List of first female physicians by country

This is a list of the first qualified female physician to practice in each country, where that is known. Many, if not all, countries have had female physicians since time immemorial; however, modern systems of qualification have often commenced as male only, whether de facto or de jure. This lists the first women physicians in modern countries. The dates given in parentheses below are the dates the women graduated from medical school.

Africa

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

 Algeria Aldjia Noureddine-Benallègue[1] 1946 1946
 Angola Melba Dias Costa[2] 1950
 Benin Solange Faladé[3][4] 1955
 Botswana Nolwandle Nozipo Mashalaba[5] 1965
 Burkina Faso Bibiane Kone[6]
 Burundi Marcelline Ntakibirora[7] 1982 1983
 Cameroon Gladys Ejomi[8] 1962
 Cape Verde Maria Francisca de Oliveira Sousa[9][10]
 Chad Grace Kodindo[11] 1977
 Comoros Zaitouni Abdou[12]
 Democratic Republic of Congo Louise Celia Fleming[13][14] 1895 1895
 Egypt Hilana Sedarous[15][16] 1930 1930
 Equatorial Guinea Margarita Roka Elobo[17][18]
 Eswatini Fanny Friedman[19]
 Ethiopia Widad Kidanemariam[20] c. 1960s
 Gambia Kinneh Sogur[21] 2007
 Ghana Susan Ofori-Atta[22] 1949 1949
 Ivory Coast Christiane Welffens-Ekra[23][24] c. 1975
 Kenya Mary de Sousa[25] 1919
 Lesotho Bertha Hardegger[26] (born in Switzerland) 1937
 Liberia Florence Gbeye D. McClain[27] 1962
 Libya Younes Qwaider[1] 1969
 Madagascar Marthe Ramiaramanana-Ralivao[28] 1950
 Malawi Vida Mungwira[29][30] (the country was then known as Nyasaland) 1956
 Mali Diaka Diawara Sacko[31]
 Mauritania Nusaiba Abdel-Qader and Meimouna mint Mohamed Lemine[32][33] 2015 2015
 Mauritius Sajeda Vayid[34] 1965
 Morocco Françoise Legey[35] (born in France) 1900 1909
 Namibia Libertina Amathila[36] 1969 1969
 Netherlands Aletta JacobsCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). 1938 1938
 Republic of Congo Yvonne Obenga[37][38] c. 1970s
 São Tomé and Príncipe Julieta da Graça do Espírito Santo[39][40] 1955
 Senegal Marie-Thérèse Basse[41] 1957 1958
 Seychelles Hilda Stevenson-Delhomme[42] 1939
 Sierra Leone Irene Ighodaro[43][44] 1945
 Somalia Hawa Abdi[45] 1971 1971
 South Africa Jane Elizabeth Waterston[46] 1880
 Sudan Khalida Zahir[47] 1952 1952
Zaroui Sarkissian[48][49] 1952
 Tanzania Esther Mwaikambo[50] 1969 1969
 Tunisia Tewhida Ben Sheikh[1] 1936 1936
 Uganda Josephine Nambooze[a][51][52] 1959 1962
 Zambia Elwyn Chomba[53][54] 1973
 Zimbabwe Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese[55] 1970 1970

Americas

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

 Antigua and Barbuda Ruby Lake-Richards[56] 1954 1954
 Argentina Cecilia Grierson[57] 1889 1889
 Bahamas Merceline Dahl-Regis[58][b] c. 1960s
 Bolivia Amelia Chopitea Villa[59] 1926 1929
 Brazil Marie Durocher[60] 1834 1834
 Canada[61] Emily Stowe[62] 1867

1875

1867

1875

Jennie Kidd Trout[63] 1875 1875
 Chile Eloísa Díaz[64] 1886 1887
 Colombia Ana Galvis Hotz[65] 1877 1877
 Costa Rica Anita Figueredo[66] (lived in the U.S.) 1936
 Cuba Laura Martínez de Carvajal[67] 1889 1889
 Dominican Republic Sarah Loguen Fraser[c][69] 1884
 Ecuador Matilde Hidalgo[70] 1921 1921
 El Salvador Estela Gavidia[71] 1945 1945
 Guatemala Maria Isabel Escobar[72] 1942 1946
 Guyana Asin Ho A Shoo (Hoashoo)[73] 1912 1912
 Haiti Yvonne Sylvain[74] 1940 1940
 Honduras Martha Raudales de Midence[75] 1947 1947
 Jamaica Cicely Williams[76] 1923 1923
 Mexico Matilde Montoya[77] 1887 1887
 Nicaragua Concepción Palacios Herrera[78] 1927 1928
 Panamá Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares[79] 1934 1936
 Paraguay Gabriela Valenzuela and Froilana Mereles[80] 1924
 Peru Laura Esther Rodriguez Dulanto[81] 1899 1900
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Jean Lenore Harney[82]
 Saint Lucia Betty Bennet Wells[83] 1939
 Suriname Sophie Redmond[84] 1935 1935
 Trinidad and Tobago Stella Abidh[85] 1930
 United States Elizabeth Blackwell[86] (born in England) 1849 1851
 Uruguay Paulina Luisi[87] 1908 1909
 Venezuela Lya Imber[88] 1936 1936

