顧問的鄭村棋先生之鼓勵，遂大膽寫下『勞動者戰歌』之詞曲。此歌後經黑手在各種抗爭、遊行的場所傳唱，之後亞洲各國紛紛改編，現已成為亞洲的國際歌。
  24. ^ "占領台北！數百人闖101 唱勞動者戰歌". 中國時報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  25. ^ "華隆工人路過政院 陳為廷嗆江揆「等著看」" [Hualong workers passed by the Political Yuan, Chen Weiting choked Jiang Kui, "wait and see"]. Newtalk新聞 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  26. ^ "長榮空服罷工第四天 唱「勞動者戰歌」呼口號提振士氣". 聯合新聞網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2019-06-13. Archived from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  27. ^ "工教聯合走上街頭 受雇者團結一起 不滿意行政院沒有具體回應 毫無誠意！" [The Federation of Industry and Education takes to the streets. Employees are united. They are dissatisfied with the lack of concrete response from the Executive Yuan. There is no sincerity!]. 全國教師會 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2005-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  28. ^ "拒絕企業剝削學生和勞工五一鬥陣行" [May Day protest against corporate exploitation of students and workers]. PeoPo公民新聞 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  29. ^ "3萬勞工雨中怒吼 反低薪政策禁止濫用派遣工". ETtoday新聞雲 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2014-05-02. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  30. ^ "五一勞動遊行 要19天國假、加薪10%". 台灣醒報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  31. ^ "新竹縣產業總工會女工合唱團簡介". 勞動黨桃竹苗勞工服務中心 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2021-01-16. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  32. ^ SCMHK (2016-04-25). "長輩應該放手︰專訪韓國基督徒學生運動". 普世頻道-香港基督徒學生運動 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  33. ^ 李慧筠 (2019-06-03). "【六四三十】組織沙田萬人上街 歲月沉殿 熱血社工柔情抗爭". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  34. ^ Tanter, Marcy L. (2019-10-13). "The Unifying Poetry of "March for the Beloved"". Gwangju News. Retrieved 2024-11-16.