Manawatū River

Manawatū River
The Manawatū River system
Native nameManawatū (Māori)
Location
CountryNew Zealand
RegionManawatū-Whanganui
CitiesPalmerston North
Physical characteristics
SourceRuahine Ranges
 • coordinates40°0′53″S 176°7′1″E / 40.01472°S 176.11694°E / -40.01472; 176.11694
MouthTasman Sea
 • location
Manawatu Estuary, Foxton Beach
 • coordinates
40°28′S 175°13′E / 40.467°S 175.217°E / -40.467; 175.217
 • elevation
Sea level
Length180 km (110 mi)
Basin size5,899 km2 (2,278 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average102 m3/s (3,600 cu ft/s)
Basin features
LandmarksManawatū Gorge, Manawatu Estuary
Tributaries 
 • leftTamaki River, Pohangina River, Oroua River
 • rightMangatewainui River, Mangatoro River, Tiraumea River, Mangahao, Tokomaru River

The Manawatū River is a major river of the lower North Island of New Zealand. The river flows from the Ruahine Ranges, through both the Manawatū Gorge and the city of Palmerston North, and across the Manawatū Plains to the Tasman Sea at Foxton.

Name

The river, along with the more northern Whanganui River, gives its name to the Manawatū-Whanganui region. The name of the river was given by the tohunga Haupipi-a-Nanaia, a descendant of Haunui-a-paparangi. Haupipi-a-Nanaia or Hau, travelled down the west coast in pursuit of his wife Wairaka, who had eloped. When Hau reached what is now known as the Manawatū River, he is said to have stopped and clutched his chest, horrified at the prospect of crossing so mighty an expanse of water. Therefore the river's name comes from the Māori words manawa (heart) and (stand still). In this context, when said together, the interpretation is ‘heart standing still’ to represent how Hau felt when he first saw the river. However cross he did, and a few kilometres south of Paekākāriki, Hau overtook the fugitives and changed Wairaka into a rock.[1]

Geography

The Manawatū River has its headwaters northwest of Norsewood in the Tararua District, on the eastern slopes of the Ruahine Range on the North Island of New Zealand. It flows initially eastward before turning south-west near Ormondville, flowing 40 kilometres (25 mi) before turning north-west near Woodville. At this point it enters the Manawatū Gorge, between the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges.[2] Beyond the gorge it joins with the Pohangina River at Ashhurst and turns south-west, flowing through the city of Palmerston North. At this stage the river is still flowing swiftly and carrying gravel from the mountains.

After Opiki, it slows and has a lower gradient, meandering over the Manawatu Plains; its bed at this point is mud and silty sand. In its meandering and frequent shifting of course it has created oxbow lakes, lagoons, and swamps. Sediment deposited along its course has created levees, higher than the surrounding plain; when the river is in flood it overflows these and creates wetlands.[2] The Manawatū reaches the Tasman Sea at Foxton Beach, on the west coast of the North Island, creating the Manawatu Estuary.[3]

Major tributaries of the river include the Makakahi, Mangahao, Pohangina and Oroua Rivers. The Manawatū's total length is 180 kilometres (110 mi), making it only the 12th-longest in the country, but at 102 cubic metres per second (3,600 cu ft/s) it is one of New Zealand's greatest rivers in terms of flow, and second only to the Waikato River among North Island rivers.

Bridges

The river is crossed by 18 road bridges (not including the under-construction Parahaki Island Bridge), 3 rail bridges[4] and He Ara Kotahi walk/cycleway.[5] The lowest and longest, Whirokino Trestle and Manawatū River Bridge, carry SH1 1.1 km (0.68 mi) over the Moutoa Floodway and 180 m (590 ft) over the river. It replaced the 1938 and 1942 bridges[6] in February 2020, at a cost of $70m.[7]

Geology

The Manawatū is unique among New Zealand rivers in that it crosses a mountain range. The river has formed a "water gap" across the mountains because it is older than the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges. Most rivers arise from an already-existing range of mountains or hills, but beginning about 3 million years ago the central North Island mountain ranges began to uplift across the Manawatū's current course. Because it drained a large catchment, the river had sufficient flow to keep pace with and erode the rising mountains, eventually forming the Manawatū Gorge; other rivers were unable to and were diverted into the Manawatū instead.[8]