Asia

Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

 Afghanistan Maghul M. Ali[89] 1957 1957
 Azerbaijan Sona Valikhan[90] 1908 1908
 Bahrain Sadeeqa Ali Al-Awadi[91] 1969
 Bangladesh Zohra Begum Kazi[92] 1935
 Brunei Datin Paduka Dr Hjh Intan[93]
 Cambodia Kek Galabru[94][95] 1968 1968
 China Kin Yamei[d] 1885 1885
 India Anandi Gopal Joshi / Kadambini Ganguly[96][97] 1886
 Indonesia Marie Thomas[98] 1912 1922
 Iran Sakineh Peri[99][100] 1934
 Iraq Anna Sethian[101] 1922[102]
 Japan Ogino Ginko[103] 1882 1885
 Jordan Nirmen Totanji[104] 1953 1953
 Korea Esther Park (Kim Jeom-dong)[105] 1900
 Kyrgyzstan Kakish Ryskulovna Ryskulova[106] 1944 1944
 Kuwait Eleanor Jane Taylor Calverley[107] (born in the U.S.) 1908 1911
 Lebanon Anisa Saiba[108][109] c. 1890s c. 1890s
 Malaysia Salma Ismail[110] 1947 1947
 Mongolia V. Ichinkhorloo[111][112][113] 1947
 Myanmar Daw Saw Sa[114] 1912
   Nepal Jamila Sen[115][116] 1897 1899
 Oman Zakiyyah Bint Salem Bin Seif Al Me'man[117] 1944
 Pakistan Khabzam Iqbal[118] c. 1983
 Philippines Honoria Acosta-Sison[119] 1909 1909
 Saudi Arabia Nawal Jamal Al-Lail[120]
 Singapore Lee Choo Neo[121] 1919 1919
 Sri Lanka May Ratnayake[122] 1916 1916
 Syria Sabat Islambouli[123] 1890 1890
 Taiwan Tsai Ah-hsin[124] 1921 1925
 Tajikistan Sofya Khafizovna Khakimova[125] 1943 1943
 Thailand Margaret Lin Xavier[107] 1924 1924
 United Arab Emirates Zulekha Daoud[126] 1963
 Uzbekistan Zulfiya Ibragimovna Umidova[127] 1922 1922
 Vietnam Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu[128] 1934
 Yemen Claudie Fayein[129][130] (born in France) 1955
  • Nepal: Bethel Fleming[131][132] (born in the U.S.) is considered the first Western female physician to practice in the country.

Europe

Country Physician Year graduated
medical school 		Year began
practice
 Albania Xhanfize (Frashëri) Basha[133] 1937
 Armenia Vergine G. Mikaelyan[134] 1927
 Austria Gabriele Possanner[135] 1897 1897
 Belarus Salome Regina Rusetskaya[e][136]
 Belgium Isala Van Diest[137] 1879 1879
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Teodora Krajewska[138] c. 1897[139]
 Bulgaria Anastasia Golovina[140] 1878 1878
 Croatia Karola Maier Milobar[141] 1900 1906
 Cyprus Maria Michaelides[142] 1927 1927
 Czech Republic Anna Honzáková[143] 1902 1902
 Denmark Nielsine Nielsen[144] 1886 1889
 Estonia Selma Feldbach[145] 1904
 Finland Rosina Heikel[74] 1878 1878
 France Madeleine Brès[146] 1875 1875
 Georgia (country) Pelagia Natsvlishvili[147] 1878 1878
 Germany Dorothea Erxleben[148] [149] 1754 1754
 Greece Maria Kalapothakes[150] 1894 1894
 Hungary Vilma Hugonnai[151] 1879 1897
 Iceland Kristín Ólafsdóttir[152] 1917[153]
 Ireland Eleanora Fleury[154] 1890 1890
 Italy Dorotea Bucca[f] pre-1390
 Kazakhstan Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeinep Sadykovna.[g][155] 1908
 Latvia Marija Vecrumba[156] 1911 1911
 Lithuania Barbora Burbaitė-Eidukevičienė[157] 1892 1900
 Luxembourg Louise Welter[h][158][159] 1924 1924
 Malta Blanche Huber[160] 1925 1925
 Moldova Maria Baltaga-Savitski[161] 1879
 Montenegro Divna Veković[162] 1940s
 Netherlands Aletta Jacobs[163] 1879 1879
 North Macedonia Suncica Apostolova[164] 1953
 Norway Marie Spångberg Holth[165] 1893 1893
 Poland Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska[166] 1877 1877
 Portugal Elisa Augusta da Conceição Andrade[167] 1889 1889
 Romania Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu[168] 1884 1891
 Russia Nadezhda Suslova[169] 1867 1868
 Serbia Draga Ljočić[170] 1879 1881
 Slovakia Mária Bellová[171] 1910
 Slovenia Eleonora Jenko Groyer[172] 1907
 Spain Dolors Aleu i Riera[173] 1879 1882
 Sweden Lovisa Åhrberg[i] Never educated;
certified 1850s 		1840
  Switzerland Marie Heim-Vögtlin[26] 1874 1874
 Turkey Safiye Ali[1] 1922
 Ukraine Sofia Okunevska[174] 1894 1897
 United Kingdom Elizabeth Garrett Anderson[175] 1862 1865

