The areas east and west along the Spree in the German part of Lusatia are home to the SlavicSorbs, one of Germany’s four officially recognized indigenous ethnic minorities. The Upper Sorbs inhabit Saxon Upper Lusatia, and the Lower Sorbs Brandenburgian Lower Lusatia. Upper and Lower Sorbian are spoken in the German parts of Upper and Lower Lusatia respectively, and the signage there is mostly bilingual. Throughout history, the region has been ruled variously by Poland, Bohemia, Germany and Hungary.
The name derives from the Sorbian word łužicy meaning "swamps" or "water-hole", Germanized as Lausitz. Lusatia is the Latinized form which spread in the English and Romance languages area.
Lusatia comprises two both scenically and historically different parts: a hilly southern "upper" section and a "lower" region, which belongs to the North European Plain. The border between Upper and Lower Lusatia is roughly marked by the course of the Black Elster river at Senftenberg and its eastern continuation toward the Silesian town of Przewóz on the Lusatian Neisse. Neighbouring regions were Silesia in the east, Bohemia in the south, the Margraviate of Meissen, and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg in the west as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg (Mittelmark) in the north.
20th century map of the Lusatias with Sorbian and German names
Upper Lusatia (Oberlausitz, Łużyce Górne or Hornja Łužica) is today part of the German state of Saxony, except for a small part east of the Neisse River around Lubań, which now belongs to the Polish Lower Silesian voivodeship. It consists of hilly countryside rising in the South to the Lusatian Highlands near the Czech border, and then even higher to form the Zittau Hills, the small northern part of the Lusatian Mountains (Lužické hory/Lausitzer Gebirge) in the Czech Republic.
Most of the area belonging to the German state of Brandenburg today is called Lower Lusatia (Niederlausitz, Łużyce Dolne or Dolna Łužyca) and is characterized by forests and meadows. In the course of much of the 19th and the entire 20th century, it was shaped by the lignite industry and extensive open-pit mining. Important towns include Cottbus, Eisenhüttenstadt, Lübben, Lübbenau, Spremberg, Finsterwalde, Senftenberg (Zły Komorow), and Żary, which is now considered the capital of Polish Lusatia.[1]
Between Upper and Lower Lusatia is a region called the Grenzwall, literally meaning "border dyke", although it is in fact a morainic ridge. In the Middle Ages this area had dense forests, so it represented a major obstacle to civilian and military traffic. Some of the region's villages were damaged or destroyed by the open-pit lignite mining industry during the DDR era. Some, now exhausted, former open-pit mines are now being converted into artificial lakes, with the hope of attracting holiday-makers, and the area is now being referred to as the Lusatian Lake District.
Lusatian capitals
As Lusatia is not, and never has been, a single administrative unit, Upper and Lower Lusatia have different, but in some respects similar, histories. The city of Cottbus is the largest in the region, and though it is recognized as the cultural capital of Lower Lusatia, it was a Brandenburg exclave since 1445. Historically, the administrative centres of Lower Lusatia were at Luckau and Lübben, while the historical capital of Upper Lusatia is Bautzen. Since 1945, when a small part of Lusatia east of the Oder–Neisse line was incorporated into Poland, Żary has been touted as the capital of Polish Lusatia.[1]
The Lusatian Lake District (German: Lausitzer Seenland, Lower Sorbian: Łužyska jazorina, Upper Sorbian: Łužiska jězorina) is an artificially created lake area. By the end of the 2020s, Europe's largest artificial water landscape and Germany's fourth-largest lake area are to be created by flooding disused brown coal mines in the Lusatian brown coal mining area. Some of the largest lakes are connected to each other as a chain of lakes by navigable canals.
The new lakeland is largely created from remaining holes from former brown coal opencast mines. These are flooded and converted into lakes. Some of the resulting lakes have already reached their final water level, others will not be completely flooded for a few years.
Other lakes are artificially dammed lakes. While the Quitzdorf Dam was created to provide enough process water for the Boxberg Power Station, the Spremberg Dam was primarily planned for flood protection in the lake district, but was also used for process water for power plants. The Bautzen Reservoir was also artificially created in order to be able to continuously supply the Boxberg Power Station with water.