After exiting the Manawatū Gorge, the river carries rock and sediment down from the mountains. During glacial times, with the prevalence of ice, snow, and bare mountains, this erosion increases and forms a stony elevated terrace. During an interglacial, while the mountains are forested, gravel outwash is reduced and the river cuts down into the terrace, forming a gorge. This cycle has created four distinct terraces between the Manawatū Gorge and Palmerston North.[2]

The Manawatū Plain was seabed 5 to 6 million years ago, and as it was raised above water by the action of the Australian and Pacific Plates it buckled, forming five long and low ridges (or anticlines) parallel to the mountains, which impede the flow of the Manawatū, Rangitikei, and Oroua Rivers, forcing them to flow southwest rather than directly into the Tasman Sea.[2]

Vegetation

At the time of human arrival, the Manawatū Plains were covered with forest. Towards the foothills and the Manawatū Gorge grew black beech, turning into tawa forest at lower altitudes. Along the plains and terraces the forest was mixed podocarp and tōtara, changing to mixed tawa, tītoki, and māhoe in the sand dunes.[9]

Across the flood plain of the Manawatū and on the low-lying land bordering the river, the predominant vegetation was semi-swamp forest, mostly kahikatea and pukatea.[9] Three major swamps bordered the Manawatū: Moutoa Swamp north of the river, towards the mouth, known as the "Great Swamp" in the 19th century; Makerua Swamp further inland, to the south of the Manawatū and north of the Tokomaru River, which covered 22000 acres; and Taonui Swamp on the north side of the river.[10] The main vegetation in the swamps was harakeke and raupō: harakeke in the drier parts, raupō in the wetter.[11]

The Manawatū river mouth and estuary was listed under the Ramsar Convention as a Wetland of International Importance in 2005.

Flooding

The Manawatū River flooded in February 2004, displacing over 3000 people (primarily from Marton and Feilding) and damaging over 1000 Manawatū farms. The cost of the flood in terms of insurance payouts was NZ$122 million. Further damage was prevented by the opening of the Moutoa floodgates, which intercept the river between Foxton and Shannon.

Water quality

In 2018 a case study on water quality in the Manawatū-Whanganui region was jointly commissioned by Horizons Regional Council and the Ministry for the Environment, the study was conducted by Land Water People (LWP) and the results were reviewed by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and StatsNZ. Results showed that water quality for sediment and E. coli had improved over the previous seven to ten years in the Manawatū-Whanganui region. The report found strong statistical evidence of a connection between regional scale water quality improvements and local scale interventions.[12]

In 2006 Fonterra were criticised for an application to discharge 8,500 cubic metres (300,000 cu ft) of wastewater into the Manawatū River.[13] In 2009, the Cawthron Institute found that the river had the highest gross primary production (GPP) compared to 300 rivers and streams in the Western world.[14] High GPP rates are an indication of poor ecological health and can lead to various environmental issues. In 2011, the Horizons Regional Council laid blame with the Palmerston North City Council for "considerable" and "sustained" breaches of one of its discharge consents, and some degree of non-compliance with two others.[15] A report by the Ministry for the Environment ranked 76 New Zealand sites for water clarity and E. coli levels. Using those measures, they found only four other New Zealand rivers rate worse than the Manawatū (the Waitara, Whanganui, Waipā and Rangitīkei).[16]

References

  1. ^ Reed, A.W. (1996) The Reed Dictionary of Māori Place Names, Te Papakupu Ingoa Wāhi Māori a Reed (3rd Ed) Reed Publishing: Auckland, New Zealand
  2. ^ a b c d Knight (2014), p. 20.
  3. ^ Knight (2014), p. 21.
  4. ^ "New Zealand Topographic Map". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  5. ^ "He Ara Kotahi". www.pncc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  6. ^ "Whirokino Trestle Bridge replacement". NZTA. 2015.
  7. ^ "Opening of Whirokino Trestle and Manawatū River Bridge adds traffic to congested highway". RNZ. 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  8. ^ Knight (2014), p. 24.
  9. ^ a b Knight (2014), p. 25.
  10. ^ Knight (2014), p. 48.
  11. ^ Knight (2014), p. 150–151.
  12. ^ Snelder, Ton. "Assessment of recent reductions in E. coli and sediment in rivers of the Manawatū-Whanganui Region". Land Water People Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Forest & Bird calls on Fonterra to clean up its act on the Manawatu River" (Press release). Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. 9 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  14. ^ Young, Roger. "Ecosystem metabolism in the Manawatu River". Cawthron Institute. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Manawatu River pollution blamed on council". Fairfax NZ. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Recreational river water quality league table: water clarity and Escherichia coli bacteria levels". Ministry for the Environment. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

Sources

  • Knight, Catherine (2016). New Zealand's Rivers: An Environmental History. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. ISBN 978-1-927145-76-0.
  • Knight, Catherine (2014). Ravaged Beauty: An Environmental History of the Manawatu. Auckland: Dunmore Press. ISBN 978-1-927212-13-4.

