List of wars involving Algeria
This is a list of wars involving the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and its predecessor states.
Algerian defeat Algerian victory Another result (e.g: Treaty, status quo ante bellum , indecisive/stalemate/withdrawal etc... or indecisive)
Conflict
Belligerents
Result for Algeria and its Allies
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Zayyanid–Almohad wars Kingdom of Tlemcen Almohad Caliphate Marinid Sultanate
Hafsid dynasty
Zayyanid Victory
Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa (1264) Location:Sijilmasa , Morocco
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
Siege of Tlemcen (1272) Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Battle of Tafna (1281) fr ]
Location: Tafna , Algeria and Morocco
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Victory
Siege of Tlemcen (1290) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Nedroma (1296) Location: Nedroma , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307) Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Oujda (1314) [fr ] Location: Oujda , Morocco
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Béjaïa (1326–1329) Location: Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Zayyanid Partial Victory
The Hafsids defeated in Temzezdekt and er-Rias
The Zayyanids lift the siege of the city
Capture of Tunis (1329) Tunis , Tunisia Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Zayyanid Victory
The Hafsids briefly become vassal to the Zayyanids
Siege of Béjaïa (1331–1332) [fr ] Location: Algeria Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Marinid Sultanate
Hafsid-Marinid Victory
The Zayyanids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337) Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Victory
Beginning of the first Marinid Occupation (1337–1348)
Capture of Tlemcen (1352) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Decisive Victory
Full annexation of the Zayyanid kingdom
Battle of Kairouan (1348) [fr ] Location: Kairouan , Tunisia
Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty
Banu Sulaym Banu Hilal
Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid-Hafsid Victory
Siege of Oran (1348) [fr ] Location: Oran , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Inconclusive
Siege of Oran (1349) [fr ] Location: Oran , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
Oran is annexed by the Zayyanids
Battle of Oujda (1359) [fr ] Location: Oujda , Morocco
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
Campagne of Tlemcen (1360) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
End of the second Marinid Occupation (1352–1359)
Siege of Oran (1360–1361) [fr ] Location: Oran , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid Victory
Oran is re annexed by the Zayyanids
Capture of Tlemcen (1370) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Decisive Victory
Brief occupation of the Zayyanid Kingdom
Capture of Tlemcen (1383) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Victory
Capture of Tlemcen (1389) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Victory
Marinid client briefly placed on the throne
Barbary Crusade Location: Mahdia , Tunisia The crusaders fleet on its way to Mahdia Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty
Hafsid of Bejaia
Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa
Zayyanid-Hafsid Victory
Capture of Tlemcen (1393) [fr ] Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Marinid Victory
The Zayyanids recognize Marinid suzerainty until 1411
Zayyanid conquest of Fez Location: Fez , Morocco
Kingdom of Tlemcen Marinid Sultanate Zayyanid victory
Zayyanid client briefly installed on the Marinid throne
Attack on Mers-el-Kébir (1497) [fr ] Location: Mers-el-Kébir , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Spanish Empire Zayyanid Victory
Spanish expedition Failure
The Zayyanid navy continues to evacuate the Andalusians residents in Spain
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501) Mers-el-Kébir , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Portuguese Empire Zayyanid Victory
Mers el Kébir defended from Portuguese invasion
Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505) Mers-el-Kébir , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Spanish Empire Spanish Victory
Mers-el-Kébir captured by Spain
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507) Mers-el-Kébir , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Spanish Empire Zayyanid Victory
Spanish conquest of Oran (1509) Location: Oran , Algeria Cardinal Cisneros dismbarking at Oran after the successful capture of the city Kingdom of Tlemcen Spanish Empire Spanish victory
Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535) Location: Tlemcen , Algeria
Kingdom of Tlemcen Spanish Empire Zayyanid Victory
Spanish Failure to establish a vassal in Tlemcen
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algiers Expedition (1516) Algiers Kingdom of Kuku
Spanish Empire
Algerian victory
Algiers Expedition (1519) Algiers Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Algerian victory
Fall of Tlemcen Tlemcen, Algeria Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Spanish victory
Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars , and the establishment of the Regency of AlgiersAlgiers
Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Beylerbeylikal victory
Campaign of Cherchell (1531) Cherchell Beylerbeylik of Algiers Empire of Charles V :Kingdom of France
Algerian victory
Ottoman–Venetian War Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea Beylerbeylik of Algiers Holy League Republic of Venice Spanish Empire
Republic of Genoa Papal States Knights of Malta
Ottoman victory
A treaty or "Capitulation " was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war on 2 October 1540.