Oceania

Country Physician Year graduated
medical school 		Year began
practice
 Australia Constance Stone[176] 1890
 Fiji Kanta Madovji[177] 1968
 Kiribati Terenganuea Taaram[178] (then known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony) before 1974
 Micronesia Ulai Otobed[179] 1965
 New Zealand Emily Siedeberg[180] 1896 1905
 Papua New Guinea Joan Refshauge[181][182] 1947
 Samoa Viopapa Annandale-Atherton[183][184] 1964
 Solomon Islands Junilyn Pikacha[185] 1978 1981
 Tonga 'Akanesi Makakaufaki[186] 1976
 Tuvalu Nese Ituaso-Conway[187] 1999
Miliama Simeona[187] 1999

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Although Nambooze practiced medicine in Uganda, she is considered the first female physician in Central Africa (which includes the Central African Republic, Gabon, and Rwanda) and East Africa (which includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Mozambique and South Sudan)
  2. ^ According to various sources, Dahl-Regis is considered one of the first women to graduate with a medical degree during the 1960s.
  3. ^ Although Fraser was the first woman authorized to practice medicine in the Dominican Republic in 1884, Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez Perozo was the first woman to earn her medical degree in the Dominican Republic in 1909.[68]
  4. ^ Buwei Yang Chao was considered the first female doctor in China to specialize in Western medicine.
  5. ^ Salome Regina Rusetskaya never received any formal medical education.
  6. ^ First woman doctor in modern Italy was Ernestina Paper in 1877.
  7. ^ Jankümis Bayğozïna graduated from a medical school in 1885, but that was as an obsterician.
  8. ^ Although Marcelle Dauphin is considered Luxembourg's first female doctor in certain sources, she was actually a dentist. Welter was the first female general practitioner physician.
  9. ^ First Swedish woman doctor who graduated from a University was Charlotte Yhlen, and first woman doctor to graduate from a Swedish University was Karolina Widerström.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Sante-dz – Actualités – Les premières femmes médecins du monde arabo-musulman". sante-dz – Guide de la santé en Algérie (in French). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Pioneer Portrait: Melba Dias Costa, a primeira médica portuguesa no Canadá". Gallery of the Portuguese Pioneers. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  3. ^ "Le groupe de Cotonou". EPHEP (in French). 4 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  4. ^ "History: 'Unruly' African women who made their mark on the continent". The Africa Report.com. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  5. ^ "Botswana: 40 Years On Call". AllAfrica. 26 February 2008.
  6. ^ "Pr Bibiane Koné, un exemple!". Ordre médecins.
  7. ^ Bigirimana, Carole (10 October 2020). "#Turashoboye : " Je serai une femme médecin ! "". Yaga Burundi (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  8. ^ "DR. GLADYS EJOMI MARTIN LA PREMIÈRE FEMME MÉDECIN AU CAMEROUN EST DÉCÉDÉE HIER". Griote TV (in French). 31 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  9. ^ "Mindelo. Movimento levanta voz contra destruição do Património Histórico na cidade – Sociedade – Início". santiagomagazine.cv (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  10. ^ ""Baxo di Deus, só Sinhor Dôtor!": a homenagem de Brito-Semedo aos médicos de e por Cabo Verde – OMC" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  11. ^ RICH, Jeremy. "Grace Kodindo". In: AKYEAMPONG, Emmanuel K.; GATES JR., Henry Louis (right). Dictionary of African Biography . Oxford University Press, 2012, v. 3, p. 406-407.
  12. ^ "Portrait de Dr. Zaïtouni ABDOU " Première femme médecin des Comores "". HabarizaComores.com | Toute l'actualité des Comores (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. ^ Singer, Hazel (10 February 2014). "Louise Celia "Lulu" Fleming (1862-1899) •". Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Louise Cecilia Fleming, doctoresse dans l'Etat Indépendant du Congo. (EIC)" (PDF). HISTCONGO 1885-1960.
  15. ^ Karim, Ahmed A.; Khalil, Radwa; Moustafa, Ahmed (2021). Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East: On the Influence of History on Gender Psychology. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-16-1413-2.
  16. ^ Peseshet (ancient Egypt)
  17. ^ "La primera doctora ecuato-guineana lee su tesis en la Universidad de Zaragoza". www.unizar.es. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  18. ^ "Margarita Roka, first Guinean woman medical doctor". www.institucionteresiana.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  19. ^ Maslin, Anna M. (2005). Women at Work: Perspectives, Experiences and Tips. Northumbria University Press. ISBN 978-1-904794-10-3.
  20. ^ "The Manual of Ethiopian Medical History – People to People". People to People, Inc. September 2012.