The ponds of the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape Biosphere Reserve, which are also located in the Lake District area, were partly created in the Middle Ages, but also during the GDR period for agricultural reasons, as the moor-rich land was restructured and made usable. These very shallow waters are mostly used for fish farming.
The ponds of the Muskau Arch are also located between the large opencast mining holes. They arose from faults in the terminal moraine of glaciers from the Ice Age, and partly through the mining of soil raw materials such as sand, clay and coal even before industrialization. In general, these ponds are not created intentionally by humans, but are filled with water due to a lack of drainage.
Sornoer Kanal (Žarnowski kanal) linking Geierswalder See to Sedlitzer See (Sedlišćański jazor)
Muskau Morainic Arch
The Muskau Morainic Arch is a terminal moraine formed during the Elster glaciation, which together with its immediate surroundings forms the "UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Morainic Arch" (German: Muskauer Faltenbogen, Sorbian: Mužakowski Zahork, Polish: Łuk Mużakowa).
A glacier on the inland ice that was up to 500 m thick compressed the sand and brown coal layers in front of and below it over a length of more than 40 km to form a small-scale fold arch with a compression terminal moraine up to 180 m high and 700 m wide. The structure is currently preserved as a flat, undulating hill range and is almost unique in the world. The meltwater lake that subsequently emerged within the horseshoe was filled with clays. Ice advances in the following cold periods eroded the higher parts of the terminal moraine. Due to oxidation and the associated loss of volume in the areas near the surface of the brown coal seams, furrows of 3 m to 5 m, a maximum of 20 m deep, 10 m to 30 m wide and up to several kilometers long were formed. Known as "Gieser" (from the Sorbian "jězor" for "lake"), they form long stretches of drainless ditches that are either filled with standing water or often peat-covered.
After already centuries of extraction of clay and sand, brown coal was mined in the area of the Muskau Arch in the 19th and 20th centuries, partly in pillar mining and partly in opencast mining. Due to the location of the mined seams, noticeably elongated lakes formed in the remaining holes north and east of Weißwasser after the end of mining.
Logo of the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape Biosphere Reserve
The Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (German: Oberlausitzer Heide- und Teichlandschaft, Upper Sorbian: Hornjołužiska hola a hatowa krajina) is the region richest in ponds in Germany, and together with the Lower Lusatian Pond Landscape forms the biggest pond landscape in Central Europe.
History
Early history
According to the earliest records, the area was settled by culturally Celtic tribes. Later, around 100 BC, the Germanic Semnones settled in that area. The name of the region may be derived from that of the Ligians. From around 600 onwards, West Slavic tribes known as the Milceni and Lusici settled permanently in the region.
In the 10th century, the region came under the influence of the Kingdom of Germany, starting with the 928 eastern campaigns of King Henry the Fowler. Until 963 the Lusatian tribes were subdued by the Saxon margrave Gero and upon his death two years later, the March of Lusatia was established on the territory of today's Lower Lusatia and remained with the Holy Roman Empire, while the adjacent Northern March again got lost in the Slavic uprising of 983. The later Upper Lusatian region of the Milceni lands up to the Silesian border at the Kwisa river at first was part of the Margraviate of Meissen under Margrave Eckard I.
At the same time the Polan duke of the later Kingdom of Poland raised claims to the Lusatian lands and upon the death of Emperor Otto III in 1002, Margrave Gero II lost Lusatia to the Polish Duke Boleslaw I the Brave, who took the region in his conquests, acknowledged by Henry II first in the same year in Merseburg and later in the 1018 Peace of Bautzen, Lusatia became part of his territory; however, Germans and Poles continued to struggle over the administration of the region. It was regained in a 1031 campaign by Emperor Conrad II in favour of the Saxon German rulers of the Meissen House of Wettin and the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg, who purchased the March of (Lower) Lusatia in 1303.
