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The following article lists the cities and metropolitan areas with the greatest scientific output, according to the Nature Index. The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions, cities and countries by the amount of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. Differences in quality are taken into account. Only articles published in 82^{[note 1]} selected quality journals are counted. All these journals are in the English language. They were selected by a committee. If authors from several institutions from different cities are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article.

In 2019, Beijing was the city in the world with the largest scientific output, accounting for 2.8% of the world's total.^[2] New York City was second in the world, with about 2% of the world's total. Overall, the United States has the most cities in the top 100 list, followed by China.

List

The top 100 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals in 2022 according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities:^[3]

Rank	City/Metro area	Country
1	Beijing	China
2	New York metropolitan area	United States
3	Shanghai	China
4	Boston metropolitan area	United States
5	San Francisco Bay Area	United States
6	Nanjing	China
7	Baltimore-Washington	United States
8	Guangzhou	China
9	Tokyo metropolitan area	Japan
10	Wuhan	China
11	Paris metropolitan area	France
12	Seoul metropolitan area	South Korea
13	Hefei	China
14	Los Angeles metropolitan area	United States
15	London metropolitan area	United Kingdom
16	Hangzhou	China
17	Chicago metropolitan area	United States
18	Tianjin	China
19	Shenzhen	China
20	Xi'an	China
21	Hong Kong	China
22	Zürich	Switzerland
23	Cambridge	United Kingdom
24	Chengdu	China
25	Singapore	Singapore
26	San Diego metropolitan area	United States
27	Berlin metropolitan area	Germany
28	Munich	Germany
29	Philadelphia metropolitan area	United States
30	Changsha	China
31	Changchun	China
32	Jinan	China
33	Oxford	United Kingdom
34	Houston metropolitan area	United States
35	Seattle metropolitan area	United States
36	Chongqing	China
37	Dalian	China
38	Xiamen	China
39	Melbourne	Australia
40	Suzhou	China
41	Toronto metropolitan area	Canada
42	Lausanne	Switzerland
43	Qingdao	China
44	Daejeon	South Korea
45	Fuzhou	China
46	Ann Arbor	United States
47	Barcelona metropolitan area	Spain
48	Kyoto	Japan
49	Ithaca	United States
50	Copenhagen	Denmark
51	Atlanta metropolitan area	United States
52	Stockholm	Sweden
53	Sydney	Australia
54	Vienna	Austria
55	Montreal	Canada
56	Madrid	Spain
57	Lanzhou	China
58	Osaka	Japan
59	Austin	United States
60	Moscow	Russia
61	Tsukuba	Japan
62	Boulder	United States
63	Heidelberg	Germany
64	Harbin	China
65	Pittsburgh	United States
66	Taipei	Taiwan^{[note 2]}
67	St. Louis	United States
68	Urbana	United States
69	Madison	United States
70	Dallas–Fort Worth	United States
71	Nagoya metropolitan Area	Japan
72	Vancouver	Canada
73	Edinburgh	United Kingdom
74	Amsterdam metropolitan area	Netherlands
75	Dresden	Germany
76	Zhengzhou	China
77	Brisbane	Australia
78	Minneapolis–Saint Paul	United States
79	State College	United States
80	Grenoble	France
81	Bengaluru	India
82	Durham	United States
83	Rome	Italy
84	Santa Barbara	United States
85	Geneva	Switzerland
86	Chapel Hill	United States
87	Rehovot	Israel
88	Milan	Italy
89	Bristol metropolitan area	United Kingdom
90	Hamburg	Germany
91	Irvine	United States
92	Göttingen	Germany
93	Columbus	United States
94	Sendai	Japan
95	College Station	United States
96	Leuven	Belgium
97	Helsinki	Finland
98	Manchester	United Kingdom
99	Mainz	Germany
100	Tel Aviv	Israel

Leading cities in different fields

The 10 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in the fields of biological sciences, Earth & environmental sciences, chemistry and physical sciences:

Rank	Biological sciences^[4]	Earth & environmental sciences^[5]	Chemistry^[6]	Physical sciences^[7]
1	New York metropolitan area	Beijing	Beijing	Beijing
2	Boston metropolitan area	Nanjing	Shanghai	Shanghai
3	San Francisco Bay Area	Guangzhou	Nanjing	New York metropolitan area
4	Baltimore-Washington	Baltimore-Washington	Guangzhou	Boston metropolitan area
5	Beijing	Shanghai	Hefei	Nanjing
6	Shanghai	New York metropolitan area	Tianjin	Seoul metropolitan area
7	London metropolitan area	San Francisco Bay Area	Wuhan	San Francisco Bay Area
8	Paris metropolitan area	Wuhan	Tokyo metropolitan area	Tokyo metropolitan area
9	San Diego metropolitan area	Los Angeles metropolitan area	New York metropolitan area	Hefei
10	Los Angeles metropolitan area	Paris metropolitan area	Seoul metropolitan area	Paris metropolitan area