Arab Invasion of Rajputana (800–836 CE) - An alliance of local Rulers under Nagbhata II of Gurjara PratiharaDynasty and Rawal Khoman II of Mewar successfully repulsed an Invasion of Arabs under Bashar the governor of Sindh, Govindraj Chauhan and other local Leaders of Kannauj, Punjab, Gujarat and Delhi also played a major role in the battle.[2][3][4][5][6]
Umayyad Invasion Rajasthan
The Guhila Rajputs were feudatories of the Moriya (Mori) Rajputs of Chitor and they came into prominence in the time of Khummaņa I popularly known as Bappā Rāwal who was the 9th ruler in the family of Guhadatta. He started his political career as a vassal of the Mori monarch Manurāja and probably led the Mori forces against the Arabs. In this expedition, Bappā Rāwal achieved complete victory.[7]
Siege of Ranthambore (1236) – Vagbhata Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore during the reign of the Delhi ruler Razia.[17]
Siege of Ranthambore (1248) – Vagabhata Chauhan successfully defended the fort against Nasiruddin Mahmud.[17]
Siege of Ranthambore (1253) – Vagbhata Chauhan repelled another invasion from the Mamluks.[17]
Invasion of Mewar (1253–54) - Rawal Tejasimha fought series of battle against Balban.[18]
Invasion of Mewar (1255) - Rawal Tejasimha who gave refuge to Qutlug Khan who revolted against Sultan of Delhi repelled another invasion from Balban .[18]
Siege of Ranthambore (1259) – Nasiruddin Mahmud captured Ranthambore from Jetra Singh Chauhan.
Siege of Ranthambore (1283) – Shakti Dev Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore from the Mamluks.
Battle of Ranthambore (1290) – Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji attacked Hammir Dev because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
Siege of Jaisalmer (1294–1295) – Alauddin Khalji commanded the Khilji army under Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and plundered Jaisalmer after a siege that lasted for a year. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Rajputs reoccupied it.[19]
Battle of Banas (1300) – Alauddin Khalji sent his younger brother Ulugh Khan to Invaded Ranthambore but he was defeated by Hammiradeva generals Bhimasimha and Dharmasimha in 1300 CE.[16]
Battle of Mandore (1396) – Rao ChundaRathore successfully defended Mandore against a Tughlaq army and captured Sambhar, Didwana, Khatu and Ajmer from them.[28]
Battle of Nagaur (1399) – Rao Chunda Rathore defeated Jalal Khan Khokhar of Nagaur and annexed Nagaur[25]
Battle of Mallani (1399) – Kunwar Jagmal Singh Mahecha Rawal of Malani defeated Hathi Khan general of Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada and married Muslim princess Gindoli.[29][26]
15th Century
Battle of Badnore (1415) – Rana Lakha defeated sultan of Delhi at Badnore and further took the war to Gaya in Bihar and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visit there.[30][31]
Battle of Mandore (1421) – Rao Chunda Re-captured Nagaur from Firozkhan.[32]
Battle of Sirohi (1434) – Rao Ranmal defeated Rao Sahasmal Deora and captured Basantgarh, Bhula and areas of Abu.[33]
Siege of Mandalgarh (1435-6) – Rao Ranmal Rathore captured Mandalgarh fort from Rao Bairisal Hada.[34]
Battle of Jahazpur (1436) –Rana Kumbha defeated Hadas of Bundi At Jahazpur[35]
Conquest of Eastern Sirohi State (1437) - Rana Kumbha Marched Against Sirohi State Captured Parganas of Ajahari, Pindwara from Sirohi Ruler Sahasmal[36]
Battle of Sarangpur (1437) – Rana Kumbha supported by Rao Ranmal Rathore defeated and imprisoned Mahmud Khalji.To commemorate this victory, Rana Kumbha built the Vijay Stambha (Tower of Victory) in the fortress of Chittor.