As Margrave Egbert II of Meissen supported anti-kingRudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy, King Henry IV of Germany in 1076 awarded the Milceni lands of Upper Lusatia as a fief to the Bohemian duke Vratislav II. After Emperor Frederick Barbarossa had elevated Duke Vladislaus II to the rank of a King of Bohemia in 1158, the Upper Lusatian lands around Bautzen evolved into a Bohemian crown land. Around 1200, large numbers of German settlers came to Lusatia in the course of the Ostsiedlung, settling in the forested areas yet not inhabited by the Slavs. For centuries, from as early as the Middle Ages, trade flourished, and several important trade routes ran through Lusatia, connecting German states in the west, Poland in the east and Bohemia in the south.[2] In 1319, the region was divided between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Duchy of Jawor, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland, while northernmost parts also passed to the Margraviate of Brandenburg in the following years.[3] From 1368, it was entirely part of the Bohemian Crown.
In 1346 six Upper Lusatian cities formed the Lusatian League to resist the constant attacks conducted by robber barons. The association supported King Sigismund in the Hussite Wars leading to armed attacks and devastation. The cities were represented in the (Upper) Lusatian Landtag assembly, where they met with the fierce opposition of the noble state countries. In 1469 the region passed to Hungary, and in 1490 it returned to the Bohemian Crown, then under the rule of Polish Prince Vladislaus II.[4]
Following the Lutheran Reformation, the greater part of Lusatia became Protestant except for the area between Bautzen, Kamenz and Hoyerswerda. The Lusatias remained under Bohemian rule – from 1526 onwards under the rule of the House of Habsburg – until the Thirty Years' War.
According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg. After the Saxon elector Augustus the Strong was elected king of Poland in 1697, Lusatia became strategically important as the elector-kings sought to create a land connection between their Saxon homelands and the Polish territories. Two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the region in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled the routes.[5] Numerous Polish dignitaries also traveled through Lusatia on several occasions, and some Polish nobles owned estates in Lusatia.[6] A distinct remnant of the region's ties to Poland are the 18th-century mileposts decorated with the coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth located in various towns in the region. Polish-Sorbian contacts increased in that period. With the Age of Enlightenment, the Sorbian national revival began and resistance to Germanization emerged.[7]
Herrnhut, between Löbau and Zittau, founded in 1722 by religious refugees from Moravia on the estate of Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf became the starting point of the organized Protestantmissionary movement in 1732 and missionaries went out from the Moravian Church in Herrnhut to all corners of the world to share the Gospel.
The Lusatians in Prussia demanded that their land become a distinct administrative unit, but Lower Lusatia was incorporated into the Province of Brandenburg, while the Upper Lusatian territories were attached to the Province of Silesia instead.
The 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed an era of cultural revival for Sorbs. The modern languages of Upper and Lower Lusatian (or Sorbian) emerged, national literature flourished, and many national organizations such as Maćica Serbska and Domowina were founded. There were also notable Polish communities in Lusatia, such as Klettwitz (Upper Sorbian: Klěśišća, Polish: Kletwice), inhabited in the 1930s by some 550 Poles.[9]
In the interbellum, the German government carried out a massive campaign of changing of place names in Lusatia in order to erase traces of Slavic origin, and while most of the historic names were restored after World War II, some were retained.
This era came to an end during the Nazi regime in Germany, when all Sorbian organizations were abolished and forbidden, newspapers and magazines closed, and any use of the Sorbian languages was prohibited. During World War II, some Sorbian activists were arrested, executed, exiled or sent as political prisoners to concentration camps. From 1942 to 1944 the underground Lusatian National Committee was formed and was active in German-occupiedWarsaw.