In the period between the start of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499 and the end of this war in 1540, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in the Dalmatian hinterland – it didn't occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Kingdom of Hungary 's Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin , eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory.[ 1] [ 2]
Algiers expedition Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Algiers Siege of Algiers in 1541. Engraving of 1555. Beylerbeylik of Algiers Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire
Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Duchy of Savoy Papal States
Algerine victory
Charles V was the leader of the Holy League for the conquest of Algiers
Italian War of 1542–1546 Part of the Anglo-French Wars & Italian Wars Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Western Europe The siege of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico) Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire
Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire Kingdom of England
Inconclusive
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543) Mostaganem Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1547) Mostaganem Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Tlemcen The troops of the regency of Algiers allied to the kingdom of Beni Abbes marching towards Oranie (19th century engraving) Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Spanish Empire Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory
The Moulouya river is set as the border
Campaign of Tlemcen (1552) Location: Tlemcen Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory [ 3]
Capture of Fez (1554) Location: Fez, Morocco Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku
Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) Location: Tlemcen Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) Mostaganem Beylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1560) Location: Tlemcen Beylerbeylik of Algiers Saadi sultanate
Algerian victory [ 4] [ 5]
Rebellion of the Alpujarras Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Spain Principal centres of the Morisco Revolt Muslims of GranadaBeylerbeylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire
Spanish victory
Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada
Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers
Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628) Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of France
Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War (1628) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Algeria , Tunisia Pashalik of Algiers
Beylik of Tunis Algerian victory
The border continues to be fixed further by the wadi Mellègue.
Cretan War (1645–1669) Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Candia , Crete , Dalmatia and Aegean Sea
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman victory
Djidjelli expedition Location: Jijel Combat between French and Algerian ships Pashalik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas Kingdom of Kuku
Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller Algerian victory
France abandons Djidjelli
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for Algeria and its Allies
French-Algerian War Location: Algeria , Mediterranean Sea Bombardment of Algiers by the fleet of Admiral Duquesne in 1682 Deylik of Algiers
Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller Algerian victory
Morean War Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Peloponnese southern Epirus , Central Greece Aegean Sea Montenegro View of the fortress and harbour of Modon in 1688 Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers Republic of Venice Holy Roman Empire Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Papal States Knights of St. Stephen Greek rebelsMontenegrin Venetian victory
Morea ceded to Venice
Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
Moulouya War Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Moulouya River , Morocco Battle of Moulouya in 1692 involded Algeria and Morocco.[ 6] Deylik of Algiers
Sultanate of Morocco Algerian victory[ 7]
Oujda experiences more than 100 years of rule under the Regency of Algiers[ 8] [ 9]
Siege of Oran (1693) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran , Algeria Spanish Empire Deylik of Algiers
Sultanate of Morocco Spanish-Algerian victory
Tunisian-Algerian War of 1694 Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia The fronts and battles during the Tunisian-Algerian war (1694) Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania Tunisia Algerian-Tripolitanian victory
All of Tunisia occupied (until 1695).[ 10]
Moroccan-Tunisian alliance.[ 11]
Maghrebi war Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers
Tunisia Sultanate of Morocco Tripolitania Algerian Victory
Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed
Tunisian–Algerian War of 1705 Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia Deylik of Algiers
Beylik of Tunis Inconclusive
Oran Expedition (1707) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran , Algeria Deylik of Algiers
Sultanate of Morocco Algerian victory
Siege of Oran (1707–1708) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algeria The statue of Our Lady of Santa Cruz on the Fort of Santa Cruz in Oran Deylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire Algerian victory
Spanish-Algerian War (1732) Location : Oran Deylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire Spanish victory
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1735 Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia Deylik of Algiers
Beylik of Tunis Algerian victory
Abu l-Hasan Ali I proclaimed bey of TunisTunisian commitment to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 piastres to Algiers
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1756 Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia Deylik of Algiers
Beylik of Tunis Knights Hospitaller Algerian and loyalist victory
Muhammad I ar-Rashid proclaimed bey of TunisBey's commitment to pay a tribute (oil to light the Algerian mosques)
Danish-Algerian War Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Mediterranean Sea Deylik of Algiers
Denmark–Norway Algerian victory
Christian VII of Denmark
Spanish-Algerian war (1775-1785) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algiers Map of the Spanish attack on Algiers in 1775 Deylik of Algiers
Spanish Empire Tuscany Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Malta Portugal Algerian victory
American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Location: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Deylik of Algiers United States Algerian victory
United States agrees to pay an annual tribute of $21,600 to Algiers
Establishment of the United States Navy
Russo-Turkish War Part of the Algeria-European War Part of the Russo-Ottoman Wars Location: Eastern Europe Siege of Ochakov 1788 , by Polish painter January Suchodolski Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers Russian Empire Black Sea Cossacks Montenegro Serbian Free Corps Russian victory
No major repercussions in Algiers
Reconquest of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790-1792) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Oran and Mers-el-Kébir Deylik of Algiers Spanish Empire Algerian victory
Spain abandons Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
Tunisian–Algerian War (1807) Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia
Deylik of Algiers Beylik of Tunis Tunisian victory
Algerian victory in Constantine
Failure to innvade tunisia
Algerian-Tunsian naval war (1811) Deylik of Algiers Algerian Navy Beylik of Tunis Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War (1813) Deylik of Algiers Beylik of Tunis Peace Treaty
Tunisian Victory and the invasion repelled
Political instability in Tunisia after the death of Hammouda Pasha
Algerian Military Victory
Second Barbary war Location: Mediterranean Sea Deylik of Algiers United States American victory
Freedom of movement in the Mediterranean for American ships
Bombardment of Algiers Location: Algiers Bombardment of Algiers 1816 , George Chambers Deylik of Algiers British Empire Dutch Empire Anglo-Dutch victory
Sketch showing the positions of the fleet during the bombardment Bombardment of Algiers , painted by Martinus Schouman
Greek War of Independence Location: Greece Clockwise: The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Phaliro , the burning of an Ottoman frigate by a Greek fire ship , the Battle of Navarino and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi Ottoman Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania Egypt Tunisia
1821:
After 1822:
Military support:
Diplomatic support:
Greek independence:
Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue)
See also
Notes
^ 1821
^ a b c From 1826
^ First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.