Capture of Ajmer (1437) – Rana Kumbha Captured Ajmer From Nagaur Sultan Firoz Khan[37]
Siege of Gagron (1444) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron fort which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by bhils while fleeing from the fort.[40]
Battle of Abu (1455) – Qutbuddin sent Imadul Mulk to invade Mewar through Abu, but Imadul suffered heavy losses against the Mewari soldiers posted on the hills and was immediately called back.[42]
Battle of Mandalgarh (1456) – Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent seven detachments to attack the Rana Kumbha from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle against Rana Kumbha after which Mahmud retreated the next morning.[44]
Siege of Mandalgarh (1456–57) – In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again attacked Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege. Fort was later recaptured by the Rajputs .[45]
Siege of Kumbhalgarh (1458-9) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Kumbhalgarh fort but finding the fort too strong he retreated back to Mandu.[46]
Siege of Nagaur (1466) – Rao Jodha defeated Fatankhan of Nagaur. Fatankhan was forced to flee to Jhunjhunu.[47]
Battle of Mandalgarh (1467) – Sultan Mahmud invaded Mewar and fought a battle with Rana Kumbha, but retreated after defeated & taking heavy losses.[46]
Battle of Mandalgarh (1473) - After failed invasion of Chittor Sultan of Malwa then marched up to capture Mandalgarh but again was defeated by Rana Raimal. After defeating the Sultan of Malwa, the Rajput army chased them up to Khairabad and later it was sacked and Plundered from which Rajputs extracted heavy fines from the Sultan of Malwa.[48]
Battle of Chappar-Dronpur (1474) – Rao Jodha defeated Bahlol Khan and Hussian Shah of Jaunpur Sultanat.[49]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1475) – After the death of Udai Singh I The sultan of Mandu helped Surajmal and Shahasmal. He started with a large army to assist Surajmal and Shashasmal to the throne of Mewar and arrived near Chittor. Rana Raimal issued from the fortress and attacked Ghiyath Shah who being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu.[50]
Conquest of Jangladesh (1485) - Rao Bika invaded Jangladesh which was in the control of Jat settlements. Bika led an army of 300 Rajput warriors and subjugated all of the Jat clans of northern Rajasthan.[51][52][53]
Battle of Sambhar (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated invading army of Raja chandrasen of Amber[54]
Battle of Shiv (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated Rawal Devidas of Jaisalmer and re-occupied Shiv[54]
Battle of Bikaner (1488) -Bahlol Lodi sent an expedition against Rao Bika under Sarang Khan the governor of Hissar but the Muslim army was Defeated and Sarang Khan was killed[55]
Battle of Peepar (1492) – Rao SatalRathore defeated Gudhla Khan, an Afghan general and rescued 140 Maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle.[56]
Capture of Ajmer (1495) – Prithviraj Sisodia defeated afgans at Taragarh fort and slayed afgan Governor Mallu Khan [57]
Battle of Nadol (1563) – Rao Chandra Sen defeated Ramchandra Rathore. Ramchandra fled to Nagaur.
First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562-1583) – Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583.[68]
Battle of Mandalgarh (1567) – Akbar advanced by Dholpur route taking the forts of Sivapura and Kota, he dispatched a Mughal army under Asaf khan to take surrounding forts. Mandalgarh was the first to be attacked but Asaf khan was repulsed by the faithful commander Ballu Sinhji, a SolankiRajput. Later Asaf khan and Wazir khan conquered Mandalgarh by defeating the Solanki contingent of the fort.[69]
Siege of Siwana (1572) – Mughal force under General Udai Singh Rathore defeated Kalyanmal Singh Rathore and Kalyandas Rathore and annexed powerful fort of Siwana which served as Rao Chandra Sen's capital was captured by the Mughals after a siege of 8 months.[70]
Battle of Mohi (1577) - When the imperial commanders were establishing order in the rebel areas Akbar in order to personally supervise the reduction of the Rana’s power personally left Ajmer for Gogunda on 11 October 1576 A. D. Then the emperor moved further in the north-easterly direction and put Majahad Beg, Ghazi Khan Badakhshi, Sarif Khan Atka etc., with 3,000 horsemen at Mohi(near Nathdwara). Here he remained for some time. But when the protecting armies of Man Singh and his colleagues had withdrawn from the neighbourhood, Pratap’s soldiers fell upon him and Majahad Beg was killed in the skirmish that followed. Mohi was taken by the Rajputs in September, 1577, and the Emperor made no attempt to re-occupy the place for some time.[73][74][75][76]
Rajput War (1679–1707) also known as Rathore Rebellion – Aurangzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Veer Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Veer Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories.[83]
Battle of Udaipur (1680) – Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to Panarwa a hilly region by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzeb's general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.[84] during that time naruji barhath a charan warrior fought bravely to protect jagdish mandir from Aurangzeb army. he was martyred while fighting to mughal army[85][86][87]
Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) – In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and the Prince Akbar rebelled against Aurangzeb . Aurangzeb later complied to the demands of Rana Raj Singh and Mewar was left alone.[88]
Battle of Khanana (1681-1687) – Rathore rebels under Veer Durgadas Rathore defeated Mughal force. This battle resulted in major victory for Rathores. Kumpawats captured Siwana town from Mughals. Mughal commander Purdil Khan was killed in this battle.[89]
Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.[90]
Annexation of Amer (1708) – Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war. Raja Sawai Jai Singh was forced to retreat with his army. Amber was named 'Mominabad' by the Mughal emperor.[91]
Battle of Merta (1708) – Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar. The Mughal emperor was advised to stay in Ajmer as the Mughals were wary of the guerrilla tactics of Veer Durgadas. Ajit Singh however went against the advice of Durgadas Rathore and directly confronted the large Mughal army. The Mughals bombarded the Rathor horsemen with cannons and rockets and forced them to retreat after heavy losses. Jodhpur was once again occupied by the Mughals.[92]
Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 – The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha in the "Battle of Sambhar (1709)". Ajit Singh also attacked Ajmer and forced its governor to pay tribute. Sayyid Hidayatullah, the governor of Ranthambor was also defeated, bringing a danger to the Mughal capital itself. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas (1710).[93]
Siege of Jodhpur and Jaipur (1708) – Jai Singh and Ajit Singh storm Amber and Jodhpur and retake their capitals from the Mughal garrisons.[94]
Battle of Sambhar (1708) - Sayyid Hussain Barha of Mewat defeated near Sambhar by the Rathore-Kachwaha army. Barha shot dead with his two brothers.[94]
Battle of Javli (1710) – Mir Khan of Narnaul with 7000 Mughal troops and Churaman Jat with 6000 Jats effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka at Javli.[94]
Battle of Tonk (24 March 1710) – Muhammad Khan of Tonk defeated by the Rathore-Kachwaha army.[94]
Battle of Kama (1708) (4–7 October 1708) – Ajit Singh Kachwaha, the zamindar of Kama defeated combined armies of Mughals and Jats. The Mughal-Jat army numbered 18,000 while the Kachwahas had 10,000 horsemen. After a bitter fight the Mughal faujdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the injured Jat leader Churaman was forced to retreat to Thun.[95]
Jai Singh II's campaign against the Jats (1718-1722) – Farrukhsiyar sent Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur for subjugation in 1716. Churaman won the war. Rajput and Mughal armies returned back.[97][98]
Battle of Gangwana (1741) – 1,000 Rathore cavaliers of Bhakt Singh fought a combined army of a 100,000 men consisting of Mughals, Kachwahas, Jadauns, and Jats. In this battle Bhakt Singh was defeated but his cavalry charge killed and injured thousands of his foes. Sir Jadunath Sarkar quotes that - "the battle front was like tigers upon a flock of sheep". According to Harcharandas more than 12,000 men were slain in the battlefield.[99][100][101]
Battle of Luniawas (1750) – Bhakt Singh challenged his nephew Ram Singh for the throne of Marwar. Ram Singh hired a large contingent of Afghan and Baloch Musketeers from Sindh to defeat his uncle, he further formed a powerful army in Jodhpur and appointed Sher Singh Rathore, a veteran general of Marwar to defeat the usurper. At first Ram Singhs general Sher Singh Rathore pushed Bhakt Singh 4 miles back and almost forced him to retreat, 2000 Rathores of Bhakt Singh fell in the battle with 9 Rathor nobles and Bhakt Singh was severely injured by spear and bullet wounds, but Bhakt Singh made a fierce counterattack which killed Sher Singh and most of Ram Singhs commanders making the battle a costly victory for Bhakt Singh.[105][106]
Battle of Ajmer (1752) – In May 1752 Jayappaji Rao Scindia and Ram Singh I attacked Ajmer, sacked it and massacred the populace. Upon learning of the invasion, Bhakt Singh marched with his army and camped 8 miles away from Ajmer. He waited till July and then attacked Jayappa. Bhakt Singh blocked the surrounding paths and placed his guns on a hill, he then bombarded the Marathas, upon receiving heavy casualties, the Marathas fled along with the army of Ram Singh.[107]
Capture of Alwar Fort (1756) – Madho Singh of Jaipur had occupied Alwar Fort by paying Rupees 50 thousand as bribe to its custodian and sending 500 men. When Suraj Mal heard of it, he despatched a strong force of 5,000 under Rup Ram Katari and the siege of the fort was taken up. Soon after Jawahar Singh also joined him. In the ensuing fight there, the Jats easily gained the day and thus wrested the fort from the Rajputs (c. 23 March 1756). The Jaipur ruler, though visibly mortified by the reverse, held back as he felt himself powerless in ejecting the Jats.[108]
Battle of Kakkor (1759) - Malhar rao Holkar crushed the forces of Jaipur who were 4000 in number and killed their 21 captains.
Battle of Mangrol (1761) – Madho Singh of Jaipur fought Malhar Rao Holkar. The Jaipur army had 10,000 men while the Holkar army had 6,000 men from Indore and 3,000 men supplied by the Rao of Kota. After a 2-day battle the Jaipur army was completely destroyed. However Malhar Rao was not able to plunder Dhundhar for long as he was recalled to Bundelkhand because of rebellions and threats of invasion by Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh.[109]
Battle of Mandan (1775) – The Shekhawats defeated a Mughal force under Mitrasen Ahir, Peero Khan and Kale Khan. After heavy losses on both sides, Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled.[113]
Conquest of Alwar (1775) - Pratap Singh Naruka took the possession of the Alwar fort by bribing the Jat garrison, whose pay had long been in arrears.[114]
Battle of Khatu Shyamji (1779) – Chood Singh Nathawat of Doongri and Dalel Singh Khangarot of Sewa defeated the imperial army under Murtaza Khan Bhadech, Najaf Khan and Abdullah Khan.[115]
Battle of Patan (1790) – The Battle of Patan was fought on 20 June 1790 between the Scindias of Gwalior and the Kachwahas of Jaipur, and resulted decisive victory of Maratha forces.
Siege of Mehrangarh (1806) – Man Singh of Marwar defeated the armies of Jaipur, Mewar and Bikaner. So comprehensively that Jagat Singh of Jaipur had to pay a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 to secure his safe passage. In honour of Man Singhs victory over Jaipur the Jai Pol, or victory gate was built in the fort in 1808.
Battle of Bithoda (8 September 1857) – Kushal Singh Champawat, a noble of Jodhpur joined the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British Empire, around 5,000 Rajputs of Pali joined him. The British asked Takht Singh to deal with him, however most of the Rathore nobles refused to fight with a fellow clansmen for foreigners. Kushal Singh thus defeated a force of local levies raised by Takht Singh of Jodhpur.[121]
Battle of Chelawas (1857-1858) – Kushal Singh killed Captain Mason and Hung his head on his fort gate for insulting him, he then defeated a British army of 2,000 men under Brigadier Lawrence.
Siege of Auwa (1857-1858) – An army of 30,000 men under Colonel Holmes forced Kushal Singh to retreat to his fort in Auwa. Holmes besieged the Auwa Fort and breached it after 6 months of siege. Kushal Singh was able to escape to Udaipur. Auwa was then confiscated by the British until the death of Kushal Singh in 1864.[122]
^Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 391. ISBN9788129115010. Dulha Rai left Gwalior around AD 1071 and entered the territory of Dhundhar, subdued the Badgujars and Minas and settled at Dausa
^Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 258. ISBN9788129115010. Bisaldev successfully repulsed a large Ghaznavid army led by Sultan Khusrau Shah (1152-1160), which had advanced as far as Vavvera....He wrested Delhi from the Tomars in either AD 1151 or 1153, but allowed them to continue to hold the area as Chauhan Feudatories. He also took Hansi (Asika) from the Ghaznavids
^K. A. Nizami (1992). "FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 171. OCLC31870180. "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin
^Ahluwalia, M.S. (1978). Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan. Delhi: Yugantar Prakashan. p. 168. Lakshman Simha is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag
^Rajsamand (2001), District Gazetteers, Rajasthan, p. 35, The battle of Dewar was fought in a valley of Arvali about 40 km north -east of Kumbhalgarh. ... Prince Amar Singh fought valiantly and pierced through Sultan Khan and the horse he was riding.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^A military history of medieval India, 2003, p. 530, Prince Pravez and Asaf Khan led an army of 20,000 horse which fought a battle against Rana Amar Singh at Dewar
^Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to Panarwa a hilly region by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzeb's general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH17242.pdf
^Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 694. ISBN9788129115010. in a pitched battle at Mandan, both sides suffered heavily. Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled the field, leaving the Shekhawat chiefs victorious.
^Pande, Ram (1970). Bharatpur Upto 1826 A Social and Political History of the Jats. Rama Publishing House. p. 118.
^Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 694. ISBN9788129115010. Battle of Khatu–Shyamji. This last occurred when Murtaza Khan Bhadech was sent into Shekhawati to collect revenue arrears. His subsequent march towards Jaipur was blocked at Khatu-Shyamji, where the Shekhawats led by Devi Singh of Sikar defeated the intruder.
^Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 134 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library.
^Tikkiwal, Harish Chandra (1974). Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1707-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations
^Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.). Sarup & Sons., p. 261. ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
^The Central India CampaignArchived 4 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. "Khushal Singh, the Thakur of Awah, who was in rebellion against the British. On 8 September the Legion defeated a force of Jodhpur's loyal Raja's local levies."
^Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan pg 28-35