During the war, the Germans established and operated several prisoner-of-war camps, including Oflag III-C, Oflag IV-D, Oflag 8, Stalag III-B, Stalag IV-A and Stalag VIII-A, with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region. Prisoners included Polish POWs and civilians, and French, Belgian, British, Australian, New Zealander, Canadian, South African, Dutch, Italian, Soviet, Serbian, Slovak and American POWs.[10] There were also several Nazi prisons with multiple forced labour subcamps, including in Görlitz, Luckau, Zittau, and a prison solely for women in Cottbus,[11][12][13][14] and multiple subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, the prisoners of which were mostly Jews, Poles and Russians, but also Frenchmen, Italians, Yugoslavs, Czechs, Belgians, etc.[15]
During the war, the Poles postulated that after the defeat of Germany, the Sorbs should be allowed free national development either within the borders of Poland or Czechoslovakia, or as an independent Sorbian state in alliance with Poland.[16]
The flag of the Lusatian National movementLusatia (Łużyce) and other historical lands of Poland against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish)
After World War II according to the Potsdam Agreement, Lusatia was divided between Allied-occupied Germany (Soviet occupation zone) and the Republic of Poland along the Oder–Neisse line. Poland's communist government expelled all remaining Germans and Sorbs from the area east of the Neisse river in 1945 and 1946 in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The Lusatian National Committee in Prague claimed the right to self-government and separation from Germany and the creation of a Lusatian Free State or attachment to Czechoslovakia. The majority of the Sorbian intelligentsia was organized in the Domowina, though, and did not wish to split from Germany. Claims asserted by the Lusatian National movement were postulates of joining Lusatia to Poland or Czechoslovakia. Between 1945 and 1947 they produced about ten memorials[18] to the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; however, this did not bring any results. On 30 April 1946, the Lusatian National Committee also submitted a petition to the Polish Government, signed by Paweł Cyż – the minister and an official Sorbian delegate in Poland. There was also a project to proclaim a Lusatian Free State, whose Prime Minister was intended to be the Polish archaeologist of Lusatian origin, Wojciech Kóčka.
In 1945, the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia west of the Neisse rejoined Saxony and in 1952, when the state was divided into three administrative areas (Bezirke), the Upper Lusatian region became part of the Dresden administrative region. After the East German Revolution of 1989, the state of Saxony was reestablished in 1990. Lower Lusatia remained with Brandenburg, from 1952 until 1990 in the Bezirk of Cottbus.
In 1950, the Sorbs obtained language and cultural autonomy within the then–East German state of Saxony. Lusatian schools and magazines were launched and the Domowina association was revived, although under increasing political control of the ruling Communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). At the same time, the large German-speaking majority of the Upper Lusatian population kept up a considerable degree of local, 'Upper Lusatian' patriotism of its own. An attempt to establish a Lusatian Land within the Federal Republic of Germany failed after German reunification in 1990. The constitutions of Saxony and Brandenburg guarantee cultural rights, but not autonomy, to the Sorbs.
Demographics
Sorbs
The bilingual part of Lusatia, where the Sorbs make more than 10% of the populationBilingual station of Forst (Lausitz)
More than 80,000 of the SorbianSlavic minority continue to live in the region. Historically, their ancestors are West-Slavic-speaking tribes such as the Milceni, who settled in the region between the Elbe and the Saale. Many still speak their language (though numbers are dwindling and especially Lower Sorbian is considered endangered), and road signs are usually bilingual. However, the number of all the inhabitants of this part of eastern Saxony is declining rapidly – by 20% in the last 10 to 15 years.[when?] Sorbs make efforts to protect their traditional culture manifested in the traditional folk costumes and the style of village houses. The coal industry in the region (like the Schwarze Pumpe power station needing vast areas of land) destroyed dozens of Lusatian villages in the past and threatens some of them even now. The Sorbian language is taught at many primary and some secondary schools and at two universities (Leipzig and Prague). Project "Witaj" ("welcome!") is a project of eight preschools where Sorbian is currently the main language for a few hundred Lusatian children.
There is a daily newspaper in the Sorbian language (Serbske Nowiny); a Sorbian radio station (Serbski Rozhłós) uses local frequencies of two otherwise German-speaking radio stations for several hours a day. There are very limited programmes on television (once a month) in Sorbian on two regional television stations (RBB and MDR TV).