  21. ^ Dibba, Lamin M.; Manneh, Ebrima Jaw (20 March 2007). "Gambia: First UTG Medical Doctors Graduate". The Daily Observer (Banjul).
  22. ^ Patton, Adell (1996). Physicians, colonial racism, and diaspora in West Africa. Internet Archive. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2011-2.
  23. ^ "REPUBLIQUE DE CÔTE D'IVOIRE Union – Discipline – Travail. rvllnistere DE L'EDUCATION NATIONALE FACULTE DE MEDECINE – ABIDJAN". docplayer.fr. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  24. ^ "A SURVEY OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND NEEDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: COUNTRY REPORTS THE POPULATION COUNCIL" (PDF). AID/POP Reference Library. January 1975.
  25. ^ Greenwood, Anna; Topiwala, Harshad (2016). Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 129, 132, 133, 138, 140, 142, 146. doi:10.1057/9781137440532_7. ISBN 9781137440532. OCLC 944066831.
  26. ^ a b Falk, Francesca (21 November 2018). Gender Innovation and Migration in Switzerland. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-01626-5.
  27. ^ Liberia to Get First Woman Doctor. Jet. 2 August 1962.
  28. ^ Ramiaramanana-Ralivao, Marthe (1960). A Condensed History of Madagascar. Impr. Luthérienne.
  29. ^ African Women. Department of Education in Tropical Areas, University of London, Institute of Education. 1956.
  30. ^ "Dr. Vida Mungwira: Federation's first African woman doctor". Central African Journal of Medicine. 8 (10): 400. 1 October 1962. hdl:10520/AJA00089176_4587.
  31. ^ "SACKO DIAKA DIAWARA : La première femme médecin du Mali a tiré sa révérence dans l'indifférence". Nyeleni Magazine (in French). 17 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  32. ^ "موريتانيا تحتفل بتخريج أول دفعة من خريجي كلية الطب". Al-Fanar Media (in Arabic). 18 August 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Santé Maghreb – Le guide de la médecine et de la santé au Maghreb". www.santemaghreb.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  34. ^ Emrith, Moomtaz (1994). History of the Muslims in Mauritius. Editions Le Printemps. ISBN 978-99903-23-10-8.
  35. ^ Ha, Marie-Paule (2014). French Women and the Empire: The Case of Indochina. Oxford University Press. p. 76. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640362.001.0001. ISBN 9780199640362. OCLC 934656566. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  36. ^ Muehlenbeck, Philip E.; Telepneva, Natalia (4 May 2018). Warsaw Pact Intervention in the Third World: Aid and Influence in the Cold War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-985-6.
  37. ^ "Santé : les femmes médecins du Congo lancent officiellement leurs activités | adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo". www.adiac-congo.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  38. ^ Dianzinga, Scholastique; Gamassa, Élise Thérèse; Dambendzet, Jeanne (2011). La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise, 1960-2010: bilan et perspectives : actes du forum national des femmes, 28-31 juillet 2010, Brazzaville (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-54336-2.
  39. ^ Nón, Téla (17 December 2008). "Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr homenageia Doutora Julieta da Graça Pinto do Espírito Santo". Téla Nón (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  40. ^ "95 anos a defender o IO e a enaltecer as antigas alunas". www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). 19 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  41. ^ J.A., Jeune Afrique (in French). Groupe J.A. 1979.
  42. ^ "14 inspiring women of Seychelles". www.seychellesnewsagency.com. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  43. ^ "Ighodaro, Irene (1916–1995) – Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia". 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  44. ^ The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the ...
  45. ^ "Hawa Abdi, trailblazing physician who built a haven for Somali families, dies at 73". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  46. ^ van Heyningen, E. (November 1996). "Jane Elizabeth Waterston – Southern Africa's first woman doctor". Journal of Medical Biography. 4 (4): 208–213. doi:10.1177/096777209600400404. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11618389.