Read other articles:

Memphis Depay melamas Depay saat bermain untuk FC Barcelona pada 2021Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Memphis Depay[1][2]Tanggal lahir 13 Februari 1994 (umur 30)Tempat lahir Moordrecht, BelandaTinggi 176 cm (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Atletico MadridNomor 9Karier junior2000–2003 VV Moordrecht2003–2006 Sparta Rotterdam2006–2011 PSV EindhovenKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2011–2015 PSV Eindhoven 90 (39)2...

 

Dalam nama Korean ini, nama keluarganya adalah Jo. Jo Dong-hyukLahir11 Desember 1977 (umur 46)Korea SelatanPendidikanUniversitas Myongji - Pendidikan Fisik Sosial (berhenti)PekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2002-sekarangAgenJina EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul조동혁 Hanja趙東赫 Alih AksaraJo Dong-hyeokMcCune–ReischauerCho Tong-hyŏk Jo Dong-hyuk (lahir 11 Desember 1977) adalah aktor asal Korea Selatan. Ia memulai debut akting dalam Make It Big (2002), diikuti oleh film erotis Hypnotize...

 

Penduduk Asli dari Semenanjung Malaysia Orang Asal adalah penduduk asli Malaysia. Istilah tersebut adalah kata Melayu untuk Penduduk Asli, dan Orang Asal bersama dengan Melayu meraih status Bumiputra di Malaysia. Orang Asal di Semenanjung Malaysia secara kolektif dikenal sebagai Orang Asli, dan membentuk minoritas-minoritas kecil di sana. Namun, Orang Asal di Malaysia Timur membentuk mayoritas populasi. Etimologi Istilah Orang Asal artinya Penduduk Asli.[1] Istilah tersebut awalnya di...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2007 Indian filmAmi, Yasin Ar Amar MadhubalaPosterDirected byBuddhadev DasguptaWritten byBuddhadev DasguptaProduced byAn...

 

United States corporal punishment in schools Legality of corporal punishment in public schools in the United States as of December 2023[update]   Corporal punishment in public and private schools illegal  Corporal punishment in public schools illegal  Corporal punishment in public schools legal under state law, but banned in all school districts  Corporal punishment in public schools legal but unused  Corporal punishment in public...

 

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Pantai Brighton Brighton merupakan sebuah kota di Inggris. Kota ini letaknya di bagian selatan. Tepatnya di kabupaten Sussex Timur. Pada tahun 2011, kota ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebanyak 273.400 jiwa. Di kota ini, tim sepak bola Brighton & Hove Albion bermarkas disini dan stadion utamanya ialah Falmer Stadium, dibuka tahun 2011. Pranala luar Wikisource memiliki teks artikel Ensiklopedia Britannica 1911 mengenai Brighton (England). Brighton di Curlie (dari DMOZ) Brighton & Hove Ci...

 

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Idola Kecil – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Idola KecilPresenterZizan Razak Alif SatarNegara asalMalaysiaJmlh. musim5Jmlh. episodevariasiProduksiDurasi60 menitRilis asliJaringanTV9For...

 

Ryuji Kawai Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ryuji KawaiTanggal lahir 14 Juli 1978 (umur 45)Tempat lahir Tokyo, JepangPosisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1997-2002 Urawa Reds 2003-2010 Yokohama F. Marinos 2011-2018 Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Ryuji Kawai (lahir 14 Juli 1978) adalah pemain sepak bola asal Jepang. Karier Ryuji Kawai pernah bermain untuk Urawa Reds, Yokohama F. Marinos dan Hokkaido Co...

2014 studio album by Catfish and the BottlemenThe BalconyStudio album by Catfish and the BottlemenReleased15 September 2014 (2014-09-15)Genre Alternative rock indie rock Length37:38Label Island Communion ProducerJim AbbissCatfish and the Bottlemen chronology Kathleen and the Other Three(2014) The Balcony(2014) The Ride(2016) Singles from The Balcony HomesickReleased: 18 May 2013 RangoReleased: 13 August 2013 KathleenReleased: 18 March 2014 FalloutReleased: 7 July 2014 ...

 

Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits A North Atlantic right whale with solitary calf. Whale reproduction follows a K-selection strategy, with few offspring, long gestation, long parental care, and a long period until sexual maturity. In ecology, r/K selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring. The focus on either an increased quantity of offspring at the expense of indi...

 

سفارة روسيا في سوريا الإحداثيات 33°31′33″N 36°18′01″E / 33.52583333°N 36.30027778°E / 33.52583333; 36.30027778   البلد سوريا  المكان دمشق  الاختصاص سوريا  الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سفارة روسيا في دمشق هي البعثة الدبلوماسية لروسيا في سوريا. يقع م�...

Gambar Tuan Enlil dan Nyonya Ninlil diambil dari dekorasi mural Susa. Enlil (dengan kuku dan tanduk Dewa Banteng) dan Ninlil. Paruh kedua milenium ke-2 SM, Louvre, Paris. Batu bata bakar, tinggi 54 inci (13716 cm). Enlil dan Ninlil atau Mitos Enlil dan Ninlil atau Enlil dan Ninlil: yang memperanakkan Nanna adalah mitos penciptaan dalam bahasa Sumeria yang di tulis di lauh tanah liat pada pertengahan hingga akhir milenium ke-3 SM. Baris-baris pertama dari mitos ini ditemukan dalam suatu ekskav...

 

Type of armor Han dynasty lamellar armour Chinese armour was predominantly lamellar from the Warring States period (481 BC–221 BC) onward, prior to which animal parts such as rhinoceros hide, rawhide, and turtle shells were used for protection. Lamellar armour was supplemented by scale armour since the Warring States period or earlier. Partial plate armour was popular from the Eastern and Southern dynasties (420–589), and mail and mountain pattern armour from the Tang dynasty (618–907)....

 

盧森堡首相(法語:Premier ministre luxembourgeois;德語:Premierminister von Luxemburg;盧森堡語:Premier Minister vu Lëtzebuerg)是盧森堡的政府首腦。盧森堡實行君主立憲制,行政權由內閣行使,內閣的領袖即為首相。 1857年之前,卢森堡首相称为“政府议会主席”(法語:président du Conseil de gouvernement),1857年和1989年之间,叫作“政府主席”(法語:Président du gouvernement)[1],从1...

Para el estadio de San Sebastián, véase Estadio de Anoeta. Anoeta municipio de España Escudo AnoetaUbicación de Anoeta en España AnoetaUbicación de Anoeta en GuipúzcoaPaís  España• Com. autónoma  País Vasco• Provincia  Guipúzcoa• Comarca Tolosaldea• Partido judicial Tolosa• Juntas Generales OriaUbicación 43°09′44″N 2°04′12″O / 43.162222, -2.07• Altitud 77 mSu...

 

Fundamental law of Kuwait Politics of Kuwait Member State of the Arab League Constitution Monarchy Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Crown Prince Vacant House of Sabah Government Prime Minister Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah Cabinet No-Confidence Votes Judiciary Legal system of Kuwait Administration Governorates Areas Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Salem Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Diplomatic missions of / in Kuwait Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa poli...

 

Rank in Australian Army For other countries which use this rank, see Field marshal. Field marshalThe FM insignia of St. Edward's Crown mounted above two crossed batons that are circled by a wreath of oak leaves.Australia's first appointed field marshal (honorary), the then Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood, photographed near Hill 60, Gallipoli. Photograph by C.E.W. Bean, October 1915.Country AustraliaService branch Australian ArmyAbbreviationFMRankField MarshalNATO rank codeOF...

الجندي الصالح زفاك Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války   معلومات الكتاب المؤلف ياروسلاف هاسيك البلد تشيكوسلوفاكيا اللغة التشيكية الناشر A. Synek تاريخ النشر 1921–23 النوع الأدبي هجاء، كوميديا سوداء الموضوع الحرب العالمية الأولى  التقديم نوع الطباعة Print (غلاف فني & كتاب الجيب) ال...

 

American Methodist Episcopal minister, author, and librarian (1821–1897) William RiceBorn(1821-03-10)March 10, 1821Springfield, MassachusettsDiedAugust 17, 1897(1897-08-17) (aged 76)Springfield, MassachusettsNationalityAmericanAlma materWesleyan UniversityOccupation(s)Minister, librarianSpouse Caroline Laura North ​ ​(m. 1843)​Children William North Rice (b. 1845) Edward Hyde Rice (b. 1847) Charles Francis Rice (b. 1851) Caroline Laura Rice (b. 1...