In 2020, despite the loss of the Sorbian language in most of Lusatia, there are some Sorbian traditions and habits that still live on to this day. In February, many people (mostly people from villages, regardless of German or Sorbian ancestry) will still engage in the Sorbian tradition of Zampern (a festive procession). Some Sorbian dishes like boiled potatoes with linseed oil and curd (German: Quark mit Leineöl)[19] are still prevalent and, today, are eaten in other parts of Germany (like Berlin or western Saxony) too. Spreewälder Gurken (pickled cucumbers potted by using a special mixture of herbs and spices) are often associated with the Sorbs even though the cucumbers themselves were introduced by Dutch migrants, who started to pickle them for higher durability. Soon Sorbs adopted the pickling and might have changed the recipes slightly over time.[20]
The traditional Sorbian costumes are still to be worn in the Spreewald region even though mainly in the tourism industry. Recently, some women started to revive traditional clothes by using them as wedding dresses, even though this practise differs from original traditions.
The percentage of Serbs (Sorbs) in Lusatia has decreased since the 1900 census due to intermarriage, germanization, cultural assimilation related to industrialization and urbanization, Nazi suppression and discrimination, ethnocide and the settlement of expelled Germans after World War II, mainly from Lower Silesia and northern Bohemia.
The region is rich in architecture from various reigns, including Czech, Polish, German and Hungarian, whose styles range from Romanesque and Gothic through Renaissance and Baroque to modern architecture.
There are two major Sorbian museums in Cottbus (Serbski muzej Chóśebuz) and Bautzen (Serbski muzej Budyšin).
In Poland, notable museums include the Muzeum Łużyckie ("Lusatian Museum") in Zgorzelec and the Muzeum Pogranicza Śląsko-Łużyckiego ("Museum of Silesian-Lusatian Borderland") in Żary.
Zgorzelec is home to one of Poland's largest war cemeteries.
Micklitza, Kerstin and André: Lausitz – Unterwegs zwischen Spreewald und Zittauer Gebirge. 5. aktualisierte und erweiterte Aufl. Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2016. ISBN978-3-89794-330-8.
Jacob, Ulf: Zwischen Autobahn und Heide. Das Lausitzbild im Dritten Reich. Eine Studie zur Entstehung, Ideologie und Funktion symbolischer Sinnwelten. Hrsg. von der Internationalen Bauausstellung Fürst-Pückler-Land, Großräschen (Zeitmaschine Lausitz), Verlag der Kunst, Dresden in der Verlagsgruppe Husum, Husum 2004. ISBN3-86530-002-2.
Freiherr von Vietinghoff-Riesch, Arnold: Der Oberlausitzer Wald – seine Geschichte und seine Struktur bis 1945 [reprint]. Oberlausitzer Verlag, Spitzkunnersdorf 2004. ISBN3-933827-46-9.
^Matyniak, Alojzy S. (1968). "Kontakty kulturalne polsko-serbołużyckie w XVIII w.". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). XXIII (2). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich: 243.
^Umiński, Janusz (1998). "Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego". Jantarowe Szlaki (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 250. p. 16.
^Leksykon Polactwa w Niemczech (in Polish). Opole: Związek Polaków w Niemczech. 1939. p. 364.
^Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 211–212, 235, 240, 405–406, 413, 443–444. ISBN978-0-253-06089-1.
^Orzechowski, Marian (1976). "Kwestia serbołużycka w polskiej myśli politycznej w latach 1939–1947". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). XXXI (2). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk: 380–381.
Havat HaNoar HaTzioni, Jerusalem Bagian dari sebuah serial tentangAliyah Imigrasi Yahudi ke Tanah Israel Konsep Tanah yang Dijanjikan Pertemuan Israel Diaspora Negasi Tanah air bagi bangsa Yahudi Zionisme Pertanyaan Yahudi Undang-undang Kepulangan Aliyah Pra-Modern Kembali ke Sion Yishuv Lama Perushim Aliyah pada zaman modern Pertama Kedua Pada Perang Dunia I Ketiga Keempat Kelima Aliyah Bet Bricha Dari negara-negara Muslim Yaman Irak Maroko Lebanon dari Uni Soviet pasca-Soviet dari Etiopia d...