  47. ^ Mubarak, Khalid Al (23 June 2015). "Khalida Zahir obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  48. ^ Mohamed, Inaam N.; Abdelraheem, Mohamed B.; Abdullah, Mohamed A. (2012). "Sudanese female doctors in paediatrics" (PDF). Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics. 12 (2). Sudan Association of Paediatricians: 36–43. PMC 4949896. PMID 27493343. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  49. ^ "الدكتورة خالدة زاهر- صحيفة الراكوبة". www.alrakoba.net (in Arabic). 30 November 2001. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  50. ^ "Tanzania's First Female Physician begins Medical School, Builds Alliances with U.S. Institutions". Duke Global Health Institute. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  51. ^ "Prof. Namboze, first female doctor in East, Central Africa, Uganda, Golden Jubilee, 50 years". New Vision. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  52. ^ "Prof Nambooze: Academic success that changed the region's history". Daily Monitor. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  53. ^ "Professor Elwyn Mwika Chomba | PDF". Global Newborn Health Conference.
  54. ^ "WHO | PMNCH Board meets in New York". WHO. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  55. ^ Butaumocho, Ruth (26 February 2005). "Zimbabwe: First Zim Woman Doctor an Inspiration". The Herald.
  56. ^ "UWI's first female graduate from Antigua and Barbuda to receive honorary degree this weekend". sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  57. ^ "La primera médica argentina: Cecilia Grierson". Museo Roca – Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  58. ^ "Public Health Heroes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization". www.paho.org. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  59. ^ "La primera médica boliviana". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  60. ^ Porto, F.; Cardoso, T. C. (February 2009). "La lucha de las parteras diplomadas por la práctica de la obstetricia en Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)". Enfermería Global (15): 0. ISSN 1695-6141.
  61. ^ Canadian licenses granted in 1880.
  62. ^ "Women in Medicine: Where are we 150 years after Dr. Emily Howard Stowe, Canada's First Female Physician? | Department of Medicine | School of Medicine | Queen's University". deptmed.queensu.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  63. ^ "In His Name – The Life and Times of Jenny Kidd Trout". webfiles.acu.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  64. ^ "Eloísa Díaz Insunza – Universidad de Chile". uchile.cl. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  65. ^ "Las pioneras de la medicina en Colombia – Bienestar Colsanitas". www.bienestarcolsanitas.com (in European Spanish). 3 June 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  66. ^ "Pioneering female surgeon Anita Figueredo dies at 93". La Jolla Light. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  67. ^ Espinosa, López; Antonio, José (April 2004). "La primera mujer cubana graduada de médico en la Universidad de La Habana". Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral. 20 (2): 0. ISSN 0864-2125.
  68. ^ "Dra. Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez – Colegio Médico Dominicano". cmd.org.do. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  69. ^ "Sarah Loguen Fraser: Determined to be a doctor". syracuse. 17 February 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  70. ^ "Matilde Hidalgo abrió las puertas de una sociedad equitativa en Ecuador – Ministerio de Salud Pública" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  71. ^ "Reconocimiento a Trayectoria Laboral de Mujeres con más de 30 años al servicio del MINSAL | Observatorio de Recursos Humanos en Salud de El Salvador". rrhh.salud.gob.sv. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Diccionario Histórico Biográfico de Guatemala". www.fundacionhcg.org. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  73. ^ "A Tribute to Renowned Guyanese- Chinese". Guyana Times International. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  74. ^ a b Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-392-6.
  75. ^ Tecnología, Dirección Ejecutiva de Gestión de. "FALLECE PRIMERA DOCTORA Y GINECÓLOGA DE HONDURAS". presencia.unah.edu.hn (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  76. ^ "Obituary: Dr Cicely Williams". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  77. ^ "Muere Matilde Montoya Lafragua. Primera médica mexicana | Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos – México". www.cndh.org.mx. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  78. ^ PALACIOS, CONCEPCION ARBIZU CAMPOS. Muere Conchita, una sandinista de gran corazón.
  79. ^ "Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares Rivera". EnCaribe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  80. ^ "Principales acciones sanitarias llevadas a cabo en la postguerra (1879-1932)" (PDF). Ministerio de Salud Pública (Paraguay).
  81. ^ Díaz, Héctor (June 2007). "Primera médica peruana, Dra. Laura Esther Rodríguez Dulanto (1872–1919)". Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 68 (2): 181–184. doi:10.15381/anales.v68i2.1229. ISSN 1025-5583.
