The Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Mehrheitssozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, MSPD) was the name officially used by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) between April 1917 and September 1922.[1] The name differentiated it from the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD), which split from the SPD as a result of the party majority's support of the government during the First World War.
Governments led by the MSPD steered Germany through the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the first years of the Weimar Republic. They followed a moderate course towards a parliamentary system and often used military force against the radical left groups that wanted a soviet style government. The MSPD introduced important social reforms such as the eight-hour workday and early forms of unemployment and health insurance. The party won more votes than any other in the first two national elections.
The breakaway USPD was considerably weakened after the Spartacus League, its revolutionary wing, joined with other communist groups to form the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. In 1922 the majority of the remaining USPD members united with the MSPD, and the party returned to its original SPD name.
Significant disputes over the direction of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) began with the revisionist debate triggered by Eduard Bernstein. He and his supporters sought to achieve socialism not through revolution, the original goal of the SPD, but through reforms and democratic majorities legitimised in general elections. The reformist wing of the party – or "revisionist" in the party's internal parlance at the time – gradually gained acceptance within the SPD.[2][3] By the time of the repeal of the Bismarckian Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890, the majority of the party in its practical politics had come to accept and support parliamentarism. After the death in 1913 of party chairman August Bebel, who had stood as a figure who could integrate the party's two wings,[4] Friedrich Ebert was elected to the leadership of the party. His was a clearly moderate voice that continued to champion the reformist course.[5]
Internal party differences between the anti-reformists and reformists were exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War, in particular the issue of Burgfriedenspolitik, an agreement among the parties in the Reichstag that subordinated party interests to war policy and national interest. The trade unions refrained from striking, all parties supported war credits and agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war. The majority of the SPD Reichstag party membership under the leadership of Ebert and Hugo Haase, who later moved to the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), supported Burgfriedenspolitik and the war policy of the German Empire.[6][7]
At the end of 1914, Karl Liebknecht of the SPD was the first member of the Reichstag to vote against war credits. He was expelled from the party in 1916 for his opposition to its leadership. The SPD's left-wing revolutionary International Group, which was founded by Rosa Luxemburg and renamed the Spartacus Group in 1916 and the Spartacus League in 1918, had also agitated against the war from the outset.[5]
Over time, the deadlocked course of the war, with tens of thousands of fallen soldiers and growing hardship among the German population, led to increasing doubts about its justifications among both the general population and in the ranks of the Social Democrats. By 1915/1916, members of the Marxist wing and moderate leftists and reformists such as Hugo Haase and Eduard Bernstein opposed the war.[8] In 1917 the anti-war faction within the party had grown to 45 members. In March the majority of the SPD parliamentary membership, led by Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, voted to expel the opponents of the war. At a conference from 6–8 April 1917 in Gotha, the former members founded the USPD, with the Spartacus group around Luxemburg, Liebknecht and Clara Zetkin as its left wing. To distinguish itself from the USPD, the remaining part of the SPD was renamed the Majority SPD, or MSPD.[9]
Karl Kautsky, the long-time editor of the journal Die Neue Zeit, and leading theorists of the reform wing also moved to the USPD. In the remaining Majority SPD, the former left-wing anti-revisionists of the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, who were close to the German-Russian journalist Alexander Parvus, influenced the theoretical debates instead of Kautsky and Bernstein from 1915 onwards. Their aim was to utilise the hoped-for German victory in the First World War to implement a socialist order in Europe and liberate the peoples of Eastern Europe from the "yoke of tsarism".[10]
In June 1917, the MSPD, Centre Party and Progressive People's Party formed a Reichstag Intergroup Committee (Interfraktioneller Ausschuss) in a tentative step towards the parliamentarization of the German Empire. Its primary achievement was the German constitutional reforms of October 1918, which made the chancellor responsible to the Reichstag rather than to the emperor and required parliamentary approval for declarations of war and peace. Since the reforms were adopted only on 28 October 1918, they were quickly overtaken by the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.[11]
On 9 September 1918, in the early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that followed Germany's defeat, Prince Maximilian von Baden, the last chancellor of the German Empire, handed the government over to Friedrich Ebert as head of the party with the largest number of seats in the Reichstag.[12] Initially the party yielded more to the pressure of events than act on specific plans to run a revolutionary government. Ebert's early considerations to refrain from abolishing the monarchy in order to prevent a civil war, for example, proved illusory.[10]
The Spartacus League and parts of the USPD advocated the formation of a soviet republic such as the one proclaimed a year earlier during the October Revolution in Russia. Only a minority of the active revolutionary soldiers' and workers' councils who supported the revolution, however, had the example of the Russian Bolsheviks in mind. The majority of them were striving primarily for an end to the war and military rule. With that goal in mind, they backed the MSPD leadership, whom they trusted, and called for the reunification of the Majority SPD with the Independent SPD. The MSPD leadership then offered to form a Council of the People's Deputies with the USPD as the new government. The resulting revolutionary government, with three members each from the MSPD and USPD under the leadership of Ebert and Haase, saw itself as a provisional government for the revolutionary upheaval phase and committed itself to a constituent body that would be created through general elections.[13]
At the end of 1918, the coalition between the MSPD and USPD collapsed due to a dispute about the use of the military against the rebellious sailors of the People's Navy Division (Volksmarinedivision) during the Christmas crisis. The MSPD, which from that point on formed the government alone, attempted unsuccessfully to establish a democratic people's army or to rely on MSPD volunteer organisations for armed support. When the Council of the People's Deputies was attacked during the Spartacist uprising in January 1919, they decided to trust to the troops led by the old imperial officers and leaders of the newly constituted Freikorps.[10]
The bloody suppression of the Spartacist uprising and the Bavarian Soviet Republic by right-wing nationalist Freikorps units recruited by Gustav Noske (MSPD) at the turn of the year 1918/19 left the MSPD in reasonably firm control by mid-1919. Noske, who later became the Weimar Republic's first Reichswehr minister, was politically responsible for the murders by Freikorps units of many revolutionaries, including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January 1919.[10][14]
The actions taken by Ebert, Noske and Scheidemann during the months of the November Revolution led to the accusation by both parliamentary and non-parliamentary left-wing parties and groups that the MSPD had betrayed the revolution and thus, to a large extent, its own supporters. The Spartacus League and other left-wing revolutionary groups founded the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) on 1 January 1919. It marked the final separation between the revolutionary and reformist wings of social democracy.[10]
The new government faced a social crisis in Germany following the end of the First World War, with the country threatened by hunger and chaos. The return of soldiers into civilian life was for the most part orderly, and efforts were made to combat the threat of starvation. The government of the Council of the People's Deputies raised wage levels and introduced universal proportional representation for both national and state parliaments. A series of regulations on unemployment benefits, job creation and protection, health insurance and pensions introduced important political and social reforms. In February 1918, workers had made an agreement with employers which secured them freedom of association, the legal guarantee of an eight-hour workday and the extension of wage agreements to all branches of trade and industry. The Council of the People's Deputies made the changes legally binding. In addition, the MSPD-steered provisional government introduced binding state arbitration of labour conflicts, created worker's councils in large industrial firms, and opened the path to the unionization of rural labourers. In December 1918, a decree was passed providing relief for the unemployed. Communities were to be responsible for 33% of unemployment relief (without fixing a monetary amount) and the national government would contribute 50%. Responsibility for job placement was first transferred from the Demobilization Office to the minister of Labour and then to the National Employment Exchange Office, which was created in January 1920.
In the January 1919 election for the Weimar National Assembly, which was tasked with writing a new constitution, the MSPD captured 37.9% of the vote and 163 seats, almost twice as many as the second place finisher; the USPD gained 7.6% of the vote and 22 seats.[15] The outcome of the 1920 election to the first Weimar Reichstag was quite different. The MSPD's share slipped to 21.9% and 103 seats, while the USPD's jumped to 17.6% and 83 seats, putting it in second place; the Communist Party of Germany received 2.1% of the vote and 4 seats.[16] The MSPD's losses were due primarily to the effects of the government's handling of the Kapp Putsch and the ensuing Ruhr uprising. It had distanced itself from its initial call for a general strike to oppose the putsch because the move had angered the military on which it was relying, and the Ruhr uprising was harshly and bloodily suppressed by the military and Freikorps.[17] Most of the voters the MSPD lost went to the USPD and KPD.[18]
In the new republic's first presidential election in August 1919, Friedrich Ebert defeated Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner of the conservative German National People's Party by 73% to 13%.
In 1920, a little over half of the members of the USPD voted to join the KPD. The remnant of the USPD lost membership and money trying to steer a course between the KPD and MSPD. The assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau by members of the ultra-nationalist paramilitary Organisation Consul in June 1922 and the growth of the extreme Right led both the MSPD and the USPD to the view that saving the Republic was more important than their already shrinking political differences. The two parties' Reichstag memberships joined to form a working group on 14 July 1922, and at a united party congress in Nuremberg on 24 September, the parties reunited.[9]
SMA Negeri 1 LembangInformasiDidirikan1983JenisNegeriAkreditasiANomor Statistik Sekolah30.1.02.0801.057MaskotLebahKepala SekolahDrs. H. Suhendiana Noor, M.PdJumlah kelas15 kelas setiap tingkatJurusan atau peminatanIlmu alam dan Ilmu sosial Ilmu kebahasaanRentang kelasX-XIIKurikulumKurikulum NasionalAlamatLokasiAlamat: Jl Maribaya 68, Lembang, Bandung Barat Bandung Barat Kode pos: 40391, Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaTel./Faks.022 2786655 - 022 2789060Koordinat6°49'11S 107°37'54…
Cél articllo est ècrit en arpetan supradialèctâl / ORB lârge. François Hollande (2015) François Hollande, nèssu lo 12 oût 1954 a Rouen, est un homo politico francês. Il ère lo prèsident de la Rèpublica francêsa du 15 mê 2012 au 14 mê 2017.
Never Let Me DownSong by Kanye West featuring Jay-Z and J. Ivyfrom the album The College Dropout ReleasedFebruary 10, 2004Recorded2002-03StudioBaseline Recording(New York, New York)The Record Plant(Hollywood, California)Larrabee Sound North(Los Angeles, California)GenreHip hopLength5:24LabelDef JamRoc-A-FellaSongwriter(s)Kanye WestShawn CarterJames RichardsonMichael BoltonBruce KulickProducer(s)West Never Let Me Down is a song by American rapper and producer Kanye West, that features Jay-Z and J…
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One Direction discographyOne Direction performing at Soldier Field in Chicago on 23 August 2015Studio albums5Video albums2Music videos17EPs10Singles17 English-Irish boy band One Direction have released five studio albums, ten extended plays, seventeen singles (including two charity singles), two video albums, and seventeen music videos. They signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Records after being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of British television singing competition …
Stock character For a play by Edmond Rostand, see La Princesse Lointaine. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Princesse lointaine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guide…
Keuskupan KaliszDioecesis CalissiensisDiecezja KaliskaKatedral Santo Nikolas di KaliszLokasiNegara PolandiaProvinsi gerejawiPoznańMetropolitKeuskupan Agung PoznańStatistikLuas10.800 km2 (4.200 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2013)732.400726,000 (99.1%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinKatedralKatedra św. Mikołaja (Katedral Santo Nikolas) KaliszKonkatedralKonkatedra św. Stanisława di Ostrów Wielkopolski(Konkatedral St. Stanislaus) di Ostrów WielkopolskiKe…
Parada Mercado Mayorista (Trolebús de Quito) UbicaciónCoordenadas 0°16′22″S 78°32′16″O / -0.27281, -78.5379Dirección Av. Hugo Ortiz y Juan NuñezSector La ArgeliaCiudad QuitoDatos de la estaciónAccesibilidad SíInauguración 2000N.º de andenes 2N.º de vías 2Plataformas 2Tipología arreglo desplazadoPropietario Gobierno Metropolitano de QuitoOperador Trolebús de QuitoServicios detalladosParada Troncal Central TrolebúsLíneas Quimiag ← Trolebús → Solanda …
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National museum in N'Djamena, ChadChad National MuseumMusée National du TchadChadEstablished1962LocationN'Djamena, ChadCoordinates12°07′32″N 15°04′39″E / 12.125454°N 15.077433°E / 12.125454; 15.077433TypeNational museum The Chad National Museum (French: Musée National du Tchad) is the national museum of Chad. Since November 2010, the national heritage has been highlighted in modern premises opposite the Palace of January 15, seat of the National Assembly, an…
село Замай-Юрт Замай-Юрт Країна Росія Суб'єкт Російської Федерації Чечня Муніципальний район Ножай-Юртовський район Поселення Замай-Юртовське сільське поселення Код ЗКАТУ: 96225893001 Код ЗКТМО: 96625493101 Основні дані Населення ▲ 1981 (2019)[1] Поштовий індекс 366222 Географічні к…
亞美尼亞阿尔萨息王朝ԱրշակունիArshakuni國家亞美尼亞王國敘利亞奇里乞亞高加索阿爾巴尼亞王國先前王室安息帝國頭銜 亚美尼亚君主列表 索芬尼(英语:Sophene) 奧斯若恩 科馬基尼王國 科定王朝(英语:Corduene) 高加索阿爾巴尼亞王國 阿特羅帕特尼王國 阿迪亞波納 腓尼基 敘利亞 奇里乞亞 卡帕多奇亞 猶地亞 創立公元12年最後統治阿塔西亞斯四世(英语:Artaxias IV)現…
American actor and broadcaster (1918–2001) Heywood Hale BrounPublicity Photo of Heywood Hale BrounBorn(1918-03-10)March 10, 1918New York City, USDiedSeptember 5, 2001(2001-09-05) (aged 83)Kingston, New York, USOther namesLittle HeywoodAlma materSwarthmore CollegeOccupations Journalist sportswriter author actor SpouseJane Lloyd JonesChildrenHob BrounParent(s)Ruth Hale and Heywood Broun Heywood Hale Broun (/ˈbruːn/; March 10, 1918 – September 5, 2001) was an American author, s…
Motor vehicle Steyr 100, 200OverviewManufacturerSteyr-Daimler-Puch AGAlso calledSteyr 110 (light commercial)Production1934–1936 (100): 2,850 built1936–1940 (200): 5,040 builtAssemblySteyr, AustriaBody and chassisClassSmall family carBody style4-door sedan2-door convertibleLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drivePowertrainEngine1385 cc I4 (100)1498 cc I4 (200)Transmission4-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2.60 m (102 in)Length4.37 m (172 in)Width1.61 m (63 in…
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Brand of toaster pastries Toaster StrudelProduct typeToaster pastryOwnerGeneral MillsCountryUnited StatesIntroduced1985; 38 years ago (1985)Related brandsToaster ScramblesPrevious ownersPillsbury CompanyRegistered as a trademark inJuly 28, 1992; 31 years ago (1992-07-28)[1]TaglineSomething better just popped up and Get Zem GöingWebsiteOfficial website Toaster Strudel is the brand name of a toaster pastry, prepared by heating the frozen pastries in a t…
2008 studio album by Atrium CarceriSouyuanStudio album by Atrium CarceriReleasedNovember 18, 2008RecordedSwedenGenreDark ambient, ExperimentalLabelCold Meat IndustryProducerSimon HeathAtrium Carceri chronology Ptahil(2007) Souyuan(2008) Phrenitis(2009) Souyuan is the fifth album by Swedish dark ambient project Atrium Carceri. It was released on November 18, 2008 through Cold Meat Industry Reviews This section contains overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consi…
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