Aantaliyakota sensus (census town)Peta India. BenderaLambangNegaraIndiaNegara bagianGujaratDistrikNavsarikota sensus (census town)AantaliyaPopulasi (2001) • Total4,989 • Melek huruf3.795 (2.228 lelaki 1.567 perempuan) • Jenis kelamin59% lelaki dan 41% perempuanZona waktuGMT • Musim panas (DST)GMTbawah 6 tahun506 (2001) Aantaliya ialah sebuah kota sensus (census town) yang terletak di Distrik Navsari di negara bagian Gujarat, India. Demograf...
Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan DataTentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan DaratLambang DisinfolahtadDibentuk8 Maret 1976Negara IndonesiaCabang TNI Angkatan DaratBagian dariTentara Nasional IndonesiaMotoWidyuta Awasara Anindya GunaSitus webwww.tniad.mil.idTokohKomandan/KepalaBrigjend TNI NUGROHO SEPTIJANTONO, S.I.P. Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data TNI Angkatan Darat yang selanjutnya disebut Disinfolahtad adalah badan pelaksana pusat yang menyelenggarakan dukungan sistem informasi, dukung...
زياد بوغطاس معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل زياد بوغطاس الميلاد 5 ديسمبر 1990 (العمر 33 سنة)بني حسان، المنستير الطول 1.93 م (6 قدم 4 بوصة) مركز اللعب مدافع الجنسية تونس معلومات النادي النادي الحالي النجم الرياضي الساحلي الرقم 15 المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 2011–2020 ا�...
College in Illinois, U.S. Benedictine University at SpringfieldFormer namesSpringfield Junior College (1929–1967)Springfield College in Illinois (1967–2003)TypePrivate Roman CatholicActive1929–2018Academic affiliationBenedictine University, Association of Benedictine Colleges and UniversitiesLocationSpringfield, Illinois, U.S.CampusSuburban, 25 acres (10 ha)Websitewww.ben.edu/springfield-campus Benedictine University at Springfield in Springfield, Illinois was a branch campus of Be...
Kuil Baháʼu'lláh di dekat Akko, Israel, yang menjadi qiblih umat Baháʼí. Dalam agama Baha'i, qiblih (Arab: قبلةcode: ar is deprecated , arah) adalah tempat yang menjadi arah berdoa umat Baha'i. Qiblih terletak di Kuil Baháʼu'lláh di dekat Akko, Israel, atau di koordinat 32°56′37″N 35°5′30.5″E / 32.94361°N 35.091806°E / 32.94361; 35.091806. Selain menjadi arah berdoa, qiblih juga menjadi arah wajah jenazah yang dimakamkan. Lihat pula Kiblat Mizr...
Napton redirects here. For the drug, see Chlordiazepoxide. For the American community, see Napton, Missouri. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2022) Human settlement in EnglandNapton on the HillThe Oxford Canal viewed from NaptonNapton on the HillLocation within WarwickshirePopulation1,416 (2021 Census)OS grid r...
Cavatore commune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaPiedmontProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Alessandria NegaraItalia PendudukTotal262 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah10,45 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian516 m Berbatasan denganAcqui Terme Cartosio Grognardo Melazzo Ponzone SejarahHari liburpatronal festival Santo pelindungLaurensius Informasi tambahanKode pos15010 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0144 ID ISTAT006055 Kode kadaster ItaliaC387 Lain-lainSitus webLa...
2014 single by Wisin AdrenalinaSingle by Wisin featuring Ricky Martin and Jennifer Lopezfrom the album El Regreso del Sobreviviente LanguageSpanishEnglish titleAdrenalineReleasedFebruary 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)GenreLatin danceLength3:55LabelSony LatinSongwriter(s) Martin Lopez Juan Luis Morera Carlos E. Ortiz Luis Enrique Ortiz Rivera José Torres Producer(s)Chris JedayWisin singles chronology Claro (2014) Adrenalina (2014) Fiesta en San Juan (2014) Jennifer Lopez singles...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يناير 2022) أنواع البيانات البدائية هي عادة أنواع مضمنة أو أساسية لتنفيذ اللغة. أنواع بيانات الماكينة يتم تمثيل جميع �...