  82. ^ "Historic St. Kitts – Dr. Lenore Harney". www.historicstkitts.kn. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  83. ^ "SLMDA AWARDS 2020 – HIGHLIGHTS – SLMDA Articles". www.slmda.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  84. ^ "Sophie Redmond | Vrouwelijke pioniers". Atria (in Dutch). 6 June 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  85. ^ Mohammed, Patricia (1998). Stories in Caribbean Feminism: Reflections on the Twentieth Century. Centre for Gender and Development Studies, The University of the West Indies. ISBN 978-976-620-145-6.
  86. ^ Boyd, Julia (2013). The Excellent Doctor Blackwell: The Life of the First Woman Physician. Thistle Publishing. ISBN 9781909609785.
  87. ^ Herrero, Maria Sol Antolin (17 August 2018). "La historia de Paulina Luisi, la primera médica uruguaya" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  88. ^ Traviezo-Valles, Luis Eduardo (2020). "Lya Imber, pediatra microbióloga y primera doctora de Venezuela (1914-1981)". Kasmera (in Spanish). 48 (1).
  89. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (1 January 2002). Repression, Resistance, and Women in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275976712.
  90. ^ "Azərbaycanın ilk həkim qadın Sona Vəlixana aid materiallar Milli Azərbaycan Tarixi Muzeyində". azhistorymuseum.gov.az. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  91. ^ "First for Bahrain: Women in medicine". www.citizensforbahrain.com. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  92. ^ Latif, Muhammad Murad (8 November 2008). "A tribute to Dr Zohra Kazi". The Daily Star. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  93. ^ Musdi, Zasika (2008). "Princess Hjh Masna presents eight women with special achievement awards". www.sultanate.com. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  94. ^ Kimsong, Kay; Ratana, Keo. "Learn more about Pung Chhiv Kek – Cambodia's first female doctor and founder of rights group Licadho". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  95. ^ "Meet Pung Chhiv Kek, Cambodia's First Female Doctor and Founder of Human Rights Group | Seasia.co". Good News from Southeast Asia. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  96. ^ "First lady doctor of India". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  97. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  98. ^ "Dokter Perempuan Pertama Indonesia". Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  99. ^ "معرفی زنان نامی در عرصه‌ی تاریخ". پايگاه خبری افکارنيوز (in Persian). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  100. ^ "زنان تاثیرگذار ایرانی: سکینه پری". IranWire | خانه (in Persian). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  101. ^ العال, أ: صوريــة سلمــاني د محمد فتحي عبد. "وكالة الحدث الاخبارية – المرأة والطب". www.alhadathcenter.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  102. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (1 October 2002). "Iraq's Little Secret". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  103. ^ 埼玉県. "荻野吟子について". 埼玉県 (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  104. ^ "د. نيفين التوتنجي : ذاكرة النهضة الطبية مع تأسيس الدولة". 20 November 2017.
  105. ^ "[이 아침의 인물] '한국 최초의 女의사' 박에스더". hankyung.com (in Korean). 15 March 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  106. ^ Apysheva, Apal (1969). Doroga schastʹi︠a︡ zhenshchin Kirgizstana (in Russian). Kyrgyzstan.
  107. ^ a b Windsor, Laura Lynn (1 January 2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576073926. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  108. ^ al-Muqtaṭaf (in Arabic). 1938.
  109. ^ Maʻṣūm, ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad Ibn (1961). Talkhīṣ al-Riyāḍ: aw tuḥfat al-ṭālbīn al-muqtaṭaf min Riyāḍ al-sālikīn fī sharḥ ṣaḥīfatSayyid al-Sājidīn (in Arabic). Maṭbaʻat al-Ḥaydarī.
  110. ^ "Salma Ismail, first Malay woman doctor, dies at 95". The Star. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  111. ^ Du̇vzhir, T︠S︡ (1974). Aldart ėmėgtėĭchu̇u̇d (in Mongolian). Ulsyn Khėvlėliĭn Gazar.
  112. ^ Mongolyn soëlyn tu̇u̇kh: Mėdlėgiĭn aĭmag (in Mongolian). Admon. 1999. ISBN 9789992950821.
  113. ^ "Эрүүл мэнд, анагаах ухааны салбарын түүхийг бүтээлцсэн эмэгтэйчүүд". www.unen.mn. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  114. ^ Than, Tharaphi (7 November 2013). Women in Modern Burma. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-66663-8.
  115. ^ "Pioneering women doctors of South Asia". NewsIn.Asia. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  116. ^ Borthwick, Meredith (8 December 2015). The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4390-9.
  117. ^ "Milestones in the History of Arab Women" (PDF). Arab Women Organization.
  118. ^ Anjum, Zāhid Ḥusain (1992). Pākistān men̲ avval avval: insāʼīklopīḍiyā (in Urdu). Maktabah-yi Taʻmīr-i Insāniyyat.