References
^ Bogumil Hrabak (September 1986). "Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća" . Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Serbian). 19 (1). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb . ISSN 0353-295X . Retrieved 2012-07-08 .^ Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). "Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću" . Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). 10 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb : 218–221. ISSN 0353-295X . Retrieved 2012-07-08 . ^
Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités
Lemnouar Merouche
Bouchene,
^ The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World . Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.^ History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributors.^ "Estats et royaumes de Fez et Maroc, Dahra et Segelmesse tirés de Sanuto, de Marmol etc. / Par N. Sanson" . 1655.^ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader ^ Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237 ^ Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74 ^ Plantet, Eugène (1893). "Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830" . ^ "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10
^ Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62 . Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3 ^ Introduction to Comparative Politics , by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
^ Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations . Page 63.
^ George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy . Page 155.
^ Robert J. C. Young (12 October 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3 the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh. ^ R. Aldrich (10 December 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5 For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory. ^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5 The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962. ^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962)
^ Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9 The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow. ^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005) ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5 The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire. ^ France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8 The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past. ^ Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 . New York Review of Books. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6 ^ Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0 . Retrieved 2017-01-13 . Algeria: France's Undeclared War . New York: Oxford University Press.^ Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?" . Archives Juives . 42 (2): 67–81. doi :10.3917/aj.422.0067 . ^ Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution , Berkeley, California: University of California Press , p. 166, ISBN 9780520016552 ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9 In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting;; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king. ^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978) ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2 L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground. ^ Anouar Boukhars; Jacques Roussellier (18 December 2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics ISBN 978-1-4422-2686-9 ^ Véronique Dudouet (15 September 2014). Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle ISBN 978-1-317-69778-7 ^ Ho-Won Jeong (4 December 2009). Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction ISBN 978-1-135-26511-3 ^ Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (2005). Understanding Civil War: Africa ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7 ^ a b Rex Brynen; Bahgat Korany; Paul Noble (1995). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World ISBN 978-1-55587-579-4 ^ a b c d e Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008" . In Jan-Erik Lane; Hamadi Redissi; Riyāḍ Ṣaydāwī (eds.). Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization . Ashgate. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-7546-7418-4 ^ a b c d e Karl DeRouen, Jr.; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1 ^ Arms trade in practice , Hrw.org , October 2000^ Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии ^ Yahia H. Zoubir; Haizam Amirah-Fernández (2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation ISBN 978-1-134-08740-2 ^ "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Community abroad" . UN Algeria . 16 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-20 .^ Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups ISBN 978-0-313-32485-7 ^ a b Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations ISBN 978-0-7425-3525-1 ^ a b Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb ISBN 978-0-275-96936-3 ^ a b Brosché, Johan; Höglund, Kristine (2015). "The diversity of peace and war in Africa" . Armaments, Disarmament and International Security . Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-873781-0 ^ Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva; Lyubov Grigorova; Ted Robert Gurr (2013). Crime-terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security ISBN 978-0-415-50648-9 ^ Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8 ^ Siegel, Pascale Combelles (7 November 2008). "Coalition Attack Brings an End to the Career of al-Qaeda in Iraq's Second-in-Command" . Terrorism Monitor . Vol. 6, no. 21. ^ ^ Tabarani, Gabriel G. (2011). Jihad's New Heartlands: Why The West Has Failed To Contain Islamic Fundamentalism ISBN 978-1-4678-9180-6 ^ Harmon, Stephen A. (2014). Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012–2013 ISBN 978-1-4094-5475-5 ^ "A hostage crisis haunted by the ghosts of Algeria's bloody past" . The Washington Post .^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash" . AFP. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011.^ a b "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)" . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014 .^ "4600 soldats français mobilisés" . Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22 .^ "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region" . Economist .^ a b "Tipping point of terror" . The Guardian . 4 April 2004.^ "Exporting Jihad" . The New Yorker . 28 March 2016.^ Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy" . Combating Terrorism Center . ^ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group" . International Business Times . 12 February 2016.^ "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram" . BBC News . 2016-03-18. Retrieved 13 May 2016 .^ "Tunesia, 18 March 2018" . Global Terrorism Database . 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018 .^ "As fighters return, Tunisia faces growing challenge" . Reuters . 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018 .^ "A Challenge from Insurgency to the Nation–State" . Australian Army Research Centre . 12 May 2022.
Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states States with limited
Dependencies and
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