French historian Louis Dupeux (28 July, 1931 – 20 May, 2002) was a French historian who specialized in the study of the Conservative Revolution and National Bolshevism during the Weimar Republic.[1][2] Life and career Dupeux was a professor at the Robert Schuman University and a research at the Centre d'études germaniques (Centre of Germanic studies) of Strasbourg.[1] Study of the Conservative Revolution Dupeux was one of the first specialists and precursors in the ...
Multi-purpose venue in London, England Royal Festival HallThe Royal Festival Hall from the Victoria EmbankmentGeneral informationTypeConcert hallArchitectural styleModernistAddressBelvedere RoadLondon, SE1EnglandCoordinates51°30′21.01″N 00°07′00.44″W / 51.5058361°N 0.1167889°W / 51.5058361; -0.1167889Construction started1948 (18 months to complete)Inaugurated3 May 1951Renovated2005–2007Cost£2 million (1951)Renovation cost£111 million (2007)ClientLondon ...
Hepialidae Gold Swift (en) TaksonomiSuperkerajaanHolozoaKerajaanAnimaliaFilumArthropodaKelasInsectaOrdoLepidopteraUpaordoGlossataInfraordoExoporiaSuperfamiliHepialoideaFamiliHepialidae Stephens, 1829 Hepialidae adalah famili dari ordo Lepidoptera yang terdiri atas 496 spesies. Spesies dari famili ini kebanyakan berada di daerah Australia, selatan Afrika, dan negara Chili. Serangga dewasa berukuran 2–25 cm (termasuk sayap), dengan permukaan kepala kasar, dan tidak ada mandibula yang jelas. U...
English film director (1899–1980) Hitchcock and Master of Suspense redirect here. For the album, see Master of Suspense (album). For the police officer, see Alf Hitchcock. For other uses, see Hitchcock (disambiguation). SirAlfred HitchcockKBEHitchcock, c. 1960sBornAlfred Joseph Hitchcock(1899-08-13)13 August 1899Leytonstone, Essex, EnglandDied29 April 1980(1980-04-29) (aged 80)Los Angeles, California, USCitizenshipUnited KingdomUnited States (from 1955)OccupationsFilm directorpro...
Island within Ryukyu Islands TairajimaNative name: Japanese: 平島Aerial photograph of TairajimaGeographyLocationEast China SeaCoordinates29°41′16.1″N 129°31′42.1″E / 29.687806°N 129.528361°E / 29.687806; 129.528361ArchipelagoTokara IslandsArea2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi)Length1.5 km (0.93 mi)Width1.0 km (0.62 mi)Coastline7.23 km (4.493 mi)Highest elevation242.9 m (796.9 ft)AdministrationJapanDemographic...
White Jersey White jerseyTadej Pogačar, only four-time winner of white jerseySportRoad bicycle racingCompetitionTour de FranceAwarded forBest young riderLocal nameMaillot blanc (French)HistoryFirst award1975Editions50 (as of 2024)First winner Francesco Moser (ITA)Most wins4 wins: Tadej Pogačar (SLO)Most recent Remco Evenepoel (BEL) The young rider classification is a secondary competition in the Tour de France, that started in 1975. Excluding the years 198...
German journalist, pacifist, and Nobel laureate (1889–1938) Carl von OssietzkyPhotograph of Ossietzky taken in 1915Born3 October 1889 (1889-10-03)Hamburg, German EmpireDied4 May 1938 (1938-05-05) (aged 48)Berlin, Nazi GermanyOccupation(s)journalist, political activistSpouseMaud Lichfield-Woods (British)ChildrenRosalinde von Ossietzky-PalmAwardsNobel Peace Prize (1935) Carl von Ossietzky (German pronunciation: [ˈkaʁl fɔn ʔɔˈsi̯ɛtskiː] ⓘ; 3 October 1889 – 4...
.jpg)
_-_Paul-Gerhardt-Kirche.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_01.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