  119. ^ "First Filipino Woman Doctor". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  120. ^ المدني *, قراءة: د عبدالله (10 November 2017). "3 سعوديات.. اقتحمن الطب في الزمن الصعب". Okaz (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  121. ^ "SINGAPORE WOMEN'S HALL OF FAME – Lee Choo Neo". 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  122. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. Internet Archive. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4.
  123. ^ Rao, Mallika (8 April 2014). "Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norms A Century Ago". HuffPost. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  124. ^ Storm.mg (24 May 2019). "台灣第一位女醫師有多神？七歲能背千家詩、打敗日人考上醫學院...也許你阿嬤也被她接生過-風傳媒". www.storm.mg (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  125. ^ "Наша Софья. К 90-летию выдающегося ученого и врача Саъдинисо Хакимовой | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  126. ^ "تعرف على تجربة المرأة التي أصبحت أول طبيبة في الإمارات". www.eremnews.com (in Arabic). 31 December 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  127. ^ Большая Медицинская Энциклопедия (БМЭ), под редакцией Петровского Б.В., 3-е издание
  128. ^ PLO.VN (27 February 2020). "Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu – Nữ bác sĩ đầu tiên của Việt Nam". PLO. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  129. ^ Planiol, Thérèse (2000). Herbes folles hier, femmes médecins aujourd'hui (in French). Editions Cheminements. ISBN 978-2-84478-097-3.
  130. ^ Poirier, Jean (1972). Ethnologie régionale: Asie. Amérique. Mascareignes (in French). Gallimard.
  131. ^ "Dr. Helen Isabel Huston". www.alberta.ca. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  132. ^ "Dr. Bethel Harris Fleming: The Fabulous Flemings of Kathmandu · Wilson in the World · Hankey Center for the History of Women's Education". exhibits.wilson.edu. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  133. ^ "19 gusht 1937, mjekja e parë shqiptare kthehet në atdhe". Diaspora Shqiptare (in Albanian). 19 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  134. ^ "Վերգինե Գևորգի Միքաելյան". ysmu.am. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  135. ^ "Women Students". www.univie.ac.at. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  136. ^ "Первая в истории Беларуси женщина-врач – Каталог всех новостей – Новости Библиотека УО 'ГрГМУ'". library.grsmu.by. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  137. ^ "Isala Van Diest, the first female doctor in Belgium". Focus on Belgium. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  138. ^ Fuchs, Brigitte; Tahirović, Husref (December 2019). "Teodora Krajewska, Official Female Doctor of Tuzla and Sarajevo: Medical Practitioner, Woman of Science, Polish Patriot and Feminist". Acta Medica Academica. 48 (3): 317–327. doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.274. ISSN 1840-2879. PMID 32124632.
  139. ^ North-western Christian Advocate. Swormstedt & Poe. 1 January 1897.
  140. ^ Nazarska, Georgeta (2008). "Bulgarian Women Medical Doctors in the Social Modernization of the Bulgarian Nation State (1878-1944)". Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. 33 (2 (124)): 232–246. ISSN 0172-6404. JSTOR 20762285.
  141. ^ Medical Journal. NOLIT Publishing House. 1970.
  142. ^ "Τα άγνωστα νοσοκομεία της Λεμεσού και η πρώτη γυναίκα ιατρός". Health News. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  143. ^ "ŽENA-IN.cz – První česká lékařka se překážek nezalekla – Magazín". 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  144. ^ "lex.dk". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  145. ^ Nõukogude Eesti tervishoid: Zdravookhrnenie Sovetskoĭ Ėstonii (in Estonian). Ajalehtede-Ajakirjade Kirjastus. 1983.
  146. ^ Garets, Françoise Taliano-des (21 August 2019). Un siècle d'histoire culturelle en France: de 1914 à nos jours (in French). Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-62662-4.
  147. ^ "პელაგია ნაცვლიშვილი – საქართველოს ექიმები". www.nplg.gov.ge. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  148. ^ Schiebinger, L. (1990): "The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science", pg. 399, Eighteenth Century Studies 23(3) pgs. 387-405
  149. ^ She was however an exception. Emilie Lehmus and Franziska Tiburtius became the first women physicians after Germany allowed women to become medical doctors in 1899, and Ida Democh-Maurmeier became the first licensed woman doctor in Germany in 1901.[1]
  150. ^ Agnodice was a 4th century BCE physician before modern Greece.
  151. ^ Iván Völgyes, Nancy Völgyes, The liberated female: life, work, and sex in socialist Hungary, Westview Press, 1977, p. 9
  152. ^ "100 ár frá því fyrsta konan lauk háskólaprófi". RÚV (in Icelandic). 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  153. ^ Karlsson, Gunnar (1 January 2000). The History of Iceland. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816635894.
