terrestrial animal group from 66 million years ago to the present. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal, with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial...

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), also known as alpha-gal allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA), is an acquired allergy to the epitope of the carbohydrate molecule...

Mammalian vision is the process of mammals perceiving light, analyzing it and forming subjective sensations, on the basis of which the animal's idea of...

Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation during early prenatal development which leads to the development...

non-avian dinosaurs (birds being the only surviving dinosaurs) and several mammalian groups, placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms...

can have XXX or X. Mammalian females bear live young, with the exception of monotreme females, which lay eggs. Some non-mammalian species, such as guppies...

red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm. Overall, mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so...

Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (1993). Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data. Cornell University...

The mammalian kidneys are a pair of excretory organs of the urinary system of mammals, being functioning kidneys in postnatal-to-adult individuals (i...

million years ago. The number of extant reptiles far exceeds the number of mammalian species, with 11,733 recognized species of reptiles compared to 5,884...

Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. Yadav, Manju (2008). Mammalian Development. Discovery Publishing House. p. 117. ISBN 978-81-8356-299-7...

came out in September 2022. Gold released his second solo studio album, Mammalian Sighing Reflex, in November 2023. Gold formed the indie rock band Lovejoy...

Mammalian Biology (formerly Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) is a peer-reviewed bimonthly international scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business...

The rut (from the Latin rugire, meaning "to roar") is the mating season of certain mammals, which includes ungulates such as deer, sheep, camels, goats...

that are driven by sexual selection. The visible portion of eutherian mammalian genitals for males consists of the penis and scrotum; for females, it...

mating and copulation occur at oestrus (the most fertile period in the mammalian female's reproductive cycle), which increases the chances of successful...

Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is a double-stranded RNA virus. It is a part of the family Reoviridae, as well as the subfamily Spinareovirinae. As seen...

In zoology, copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into the female's reproductive...

Mammalian Species is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Mammalogists. The journal...

The diving reflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian diving reflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the...

Mammalian is a 2010 documentary film that follows Frank Wolf and Taku Hokoyama as they take on a 2,000 km canoe journey through the largest wilderness...

Mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIRs) are transposable elements in the genomes of some organisms and belong to the group of short interspersed nuclear...

The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three middle...

shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture that occurs in male and female mammalian genitalia. In males, smegma collects under the foreskin; in females, it...

238 critically endangered mammalian species, including 32 which are tagged as possibly extinct. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 3.9% are listed as...

turnover of mammalian communities in Asia approximately 8.7 million years ago is presented by Han et al. (2026). Fossils of a diverse mammalian assemblage...

Blanco, Y. D. (2018). "Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". Mammalian Species. 50 (956): 1–13. doi:10.1093/mspecies/sey001. hdl:11336/90534...

bones, and humans are the only ones to have lost them altogether. In some mammalian species, such as badgers and raccoons (Procyon lotor), the baculum can...

unidirectional through-flow as there is in the bird lung). This typical mammalian anatomy combined with the fact that the lungs are not emptied and re-inflated...

from advanced probainognathian cynodonts during the Late Triassic. Non-mammalian cynodonts occupied a variety of ecological niches, both as carnivores...

pair of eyes. Although mammalian vision is not as excellent as bird vision, it is at least dichromatic for most of mammalian species, with certain families...

is an evolutionary biology hypothesis to explain the origin of several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states...

disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and cause Borna disease in mammals. BoDV-1/2 have the...

474 endangered mammalian species. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 8.6% are listed as endangered. The IUCN also lists 86 mammalian subspecies as endangered...

57: 193–197. PMID 11787149. Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (2018-10-22). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG....

near threatened mammalian species. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 6.2% are listed as near threatened. The IUCN also lists 31 mammalian subspecies as...

insects, nematodes, fish, and other non-mammalian vertebrates. It has been observed in approximately 130 mammalian species, which is less than two percent...

the chorion that develops villi). The corresponding structure in non-mammalian animals is an undifferentiated ball of cells called the blastula. In humans...

Mammalian Genome is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of genetics and genomics in mouse, human and related...

and usually pathogenic circumstances. During embryonic development, the mammalian central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) is derived from the...

Lordosis behavior (/lɔːrˈdoʊsɪs/), also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from lordos "bent backward") or presenting, is the naturally occurring...

neuro-development and in neuron physiology are extremely conserved between mammalian species (94% of genes expressed in common between humans and chimpanzees...

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as mammalian target of rapamycin is a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth...

In zoology, a scale (Ancient Greek: λεπίς, romanized: lepís; Latin: squāma) is a small rigid plate made out of keratin that grows out of vertebrate animals'...

In Pleistocene palaeontology, a mammalian assemblage zone (MAZ) is a collection of fossil bones of mammals. Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012). The British...

to the lower jaw bone called the simian shelf. In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure (the articular bone of the...

Meconium is the earliest stool of a mammalian infant resulting from defecation. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during...

physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria. Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females...

Baculovirus gene transfer into Mammalian cells (BacMam) is the use of a baculovirus to deliver genes to mammalian cells. Baculoviruses are insect viruses...

located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into...

Decades of research show that insects do sleep, and that this resembles mammalian and avian sleep. Nonetheless, sleep scientists continued to not accept...

mortality. Fertilization occurs within hours of insemination in most mammalians. Reproductive timing in mammals varies widely and is influenced by body...

lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain. The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play...

2010. Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. Bibcode:1984MamSp.222....1R. doi:10.2307/3503840....

As of March 2026, the IUCN listed 238 mammalian species as critically endangered, while 26% of all mammalian species were threatened with extinction...

(Latin meaning "transparent zone") is the specialized area surrounding mammalian oocytes (eggs). It is also known as an egg coat. The zona pellucida is...

(born 1946) is a developmental biologist, recognized for her work on mammalian genetics. She is a Special Lecturer and Professor Emerita in the Department...

The International Mammalian Genome Society (IMGS) is a professional scientific organization that promotes and coordinates the genetic and genomic study...

The Mammalian Promoter Database (MPromDb) is a curated database of gene promoters identified from ChIP-seq. The proximal promoter region (upstream of...

The Journal of Mammalian Evolution is the official journal of the Society for the Study of Mammalian Evolution. The journal is peer-reviewed Bi-monthly...

Marie Janis is a British–American palaeontologist whose work focuses on mammalian evolution. She is Professor Emerita of Biology at Brown University and...

It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut. Butyric acid was first observed in an impure form in 1814 by the...

the spiny anteater, both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood. The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration...

C tactile afferents are nerve receptors in mammalian skin that generally respond to nonpainful stimulation such as light touch. For this reason they are...

of the mammalian heart. Interbeat interval is a scientific term used in reference to the time interval between individual beats of the mammalian heart...

neopallium, isocortex or six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory...

migration (swim-up), density gradients, and filter. Capacitation occurs in mammalian species, but the duration of capacitation differs between species. Studies...

Molar (tooth) Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1857–1935. (1907). Evolution of mammalian molar teeth to and from the triangular type: including collected and revised...

Many mammalian species have developed keratinized penile spines along the glans or shaft, which may be involved in sexual selection. These spines have...

529 vulnerable mammalian species. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 9.6% are listed as vulnerable. The IUCN also lists 53 mammalian subspecies as vulnerable...

serotonin receptors and trace amine-associated receptors expressed in the mammalian brain, and regulates the activity of dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic...

least concern mammalian species. 56% of all evaluated mammalian species are listed as least concern. The IUCN also lists 127 mammalian subspecies as least...

location of the antitragus in the human ear. It occurs in a number of mammalian species, including weasels and bats, but is particularly noticeable on...

relative, the giant fossa. The fossas are the largest of Madagascar's mammalian carnivores. Bennett, E.T. (1833). "Notice of a new genus of Viverridous...

data deficient mammalian species. Of all evaluated mammalian species, 14% are listed as data deficient. The IUCN also lists 30 mammalian subspecies as...

associated functions has proven of considerable importance in the fields of mammalian evolution and taxonomy. For example, primates are phylogenetically divided...

of paternal investment in the breeding of the young. Only ~3–5% of all mammalian species are socially monogamous, including some species that mate for...

October 2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (eds.). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity...

small G proteins, Ca2+, and phospholipids. There are thirteen kinds of mammalian phospholipase C that are classified into six isotypes (β, γ, δ, ε, ζ,...

propel itself through a mammalian host cell. ActA is a bacterial surface protein comprising a membrane-spanning region. In a mammalian cell, the bacterial...

photoallergy and phototoxicity. The photosensitive ganglion cells in the mammalian eye are a separate class of light-detecting cells from the photoreceptor...

Teeth are common to most vertebrates, but mammalian teeth are distinctive in having a variety of shapes and functions. This feature first arose among...

dibenzocyclooctadiene, and dibenzylbutyrolactol." Many lignans are metabolized by mammalian gut microflora, producing so-called enterolignans. Flax seeds and sesame...

as a non-mammalian cynodont, implying a ghost lineage of over 100 million years since the previously youngest known record of non-mammalian cynodonts...

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. In most mammalian species, sex hormones control the ability and motivation to engage in...

concentration gradient. It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the...

reproductive tracts, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from other living mammals in that they...

dihydrosphingosine. Dihydroceramide is found in both yeast and mammalian systems. Ceramide is produced in mammalian systems by desaturation of dihydroceramide by dihydroceramide...

(2016). "Western Amazonia as a Hotspot of Mammalian Biodiversity Throughout the Cenozoic". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9333-1...

The Mammalian Genetics Unit was a genetics and genomics research institute in Oxfordshire. Earlier research on the same site at the Radiobiology Research...

across all three complex types (Table 1). Table 1. Subunit compositions of mammalian BAF complexes Many remodeling enzymes utilize the energy derived from...

(born March 14, 1980) is an American zoologist known for his research on mammalian biodiversity and taxonomy. Helgen obtained a bachelor's degree in biology...

to express recombinant proteins. CHO cells are the most commonly used mammalian hosts for industrial production of recombinant protein therapeutics. Chinese...

as with mammalian milk, but unlike mammalian milk, it contains no carbohydrates. Crop milk bears little physical resemblance to mammalian milk, though...

cause a human to develop alpha-gal syndrome, an allergy to non-catarrhine mammalian meat. Other disease-causing bacterial agents isolated from lone star ticks...

otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1. S2CID 16724836...

non-mammalian synapsids. List of pelycosaurs "Stereophallodon". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 8 August 2011. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids...

Science Technology Institute, CREST. Okamura's research group cloned mammalian Period genes, visualized clock oscillation at the single cell level in...

feedback mechanism within the cochlea that provides acute sensitivity in the mammalian auditory system. The main component of the cochlear amplifier is the outer...

and P. leucopus. In the United States, Peromyscus is the most populous mammalian genus overall, and has become notorious in the western United States as...

Systematics, Functional Morphology and Macroevolution of the Extinct Mammalian Order Taeniodonta, was published in 1986 by the Peabody Museum of Natural...

"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic, random monoallelic gene expression in mammalian cells". Science. 343 (6167): 193–6. Bibcode:2014Sci...343..193D. doi:10...

similar to the casein of mammalian milk and was called "vegetable casein" since it was considered analogous to the mammalian protein. The primary function...

and early Pliocene, machairodontines were the dominant cats and large mammalian predators across Afro-Eurasia and North America, with ancestors of living...

having discovered the function of the thymus and for the identification of mammalian species of the two major subsets of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)...

archaeologist known for his influential studies of Paleo-Indians and Pleistocene mammalian extinction in the Americas. He is currently Henderson-Morrison Professor...

reptilian lineage that became mammals by gradually evolving increasingly mammalian features, hence the name "mammal-like reptiles" (also known as pelycosaurs)...

is an enzyme that is encoded by the CSNK1E gene in humans. It is the mammalian homolog of doubletime. CK1ε is a serine/threonine protein kinase and is...

runs laterally around the eye socket. It is a trait that occurs in some mammalian taxa, such as most strepsirrhine primates and the hyrax, while haplorhine...

Munc-18 (an acronym for mammalian uncoordinated-18) proteins are the mammalian homologue of UNC-18 (which was first discovered in the nematode worm C....

metatherian and eutherian mammals. This combination of reptilian and mammalian structures within the monotreme reproductive tract has informed the evolution...

one of two distinct cell layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst, or from the blastula in reptiles and birds. It drives the...

The mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme is a self cleaving non-coding RNA located in the second intron of the CPEB3 gene which belongs to a family of genes regulating...

mechanisms and redundancy are used to maintain function of the clock. Several mammalian clock genes have been identified and characterized through experiments...

Technology. He is most notable for his contributions to the discovery of the mammalian period genes, which he discovered alongside Yoshiyuki Sakaki and Hitoshi...

Viverra is a mammalian genus that was first named and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 as comprising several species including the large Indian civet...

sagittal crest. The dental formula is: 5.1.3.44.1.3.4 × 2 = 50 teeth. By mammalian standards, this is an unusually full jaw. The incisors are very small...

earliest animals that can be described as "sabertooths" were groups non-mammalian therapsids known as the gorgonopsians and basal therocephalians (lycosuchids...

Neurokinin A has many excitatory effects on mammalian nervous systems and is also influential on the mammalian inflammatory and pain responses. Neurokinin...

as SOCS1 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP). The mammalian types are designated IFN-α (alpha), IFN-β (beta), IFN-κ (kappa), IFN-δ...

Κ-casein, or kappa casein, is a mammalian milk protein involved in several important physiological processes. Chymosin (found in rennet) splits K-casein...

in a large number of non-mammalian species, from marine invertebrates to frogs. The sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species vary to a large extent...

Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivores that typically bore a pair of tusks...

The list of mammals of Washington lists mammalian species that live in the U.S. state of Washington, including 9 introduced mammal species. The list does...

Anne Carla Ferguson-Smith (born 23 July 1961) is a mammalian developmental geneticist. She is the Executive Chair of the Biotechnology and Biological...

the syntheses of ceramides found in yeast. Three years previously, the mammalian gene upstream of growth and differentiation factor-1 (UOG-1) was discovered...

is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability...

in 1972, graduating with Honors 1st Class. She then earned her PhD in mammalian development from Darwin College, University of Cambridge, England, in...

Greek μάρσιππος (mársippos), meaning 'pouch'. Marsupials have typical mammalian characteristics, e.g., mammary glands, three middle ear bones (and ears...

In mammalian anatomy, the infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. As one of the four...

ventral parts of the pallium. The medial pallium is the progenitor of the mammalian hippocampus, and is thought to be involved in spatial cognitive mapping...

predator richness in mammalian communities from the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Argentina), aiming to determine whether the mammalian predator guild from...

A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal. In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are: The nostrils...

deficiency pathway. The toll pathway is similar to mammalian TLR signalling, but unlike mammalian TLRs, Toll is not activated directly by pathogen-associated...

the University of Helsinki known for her research on the development of mammalian organs, especially tooth development. Thesleff received a degree in dentistry...

zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the zygomatic bone is referred to as the jugal bone, since...

restricted due to the fundamental nature of meiosis. In order to study mammalian meiosis, a culture technique that would allow for this process to be observed...

spectroscopy, luminescence-based mammalian interactome mapping (LUMIER), resonance-energy transfer systems, mammalian protein–protein interaction trap...

diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in humans and other mammalian species. The genus includes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which...

is an antigen-presenting cell (also known as an accessory cell) of the mammalian immune system. A dendritic cell's function is to process antigen material...

electron transport chain are encoded and translated within mitochondria. Mammalian mitoribosomes have small 28S and large 39S subunits, together forming...

Japan Prize for their discoveries concerning the early development of mammalian embryos. In 1950 Tarkowski was admitted to study at the Faculty of Biology...

environments with consistently high precipitations prevailed. Modern mammalian orders including the Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla and Primates (or the...

glucokinase, though it is no more specific for glucose than the other mammalian isoenzymes. Genes that encode hexokinase have been discovered in every...

developed. The selection of cell culture medium is crucial for efficient mammalian cell culture, significantly affecting cell growth, productivity, and consistency...

retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. The presence of an additional photoreceptor was first suspected in...

mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein kinase complex that functions...

article describes the human visual system, which is representative of mammalian vision, and to a lesser extent the vertebrate visual system. Together...

thought to have evolved independently in each kingdom. Many aspects of mammalian behavior and physiology show circadian rhythmicity, including sleep, physical...

dog'). The juxtaposition of reptilian and mammalian names highlights the transitional characters of non-mammalian therapsids. The type specimen is CGP 1/67...

pork steak or Gentleman's Cut, is a long, thin cut of pork. As in all mammalian quadrupeds, the tenderloin is the psoas major muscle along the central...

orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (4): 861–862. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz015...

in a large number of non-mammalian species, from marine invertebrates to frogs. The sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species vary to a large extent...

biologist known for her work on the biology and molecular mechanisms of mammalian skin and skin diseases, who helped lead the modernization of dermatology...

January 2016). "The Textbook in the Modern Mammalogy Classroom". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 23 (2): 217–218. doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9319-4. S2CID 17883651...

her research focus from amphibians to mammals and became a pioneer in mammalian transgenesis. In 1965, she became an adjunct professor at the University...

Ham's tissue culture medium is a growth medium for mammalian cells. It contains in amounts dissolved in 1 liter of triple distilled water: L-Arginine...

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide...

relates to the number brain neurons have varied in evolution, then not all mammalian brains are necessarily built as larger or smaller versions of a same plan...

introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome (both bacterial and mammalian cells). Transduction was discovered in Salmonella by Norton Zinder and...

mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Mammalian expression vectors offer considerable advantages for the expression of mammalian proteins over bacterial expression...

and especially PARP-1, are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity. The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly(ADP ribosyl)ation capability...

upper respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis, and biliary atresia. Mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (strain dearing-T3D) induces cell death preferentially...

joint. The squamosal bone lies anterior to the quadrate bone. In non-mammalian synapsids, the jaw is composed of four bony elements and referred to as...

Doctoral Program in Molecular Toxicology. He is recognized for introducing mammalian cell genetics into the study of toxicology and for his pioneering investigations...

or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, at the superior portion of the right ventricle. The function of...

bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation...

respiratory cycle has a one-to-one relationship with the wing-beat cycle. Their mammalian lungs prevent them from flying at high altitudes. Bats can also meet oxygen...

significant thyrotropic effect. However, in representatives of all non-mammalian vertebrates, it has been found that, in addition to its corticotropic...

Economo neurons, also called spindle neurons, are a specific class of mammalian cortical neurons characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma (or body)...

clade in which endothermy ("warm-bloodedness") first appeared in the mammalian lineage. Mammaliamorpha was named in 1988 by the American palaeontologist...

different species. The work of Korbinian Brodmann (1909) established that the mammalian neocortex is consistently divided into six layers. Layer I is the molecular...

Deuterosaurus is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids, one of the non-mammalian synapsids dominating the land during the late Paleozoic. Deuterosaurus...

mammals, the teat projects from the udder. The number of teats varies by mammalian species and often corresponds to the average litter size for that animal...

Michael Archer, who contributed to many Australian palaeontological and mammalian discoveries. The species is very similar to the crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus...

allows blood to flow in one direction through the chambers of the heart. A mammalian heart usually has four valves. Together, the valves determine the direction...

Coccidioidomycosis (/kɒkˌsɪdiɔɪdoʊmaɪˈkoʊsɪs/, kok-SID-ee-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis) is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii...

contributed to the discovery of nitric oxide as a transient cellular signal in mammalian systems. Furchgott was born in Charleston, South Carolina, to Arthur Furchgott...

bacteria and plant cells, and is widely distributed in vertebrate tissue. In mammalian cells the enzyme is predominantly located in the plasma membrane and its...

MacLean maintained that the structures of the limbic system arose early in mammalian evolution (hence "paleomammalian", with paleo- meaning old) and were responsible...

Ojasti, Juhani (16 June 1986). "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Brisson 1762". Mammalian Species (264): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3503784. JSTOR 3503784. S2CID 250991487...

Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (November 2006). "The receptors and cells for mammalian taste". Nature. 444 (7117): 288–94. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..288C. doi:10...

paleontologist, and functional and comparative anatomist. He was an expert on mammalian dentition, and a contributor to theories of evolution. He presented his...

which demonstrated random inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes in mammalian female cells, a mechanism of dosage compensation. Childs was the author...

Leontosaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids from the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation of South Africa. It contains the single...

Acidifiers are inorganic chemicals that, put into a human (or other mammalian) body, either produce or become acid. These chemicals increase the level...

(genital swellings or labioscrotal folds) are paired structures in the mammalian embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end...

evolves to form the malleus, one of the mammalian ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade, and is used to determine the fossil...

tenrec (Echinops telfairi) is one of 16 mammalian species that will have its genome sequenced as part of the Mammalian Genome Project. It is increasingly popular...

themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agonistic encounters. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group with different compositions and modes...

to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species. Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below...

vittata". Mammalian Species. 727: Number 727: pp. 1–8. doi:10.1644/727. S2CID 198121748. Yensen, E.; Tarifa, T. (2003). "Galictis cuja". Mammalian Species...

and Physiology to Evolutionary Patterns of Mammalian Diversity and Disparity" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20 (4): 279–290. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9220-3...

active components in milk, typically provided by the infant's mother. All mammalian milk contains water, sugar, fat, vitamins, and protein with the variation...

(hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium) is a selection medium for mammalian cell culture, which relies on the combination of aminopterin, a drug that...

In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, eye teeth, vampire teeth, or fangs, are the relatively long, pointed teeth...

"The Phylogenetic Affinities of the Enigmatic Mammalian Clade Gondwanatheria". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (1): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3...

naturally occurring progression that occurs as mammalian ovaries age. Approximately 1% of mammalian follicles in ovaries undergo ovulation and the remaining...

Chromosome painting data are now available for members of nearly all mammalian orders. It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates...

mammals in all. Together with the pikas, the Leporidae constitute the mammalian order Lagomorpha. Leporidae differ from pikas in that they have short...

as hsa-mir-21 or miRNA21 is a mammalian microRNA that is encoded by the MIR21 gene. MIRN21 was one of the first mammalian microRNAs identified. The human...

the pulmonary capillary. Alveoli make up the functional tissue of the mammalian lungs known as the lung parenchyma, which takes up 90 percent of the total...

Characters". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 28 (4): 1027–1049. doi:10.1007/s10914-021-09586-1. S2CID 245212060. Lopatin, A. V. (2021). "Mammalian Tooth Marks on...

pluriblast in marsupials) is a structure in the early development of a mammalian embryo. It is the mass of cells inside the blastocyst that will eventually...

Mastersonia is an extinct genus of non-mammalian therapsids from the Lower Permian of San Angelo Formation, Texas. It is only known from a few, very large...

glutamine synthetase. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its distribution in mammalian organs, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the...

condyloid process or condylar process is the process on the human and other mammalian species' mandibles that ends in a condyle, the mandibular condyle. It...

Xenarthrans may have evolved from ancestors that had already lost basic mammalian dental features like tooth enamel and a crown with cusps; reduced, highly...

otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1. S2CID 16724836...

membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3 (PITPNM3) is a mammalian protein that localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane...

insecticides. While nithiazine has the desired specificity (i.e. low mammalian toxicity), it is not photostable—that is, it breaks down in sunlight and...

Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Therian may refer to: A member of the mammalian subclass Theria, consisting of marsupial and placental mammals Therianthropy...

forming a mammalian blastula, called a blastocyst. The axis formed by the inner cell mass and the blastocoel is the first axis of symmetry of mammalian embryo...

input pathways on extra-retinal photoreceptors of non-mammalian vertebrates, discovering a mammalian mutation for circadian rhythmicity (tau mutation in...

Allen, J. A. (1882). Preliminary List of Works and Papers Relating to the Mammalian Orders Cete and Sirenia. Bulletin of the United States Geological and...

infectious diseases. Levine was described as a pioneer in the field of modern mammalian autophagy. Beth Levine was born on April 7, 1960, in Newark, New Jersey...

divided hoof, or split hoof is a hoof split into two toes. Members of the mammalian order Artiodactyla that possess this type of hoof include pigs (suborder...

on the evolution of giant pandas during the Pleistocene". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 137–154. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09637-1. Jin, Changzhu;...

Frey BJ, Blencowe BJ (2004). "Revealing global regulatory features of mammalian alternative splicing using a quantitative microarray platform". Mol. Cell...

and has functionality analogous to the spindle, spn, gene class. Its mammalian homolog is MAEL. Maelstrom helps establish anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral...

Stereorachis is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids from the Late Carboniferous of France. List of pelycosaurs Gaudry, A. (1880). "Sur un reptile...

in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). The multicellular animal Henneguya salminicola is known...

circadian period as the result of light intensity. Research on several mammalian species supports Aschoff's rules by lesioning anatomical features related...

(the ancestors of placentals, who lack them). They first occur in non-mammalian cynodonts such as tritylodontids, suggesting that they are a synapomorphy...

reproductive system of amniotes. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a primordial phallus...

is a continuation of the body of the human penis, differing from other mammalian penises in that it has no baculum (or erectile bone) and instead relies...

p11. Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222). The American Society of Mammalogists: 3. Bibcode:1984MamSp...

in the critical interval. One of these was Period2 (Per2) which is a mammalian gene sufficient for the maintenance of circadian rhythms. Sequencing of...

Siderocalin (Scn), lipocalin-2, NGAL, 24p3 is a mammalian lipocalin-type protein that can prevent iron acquisition by pathogenic bacteria by binding siderophores...

FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mouse/Mammalian Genome) is an international research consortium first established in 2000 as part of the RIKEN research...

chicken (Gallus domesticus) receptor which is homologous to both the mammalian BB3 and fBB4 and so they named it chBRS-3.5. Erspamer 1988 finds bombesin...

Nielsen, R.; Siepel, A. (2008). "Patterns of Positive Selection in Six Mammalian Genomes". PLOS Genetics. 4 (8) e1000144. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000144...

Laurie, W.A.; Lang, E.M.; Groves, C.P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Mammalian Species (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002. Weights are for...

result of the loss of the Pebas Mega-Wetland, or the diversification of mammalian predators and the phorusrhacid birds, although this has been questioned...

multigene family. Four of its homologues have already been identified in mammalian cells. One of them is LC3 (MAP1LC3A), a light chain of the microtubule-associated...

Mammalia)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 23 (4): 337–352. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9327-z. S2CID 33676627. Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A...

and a large number of other C- and N-nucleoside analogs. The AdK from mammalian sources, in addition to carrying out ATP-dependent phosphorylation of...

attributed to the introduction of mammalian predators, habitat destruction, and habitat modification by introduced mammalian browsers. New populations of some...

octane. It has a role as a human metabolite, a bacterial metabolite and a mammalian metabolite. It is an alkane and a volatile organic compound. "2,3,3-TRIMETHYLPENTANE...

includes nearly a third of all mammalian orders currently found in Africa and Madagascar, but only 75 of more than 1,200 mammalian species in those areas. While...

Mammalogical Society of Japan, in English, and, in Japanese, the biannual Mammalian Science (哺乳類科学, Honyūrui Kagaku). It also oversaw publication, in 2015...

early synapsids and therapsids, but were lost in cynodonts and their mammalian descendants. The English synonyms palate and palatum, and also the related...

Amino acid response is the mechanism triggered in mammalian cells by amino acid starvation. The amino acid response pathway is triggered by shortage of...

promise of high competitiveness towards traditional mammalian cell expression systems. Mammalian cell expression systems are essential for the transient...

and is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid widely distributed in mammalian tissues and organs. Structurally, by containing a sulfonic acid group...

FROO-jih-vor) is an animal that thrives mostly on fruits. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance...

been described as "one of the most complex and problematic groups in mammalian systematics". The North American species migrated from Eurasia. They invaded...

structure of their teeth, suggest that they were carnivores. Like other non-mammalian synapsids, therocephalians were once described as "mammal-like reptiles"...

related TET genes, TET1, TET2 and TET3 code respectively for three related mammalian proteins TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three proteins possess 5mC oxidase...

shows that the K-Pg extinction event led to a widespread increase in mammalian size and morphological diversity, with many small and medium-sized species...

composite transposons exist in other bovine genomic regions and other mammalian genomes. They could be detected with suitable algorithms. Tn10 Zelnick...

centered on ecomorphology and functional anatomy, convergent evolution, mammalian evolution during the Mesozoic era, and recent mammal biodiversity in the...

promoter sequences. There are about 12,000 binding sites for EGR1 in the mammalian genome and about half of EGR1 binding sites are located in promoters and...

whose research focused on RNA synthesis, processing, and regulation in mammalian cells. He spent most of his career at Fox Chase Cancer Center (then the...

DNase activity. These toxins trigger G2/M cell cycle arrest in specific mammalian cell lines, leading to the enlarged or distended cells for which these...

mammals, and crocodilians in the Everglades. Pronounced declines in several mammalian species have coincided spatially and temporally with the proliferation...

known as quelling), plants (post-transcriptional gene silencing) and mammalian cells(RNAi). If there is a complete or near complete sequence complementarity...

form water. The substrate specificity becomes dramatically restricted in mammalian tyrosinase which uses only L-form of tyrosine or DOPA as substrates, and...

conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry. Mammalian coats are colored for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures...

the DNA. DNA ligase is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see Mammalian ligases). In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology...

of medicine. In 1980, Herman edited Principles of Metabolic Control in Mammalian Systems, with co-authors Robert M. Cohen and Pamela D. McNamara of the...

dissertation was titled, The Ro Small Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins of Mammalian Cells. Wolin's doctoral advisor was Joan A. Steitz. She carried out postdoctoral...

2015. Hu, Wei-Shou; Dodge, Timothy C. (December 1985). "Cultivation of Mammalian Cells in Bioreactors". Biotechnology Progress. 1 (4): 209–215. doi:10...

potential. There are currently three known types of photoreceptor cells in mammalian eyes: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells...

(The term uterus is also applied to analogous structures in some non-mammalian animals.) In humans, the lower end of the uterus is a narrow part known...

transition when Mallorca and Menorca were united as one island, letting the mammalian fauna of Mallorca, including the goat-like ungulate Myotragus, colonize...

Australia have a rich fossil history, as well as a variety of extant mammalian species, dominated by the marsupials, but also including monotremes and...

of gastrointestinal illness. The appendix is an important component of mammalian mucosal immune function, particularly B cell–mediated immune responses...

Cell, the group identified insulin as a primary signal synchronizing mammalian circadian rhythms with feeding time. In 2017, the lab also demonstrated...

proteins; however, its structural organization is only partly solved. The mammalian adenylyl cyclase family comprises nine membrane adenylyl cyclases (mACs...

the force of the bite. Lactation, along with other characteristically mammalian features, is also thought to characterize the Mammaliaformes, but these...

synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid. Mammalian cells, and some bacteria, do not synthesize but require preformed folic...

able to suppress the RNAi response in mammalian cells may be evidence in favour of an RNAi-dependent mammalian immune response, although this hypothesis...

Delphaciognathus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny...

J.C. Lin, and D. Christensen. "Microwave induced acoustic effects in mammalian auditory systems and physical materials", Annals of New York Academy of...

In mammalian biology, insulated neighborhoods are chromosomal loop structures formed by the physical interaction of two DNA loci bound by the transcription...

aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic...

patterning in mammalian embryos, beginning with her doctoral thesis entitled, "Studies on cell fate and cell potency in the postimplantation mammalian embryo"...

Institute. Takahashi's research group discovered the genetic basis for the mammalian circadian clock in 1994 and identified the Clock gene in 1997. Takahashi...

specialization in mammalian brains. Tanner's dissertation was titled "Cat"-ology: spectrally resolved neurophotonics in the mammalian brain and phantom...

million years following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Several mammalian skulls were found in a type of rock called concretion. Among these was...

), "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage", The Late Triassic World, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International...

Lavanify is a mammalian genus from the late Cretaceous (probably Maastrichtian, about 71 to 66 million years ago) of Madagascar. The only species, L. miolaka...

especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor that reduces the sensitivity...

non-helical hydrostatic skeleton structure is the functional basis of the mammalian penis, which fills the corpus cavernosa with blood to maintain physical...

[ISBN missing] Jack, Julian (1960). Inhibition and excitation in the mammalian spinal cord (PhD thesis). University of Otago. OCLC 429667593. "Your Otago-Member...

mouse ovaries. There is widespread scientific disagreement about whether mammalian oogenesis occurs post-natally. In female human cancer patients that were...

or lateral rostral. It is particularly well developed within many non-mammalian synapsids, where it forms a floor to the nasal opening. It is present...

in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the...

glaber". Mammalian Species. 2002. doi:10.1644/0.706.1. Bennett, Nigel C.; Jarvis, Jennifer U. M. (2004). "Cryptomys damarensis". Mammalian Species. 756...

neonates of the three major mammalian groups (monotremes, marsupials, placentals) and implications for the ancestral mammalian neonate morphotype". Journal...

otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1. S2CID 16724836...

water buffalo. Hyraxes retain or have redeveloped a number of primitive mammalian characteristics; in particular, they have poorly developed internal temperature...

Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media:...

Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics Series. 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233. Sullivan1997>Sullivan...

Child Health and Human Development. His research focus is in the area of mammalian hematopoiesis. Love earned his B.S. in biochemistry, summa cum laude,...

Muv genes were classified, with class B genes encoding homologues of mammalian RB, E2F, and DP1, and others such as LIN-54, LIN-37, LIN-7 and LIN-52...

University Press ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3 Ian R. Tizard (2023). Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals...

systems include those derived from bacteria, yeast, baculovirus/insect, mammalian cells, and more recently filamentous fungi such as Myceliophthora thermophila...

expression. The mammalian TTFL model contains many components that are homologs of the ones found in Drosophila. The way the mammalian system works is...

Verena Bärmann; et al. (2013), "The curious case of Gazella arabica", Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 78 (3): 220–225, Bibcode:2013MamBi...

Tilly. The company was based on scientific work done by Tilly concerning mammalian oogonial stem cells and work on mitochondria by Sinclair. The company...

ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs...

zygote) is formed, which rapidly grows into a new organism. While the non-mammalian animal egg was obvious, the doctrine ex ovo omne vivum ("every living...

Dust bathing is a maintenance behavior performed by a wide range of mammalian and avian species. For some animals, dust baths are necessary to maintain...

to progress to S-phase in most mammalian cells. The restriction point (R-point) marks the critical event when a mammalian cell commits to proliferation...

they have two functional chitinases, Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), as well as chitinase-like proteins (such as YKL-40)...

insights into the origin and systematics of the South American tapirs". Mammalian Biology. 81 (2): 163–175. Bibcode:2016MamBi..81..163R. doi:10.1016/j.mambio...

Most aspects of human biology are identical or very similar to general mammalian biology. In particular, and as examples, humans: maintain their body temperature...

is the sodium salt of butyric acid. It has various effects on cultured mammalian cells including inhibition of proliferation, induction of differentiation...

right upper molariform) tooth. It might represent the last known non-mammalian synapsid. The holotype specimen, GSI/SR/PAL-B215 has suffered breakage...

standard Alanine transaminase, or glutamate pyruvate transaminase, a mammalian protein Goniopora toxin, a polypeptide toxin UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—...

3β-Androstenol, also known as 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol, is a naturally occurring mammalian pheromone known to be present in humans and pigs. It is thought to play...

Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley...

Carnassial in Living Mammalian Carnivores (Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Dasyuromorphia): Diet, Phylogeny, and Allometry". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 27 (1):...

assembled complex. The αC-Helix region is highly conserved across many of the mammalian kinome (family of kinases). Its main responsibility is to maintain allosteric...

the leaves, swallowing the sap and spitting out the remainder. Arboreal mammalian folivores, such as sloths, koalas, and some species of monkeys and lemurs...

wolves, coyotes, and jackals Dog, the domestic dog Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy Henry Canine (fl. 1938), American football coach Ralph Canine...

conserved within eukaryotic species, with >80% amino acid homology in mammalian PAPs, and >70% sequence homology in PAPs of plant origin. However sequence...

"The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (1): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3...

a large-bodied mammalian herbivore clade in an insular context: New embrithopods from the Eocene of Balkanatolia". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (15)...

caput, 'head'. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain, containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex....

glycosylated (carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. Mammalian cells ensure expressed proteins are folded correctly and possess human-like...

semiconductor industry MEMC, a support chip in Acorn Computers mEMC, mammalian endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex Motion estimation/motion...

Emydorhinus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny...

Mammalian TrxR structure is similar to E. coli. It contains a FAD and NADPH binding domain, and an interface between two monomer subunits. Mammalian ThxR...

and distal to the oval window of the cochlea (of the inner ear). The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes), which...

monomer in all biota, and D-cysteine acts as a signaling molecule in mammalian nervous systems. Cysteine is named after its discovery in urine, which...

decline in neuronal function. Accumulation of DNA damage with age in the mammalian brain has been reported during the period 1971 to 2008 in at least 29...

well as advanced biology classes as objects for dissection. Pigs, as a mammalian species, provide a good specimen for the study of physiological systems...

and stable diversity of dental morphology and diets relative to other mammalian clades. A study on the affinities of metatherians from the Paleogene Itaboraí...

the mammalian species has been conserved over species not only in the DNA content but also in the genes themselves. That is, nearly all mammalian species...

this genus include mammals, birds and reptiles. Host range among the mammalian orders is non uniform. At least 29 species infect non human primates;...

of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20: 3–21. doi:10...

up whisker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A whisker is a type of mammalian hair. Whisker or Whiskers may also refer to: Whiskers, the main family...

associated transcriptional regulator (CCAT) is a transcription factor found in mammalian cells. In neuronal cells, CCAT is generated upon activation of a cryptic...

the original (PDF) on 2016-04-18. Retrieved 2017-12-11. "Late Miocene mammalian fauna from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". 2001. ProQuest 304683965...

Yoon, Hyejun (2016). "Comparison of carnivore, omnivore, and herbivore mammalian genomes with a new leopard assembly". Genome Biology. 17 (1): 211. doi:10...

found in the skin and some parts of the mucosa of all vertebrates. In mammalian skin, they are clear cells found in the stratum basale (at the bottom...

regions in non-mammalian synapsids, and on its implication for elucidating the evolution of anatomically distinct regions of the mammalian spines, is published...

blood of warm-blooded animals. However, the common vampire bat feeds on mammalian blood more than the other two species, which primarily feed on that of...

found only in therian mammals. It has been theorized that this unique mammalian nose evolved from the anterior part of the upper jaw of the reptilian-like...

(2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank E.; Asher, Robert J. (eds.). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity...

Latin 'upper hill') is a structure lying on the roof of the mammalian midbrain. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the homologous structure is known as the optic...

Esa YB, Gullberg A, Nilsson M, Short RV, Xu X, Janke A (June 2002). "Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree". Proceedings...

degree as the related Borhyaena. It was a generalist carnivore. Among mammalian carnivores of the Santa Cruz Formation, Arctodictis munizi had the largest...

One recent study claimed the origin of endothermy within Synapsida (the mammalian lineage) was among Mammaliamorpha, a node calibrated during the Late Triassic...

dysfunction), and behavioural or personality changes. Many different mammalian species can be affected by prion diseases, as the prion protein (PrP)...

(BHMT), a metabolic enzyme, could be used to assess autophagy flux in mammalian cells. Macro, micro, and Chaperone mediated autophagy are mediated by...

Barycka, E. (2007). "Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora". Mammalian Biology. 72 (5): 257–282. Bibcode:2007MamBi..72..257B. doi:10.1016/j.mambio...

publications such as the Journal of Mammalogy, Special Publications, Mammalian Species, and Society Pamphlets. The best known of these is the Journal...

the mammalian kidney, they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney...

diffuse cutaneous clinical manifestations in humans and certain other mammalian hosts. The cutaneous type develops an ulcer at the bite site, here the...

baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells...

genome also has both reptilian and mammalian genes associated with egg fertilisation. Though the platypus lacks the mammalian sex-determining gene SRY, a study...

mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS16 gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help...

Yang, Guang; Li, Ming (2015-03-01). "The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly...

Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. They varied widely in size; the largest belonged to the genera...

this reason their brains are more easily maintained without perfusion. Mammalian brains, on the other hand, have a much lesser degree of survival without...

deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae, and because exceptions to the mammalian limit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterised by increased...

the meat production industry, the term "meat" refers specifically to mammalian flesh, while the words "poultry" and "seafood" are used to differentiate...

an American geologist, paleontologist, and author who specializes in mammalian paleontology and magnetostratigraphy, a technique to date rock layers...

known as RPMI medium, is a cell culture medium commonly used to culture mammalian cells. RPMI 1640 was developed by George E. Moore, Robert E. Gerner, and...

outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals...

found to be in different stages of decomposition. A moderate selection of mammalian faunal remains were found between 1985 and 1990. They were found during...

She earned her PhD in 2010, "Optical sorting and photo-transfection of mammalian cells". She was a member of the SPIE students chapter in St Andrews. As...

Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts...

Paul James Moughan CNZM is a New Zealand scientist specialising in mammalian protein metabolism and its application to human nutrition and health. Moughan...

completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells, working in the genetics laboratory. After finishing his doctorate...

plants), mostly sharing the fused oxygenase-CAM-flavin-FNR structure of mammalian NOS. There can, however, be important changes to the structure. For example...

animals have features that resemble horns but differ structurally from mammalian horns. These including some chameleons, vipers, owls, frogs, boxfishes...

in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. Mammalian placentas probably first evolved about 150 million to 166 million years...

McGraw Hill. p. 395. ISBN 9781264265411. Dixson, Alan F. (2021-06-03). Mammalian Sexuality: The Act of Mating and the Evolution of Reproduction. Cambridge...

forms of mammalian protein (with specific exceptions) since November 1994 and to feed any farmed livestock, including fish and horses, with mammalian meat...

manually curated miRNA gene database MirGeneDB. miRNAs are abundant in many mammalian cell types. They appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and...

Calprotectin is a complex of the mammalian proteins S100A8 and S100A9. Other names for calprotectin include MRP8-MRP14, calgranulin A and B, cystic fibrosis...

crushing jaws similar to those of the modern Tasmanian devil. Although most mammalian predators of the northern hemisphere in this time period were placentals...

of palorchestid marsupials through analysis of mammalian humeral and femoral shape". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30: 47–66. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09640-6...

types of host organisms. The host organism can be a bacterium, yeast, mammalian cell, or plant cell. This host is called the "expression system". Homologous...

haliaetus) and black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura). Mammalian preys are generally less frequently taken than fish or avian prey. However...

scalp and are composed of epithelial skin cells. The surface layer of mammalian skin is called the stratum corneum, which is shed as part of normal skin...

into their dens. They primarily eat the highly digestible blubber. Large mammalian prey is typically killed with raw strength, including bites and paw swipes...

adaptability to almost any environment, the mouse is one of the most successful mammalian genera living on Earth today. In certain contexts, mice can be considered...

marbled polecat subspecies to be valid, with six listed in an article from Mammalian Species and five being recognised in the third edition of Mammal Species...

teeth") is a clade of cynodont therapsids including mammals and most non-mammalian cynodonts. The oldest eucynodonts are known from the Early Triassic and...

molecule interact with the Arg99, Val269, Val270, and Thr310 residues. Mammalian BCATs show a unique structural CXXC motif (Cys315 and Cys318) sensitive...

protein of cow and sheep's milk (~3 g/L), and is also present in many other mammalian species; a notable exception being humans. Its structure, properties and...

contains two guanylate cyclase domains. ADCY2 is one of ten different mammalian isoforms of adenylyl cyclases. ADCY2 can be found on chromosome 5 and...

of bromocresol green is to measure serum albumin concentration within mammalian blood samples in possible cases of kidney failure and liver disease. In...

effects have been created. IAA is listed in its MSDS as mutagenic to mammalian somatic cells, and possibly carcinogenic based on animal data. It may...

2017). "Genetic and pathogenic characterization of a novel reassortant mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (MRV3) from a diarrheic piglet and seroepidemiological...

which has two upper and three lower incisors. This makes it the only mammalian species with an asymmetrical dental formula. All species have two upper...

transcription-translation negative feedback loop is observed. Translated from the three mammalian homologs of drosophila-per, one of three PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and...

the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala...

Science with the title "The Intrinsic Electrophysiological Properties of Mammalian Neurons: Insights into Central Nervous System Function". Llinás made the...

mammals are actively guided to the egg. This opened the research field of mammalian sperm navigation (also termed sperm guidance). Eisenbach was born in Tel...

regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types.[citation needed] As a toxin, PHA can cause poisoning...

Lindblad-Toh is a scientist in comparative genomics, specializing in mammalian genetics. She is the Scientific Director of vertebrate genomics at the...

was a geneticist, known for the genetics of early mammalian development and for research into mammalian sperm surface structures and their role in fertilization...

Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (Upper Triassic, France): a Systematic Review". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (2): 127–146. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9335-z. S2CID 20444744...

Views in Paleontology: The Story of a Giant (Megatherium, Xenarthra)", Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology...

indoburmanica): a novel phylogenetic species of pangolin evolved in Asia". Mammalian Biology. 105 (5): 691–698. doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00475-7. ISSN 1616-5047...

nuclei, evolution of the vagus nerve, claims about mammalian social behavior in relation to non mammalian vertebrates, and interpretations of earlier physiological...

the cortex until ovulation occurs. It has been shown in both mammalian and non-mammalian animal models that cortical granule migration depends on cytoskeleton...

jaw. The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three...

Brinster is acknowledged as one of the seminal founders of the field of mammalian transgenesis. He is known throughout the scientific community for his...

family of voltage-gated chloride channels, which comprises at least 9 mammalian chloride channels. Each is believed to have 12 transmembrane domains and...

transfected mammalian cells are used in this system to find protein-protein interactions. Using a mammalian cell line to study mammalian protein-protein...

pan-mammalian epigenetic clocks capable of estimating age across all mammalian species. They also developed epigenetic predictors of maximum mammalian lifespan...

with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalians were the first non-mammalian therapsids to be scientifically described and their fossils are known...

L, Hartung T, Claypool SM, Watkins PA, Wolfgang MJ (June 2017). "The Mammalian Malonyl-CoA Synthetase ACSF3 Is Required for Mitochondrial Protein Malonylation...

not carcinomas. MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin color and hair color. It is located on the plasma membrane of specialized...

Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R. & Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458...

measurement. No other cells of mammalian organisms have deformability comparable with erythrocytes; furthermore, non-mammalian erythrocytes are not deformable...

identifying phagocytosis as the mode of elimination. In the blastocyst of the mammalian embryo, primordial germ cells arise from proximal epiblasts under the...

small membrane bound protein that enables the infiltration of cultured mammalian cells by enteric bacteria. The cellular entry of invasin is facilitated...

Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska: Including an Account of Some Allied Forms from Other Localities, Together with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Remains...

MAPK genes per organism ever found[citation needed]. Thus the role of mammalian ERK1/2 kinases as regulators of cell proliferation is not a generic, but...

the last common ancestor of all modern marsupials. A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately...

coiled form of cochlea is unique to mammals. In birds and in other non-mammalian vertebrates, the compartment containing the sensory cells for hearing...

vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ALB gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chemically similar. Serum albumin...

the midline of the top of the skull (at the sagittal suture) of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone...

Although considered a close relative of mammals, it did have some non-mammalian characteristics inherited from its predecessors: the first two vertebrae...

expression#Enhancers, transcription factors, mediator complex and DNA loops in mammalian transcription). About 22% of transcription factors are inhibited from...

from the male. Although imprinting accounts for a small proportion of mammalian genes, they play an important role in embryogenesis particularly in the...

whether they are associated with high-frequency or low-frequency regions. Mammalian cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct...

for Multidisciplinary Sciences. She is known for her work on meiosis in mammalian oocytes, for her studies on the mechanisms leading to the age-related...

paraphyletic Triconodonta. Traditionally seen as the classical Mesozoic small mammalian insectivores, discoveries over the years have shown them to be among the...

South American cats such as jaguars, ocelots and cougars and from non-mammalian predators such as eagles, caimans and green anacondas. Capybaras are gregarious...

Bonnie S. Dunbar; M.G. O'Rand (29 June 2013). A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 330–. ISBN 978-1-4757-8982-9...

Peter; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2020-10-01). "Multiple hypotheses about two mammalian upper dentitions from the Early Cretaceous of Australia". Alcheringa:...

The calyx of Held is a particularly large excitatory synapse in the mammalian auditory nervous system, so named after Hans Held who first described it...

(Carnivora, Hyaenidae) Shows Incipient Adaptations to Durophagy". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (2): 207–219. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9334-0. ISSN 1064-7554...

extinct genus of South American metatherian within borhyaenaid, a family of mammalian predators part of the now extinct order Sparassodonta. The genus lived...

group of recently evolved hormones primarily associated to the success of mammalian development. These hormones are specific to mammals and are not found...

1038/351649a0. PMID 2052090. S2CID 4344039. Kuma, K.; Miyata, T. (1994). "Mammalian phylogeny inferred from multiple protein data" (PDF). Japanese Journal...

Nishihara, H.; Hasegawa, M; Okada, N (2006). "Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions". Proceedings...

parvovirus, and rabies. Predators to the bat-eared fox are mostly large mammalian carnivores, but they are also prey to large raptors and the Central African...

pioneer gene cloning techniques in Australia, and to successfully clone mammalian genes. Adams currently shares (with Andreas Strasser) the position of...

widely adopted to explain the cortical processing of information. The mammalian cerebral cortex, the grey matter encapsulating the white matter, is composed...

discovery of lyssavirus sequences from amphibians and reptiles challenges the mammalian origin of lyssaviruses. The greater antigenic diversity of lyssaviruses...

Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6 10: 4–5. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10...

of a host cell via Ephrin B1, B2, or B3, a family of highly conserved mammalian proteins. The structure of the attachment glycoprotein has been determined...

Zool. Jb., Anat. 30: pp. 175-260. Pilgrim, G. (1910). "Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the Tertiaries of India". Records of the Geological...

usually of the species Mus musculus. They are the most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research in genetics, physiology, psychology...

role in neurodegeneration, and its importance in cellular function. The mammalian mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2, GTPases localized to the outer membrane, mediate...

and triflumuron. Many older BPUs are no longer in use. BPUs have a good mammalian tox profile. Diflubenzuron is considered to be of very low acute toxicity...

spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction...

(birds are generally regarded as the surviving dinosaurs) and several mammalian groups, placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms...

5735/086.054.0506. S2CID 90155276. Bekoff, M. (1977). "Canis latrans". Mammalian Species (79): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3503817. ISSN 1545-1410. JSTOR 3503817...

replication and meiotic crossing over. It then stops in early prophase. Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time—months...

Myosauroides is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. It is found only at Kleinfontein, Graaff-Reinet (Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone). Paleontology...

(Sperm-specific protein izumo) is encoded in humans by the IZUMO1 gene. In mammalian fertilisation, IZUMO1 binds to its egg receptor counterpart, Juno, to...

(2018-10-22). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (eds.). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity...

medium-sized, highly specialized mammal-like cynodonts, with several mammalian traits including erect limbs, endothermy, and some details of the skeleton...

of clade Pan-Carnivora from mirorder Ferae. Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that are believed to have arose either in the Late Cretaceous...

effects.[which?] The plant lignans are precursors of the enterolignans (mammalian lignans). Although some studies attribute disease preventative (cardio-protective...

Teeth have an even better chance of preservation than bones. The European mammalian biozones were established for the Paleogene (66-23.03 Mya, 8 zones) and...

allometry (CREA) is a scientific theory regarding trends in the shape of mammalian skulls during the course of evolution in accordance with body size (i...

discovered through phylogenetic analyses and is one of the well-established mammalian clades, recovered by practically all comprehensive analyses. Several characteristics...

cis-Regulatory Element Evolution of the Dlx3–4 Bigene Cluster in 12 Different Mammalian Species". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental...

of Conservative and Radical Nonsynonymous Nucleotide Substitutions in Mammalian Nuclear Genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 50 (1): 56–68. Bibcode:2000JMolE...

modifications, as described by H. W. Shimer in 1903, that are shared in all mammalian burrowing species: Fusiform, a spindle-shaped body tapering at both ends...

there is a divergence in the characteristics of the allantois among mammalian species. Structural variations of the allantois include differences in...

McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Snyder, D.P. (1982). "Tamias striatus". Mammalian Species (168): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503819. JSTOR 3503819. Wilson, D. E.;...

years ago. Mastication, as it requires specialized teeth, is mostly a mammalian adaptation that appeared in early Synapsids, although some later herbivorous...

The so-called Vallesian Crisis resulted in the extinction of several mammalian taxa characteristic of the Middle Miocene. The term "Vallesian" was introduced...

ingested feed, which is often fiber-rich roughage typically indigestible by mammalian digestive systems. The rumen is known for containing unique microbial...

envenomate a prey animal may have to track the prey as it flees. Typically, a mammalian prey will stop fleeing not because of death, but due to shock caused by...

Spiekman, Stephan N F (2018). 4. Mammalian embryology and organogenesis. In: Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert. Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics...

Mammalian vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as...

structurally and functionally from mammalian IgG, and does not cross-react with antibodies raised against mammalian IgG. Since chickens can lay eggs almost...

non-dividing forms excreted with the insect’s feces. After entering the mammalian host through mucous membranes or skin lesions, metacyclic trypomastigotes...

Biarmosuchia is an extinct clade of carnivorous non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian. They were moderately-sized, lightly built carnivores, intermediate...

are known as the eared owls, as they have tufts of feathers resembling mammalian ears. These "ear" tufts may or may not be visible. The short-eared owl...

parietal and frontal lobes, is located within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain. The cerebrum is divided by the medial longitudinal fissure into...

predators that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of placental mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous borhyaenid...

first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex...

In 1974, Hossmann and Zimmermann demonstrated that ischemia induced in mammalian brains for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered. Accordingly...

chlorantraniliprole has towards insect ryanodine receptors explains its low mammalian toxicity. Chlorantraniliprole is active on chewing pest insects primarily...

5-Epoxy-(E)-2-decenal (E2D) is an oxygenated α,β-unsaturated aldehyde found in mammalian blood that gives blood its characteristic metallic odor. It is used by...

far this process has been discovered in mammals only. The discovery of mammalian sperm chemotaxis and the realization that it can guide spermatozoa for...

Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most non-mammalian aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions...

western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii) is Western Australia's largest endemic mammalian carnivore. One of the many marsupial mammals native to Australia, it is...

proteins: Mammalian sodium/sulphate cotransporter. Mammalian renal sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter, which transports succinate and citrate. Mammalian intestinal...

between each organism it is present in. Most notably, it can be found in mammalian cells such as plasma of rat livers and bovine brains, and can also be...

Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media:...

PE, Coulombe PA, et al. (July 2006). "New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins". J. Cell Biol. 174 (2): 169–74. doi:10.1083/jcb.200603161. PMC 2064177...

657–665. doi:10.4202/app.00408.2017. Quach, Katyanna (November 8, 2017). "Our oldest mammalian ancestor named after British pub landlord". The Register....

cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as part of the NER complex and identifying mammalian repair polymerases. The NER DNA repair pathway is a complex mechanism...

velocity and adapt to varying terrain. It has been suggested that the mammalian locomotor CPG comprises a "timer" (possibly in the form of coupled oscillators)...

1670. PMC 8548784. PMID 34702071. Fay, F.H. (1985). "Odobenus rosmarus". Mammalian Species (238): 1–7. Bibcode:1985MamSp.238....1F. doi:10.2307/3503810....

its isolation from other continents, South America developed a unique mammalian, avian, and reptilian fauna prior to the Great American Interchange. Phorusrhacos...

teeth. Animals whose teeth are all of the same type, such as most non-mammalian vertebrates, are said to have homodont dentition, whereas those whose...

insect larvae, and berries. Adult wolverines appear to be one of the few mammalian carnivores to pose an active threat to golden eagles. Wolverines were...

consisting of Mre11, Rad50, and Xrs2. It is a budding yeast homolog of the mammalian Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA damage repair complex. Cells are able to accurately...

The midbody is a transient structure found in mammalian cells and is present near the end of cytokinesis just prior to the complete separation of the...

; Roth-Walter, F. (March 2016). "Structural similarities of human and mammalian lipocalins, and their function in innate immunity and allergy". Allergy...

reclassified as a strain of the species Reovirus type 1, currently named Mammalian orthoreovirus of the genus Orthoreovirus, which belongs to the family...

sound in direction and distance. The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied. The auditory system uses...