  154. ^ "Fleury, Eleonora Lilian | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  155. ^ "Қазақтың алғашқы әйел дәрігерлері". www.diagnews.kz (in Kazakh). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  156. ^ "Sievietes, kuras iedvesmo cauri gadsimtiem". LA.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  157. ^ Butkuvienė, Anelė (2007). Garsios Lietuvos moterys (in Lithuanian). Baltos lankos. pp. 255–262. ISBN 978-9955-23-065-6.
  158. ^ "1920-1930" (in German). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  159. ^ Jungblut, Marie-Paule; Luxembourg, Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de; Fuge, Boris (2004). "Sei sauber--!": eine Geschichte der Hygiene und öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge in Europa (in German). Wienand. ISBN 978-3-87909-837-8.
  160. ^ Cacciottolo, Joseph (2015). "Feminization of the medical profession in Malta" (PDF). Malta Medical Journa. 27 (1): 1–3. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  161. ^ Baciu, Gheorghe (2015). "FILE DIN TRECUTUL MEDICINE I BASARABENE" (PDF). USMF.
  162. ^ Martinović M.; Jokanović V. (2006). "[Divna Veković (1886–1944)--the first woman physician in Montenegro]". Med Pregl. 59 (7–8): 391–3. doi:10.2298/mpns0608391m. PMID 17140043.
  163. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
  164. ^ "ДАЛИ ЗНАЕТЕ: Кои се првите дипломирани лекари во Македонија?". fakulteti.mk. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  165. ^ "De første kvinnelige legene – og kampen de kjempet". NHI.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  166. ^ Uglow, Jennifer S.; Hendry, Maggy (1999). The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-55553-421-9.
  167. ^ Lousada, Isabel (2010). "Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa". Roteiro 2, 4 Roteiros Feministas Na Cidade de Lisboa. 1: 57–60.
  168. ^ Arina, Avram (14 June 2016). Femei celebre din România. Mică enciclopedie 2 (in Romanian). Elefant Online. ISBN 978-973-724-848-0.
  169. ^ "Бунтарка от медицины: как Надежда Суслова стала первой женщиной-врачом в России". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  170. ^ "Драга Љочић – прва српска лекарка и пионирка борбе за права жена у Србији". BBC News на српском (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). 5 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  171. ^ "Mária Bellová". PRVÁ. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  172. ^ "Zgodbe treh pionirskih slovenskih zdravnic | Mladinska knjiga". www.mladinska-knjiga.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  173. ^ "Dolors Aleu, la primera médica española". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  174. ^ "Інститут історії України НАН України". 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  175. ^ "BBC – History – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  176. ^ Russell, Penny, "Stone, Emma Constance (1856–1902)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 24 September 2021
  177. ^ Simmons, Matilda (7 January 2020). "Fiji's First Woman Doctor". The Fiji Times. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  178. ^ Rose, Samantha (January 2014). "Waves for Change: the role of the South Tarawa-based women's interests program in the decolonisation process of the Gilbert Islands" (PDF). Division of Research and Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology Research Students Centre.
  179. ^ Simon-McWilliams, Ethel, Comp.; Green, Karen Reed, Ed. (February 1987). "Glimpses into Pacific Lives: Some Outstanding Women (Revised)" (PDF). Northwest Regional Educational Lab.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  180. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Siedeberg, Emily Hancock". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  181. ^ Britishness Abroad: Transnational Movements and Imperial Cultures. Academic Monographs. 1 January 2007. ISBN 978-0-522-85392-6.
  182. ^ Journal of Women's History. Indiana University Press. 1991.
  183. ^ Richardson, Amie (15 April 2020). "A woman of the Pacific". www.otago.ac.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  184. ^ Fruean, Adel. "Papalii Dr. Viopapa Atherton, 79". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  185. ^ Moore, Clive. "Pikacha, Junilyn – Biographical entry – Solomon Islands Encyclopaedia, 1893-1978". www.solomonencyclopaedia.net. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  186. ^ Commonwealth Currents. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1994.
  187. ^ a b AusAID. "Tuvalu's first female doctors return home" (PDF). focus magazine June 2001 p. 21 (Vol.16 No.2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. List of pages Archived 15 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine