This is a list of species in the fungal genus Arthonia, which contains both lichen-forming fungi, and lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. As of June 2023[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 164 species of Arthonia.[1] The Arthonia species accepted by Species Fungorum are those for which they have expressed a taxonomic opinion, and does not necessarily represent the total number of species in the family. Although more than 1600 taxa have at one time been placed in the genus, the majority of these are now either considered synonyms of other species, have been moved to other genera, or are too little-known and have been collected too infrequently to have had a taxonomic opinion expressed about them.[2] Recent estimates for the number of species in the genus include 491 (2008),[3] 500 (2017),[4][note 1] and 50 species with 300 "orphaned"[note 2] species (2021).[5] According to a 2018 review of lichenicolous fungi, there are 139 lichenicolous fungi and 1 lichenicolous lichen in Arthonia (Arthonia infectans is the single known example of the latter). In the following list, the host(s) of the lichenicolous taxa are given.[6]
^Lücking and colleagues acknowledge that the species estimate of some large lichen-forming fungal genera, including Arthonia, are approximations.[4]: 370
^"Orphaned" species are those that have been named and formally described, but have not been updated and reassessed following a revision of the genus they are in.
^Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 491. ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
^ abLücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. JSTOR44250015.
^ abDiederich, P.; Common, R.S.; Braun, U.; Heuchert, B.; Millanes, A.; Suija, A.; Ertz, D. (2019). "Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 249–282. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0021.
^Stirton, J. (1878). "Lichens growing on living leaves from the Amazon". Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. 11: 99–111.
^ abLendemer, J.C.; Harris, R.C.; Ruiz, A.M. (2016). "A Review of the Lichens of the Dare Regional Biodiversity Hotspot in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina, eastern North America". Castanea. 81: 1–77. doi:10.2179/15-073R2.
^Vainio, E.A. (1883). "Adjumenta ad lichenographiam Lapponiae Fennicae atque Fenniae borealis. II". Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 10: 1–230 [209].
^van den Boom, P.P.G.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Divakar, P.K.; Ertz, D. (2017). "New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Panama, with descriptions of ten new species". Sydowia. 69 (69): 47–72. doi:10.12905/0380.sydowia69-2017-0047.
^Halici, M.G.; Candan, M. (2011). "Arthonia anatolica sp. nov. (Arthoniaceae) on Aspicilia contorta subsp. hoffmanniana, a new lichenicolous species from Turkey". Mycotaxon. 116: 335–339. doi:10.5248/116.335.
^Cáceres, M.E.S. (2007). Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil. Libri Botanici. Vol. 22. p. 31.
^ abcdefCoppins, B.J. (1989). "Notes on the Arthoniaceae in the British Isles". The Lichenologist. 21 (3): 195–216. doi:10.1017/S0024282989000435.
^Kantvilas, G.; Vězda, A. (1988). "A new lichenised species of Arthonia from south-western Tasmania". Australian Systematic Botany. 1 (2): 189–190. doi:10.1071/SB9880189.
^Halici, M.G.; Candan, M. (2009). "New lichenicolous fungi from Turkey". Nova Hedwigia. 88 (3–4): 483–490. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0483.
^ abcdefWedin, Mats; Hafellner, Josef (1998). "Lichenicolous species of Arthonia on Lobariaceae with notes on excluded taxa". The Lichenologist. 30 (1): 59–91. doi:10.1006/lich.1997.0116.
^Zhurbenko, Mikhail P. (2021). "Arthonia buelliae sp. nov. (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Ascomycota) and other noteworthy lichenicolous fungi from the Primorye Territory of Russia". Phytotaxa. 483 (2): 183–189. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.483.2.11.
^Ertz, Damien; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François; Dessein, Steven; Raspé, Olivier; Vigneron, Nathalie; Hofstetter, Valérie; Diederich, Paul (2009). "Towards a new classification of the Arthoniales (Ascomycota) based on a three-gene phylogeny focussing on the genus Opegrapha". Mycological Research. 113 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.09.002. PMID18929650.
^ abKantvilas, G.; Wedin, M. (2015). "Lichenicolous species of the Acomycete genus Arthonia Ach. from Kangaroo Island". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 29: 1–6.
^ abEtayo, J. (2017). Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador. Opera Lilloana. Vol. 50. p. 83.
^ abEtayo, J. (1996). "Aportación a la flora liquénica de las Islas Canarias. I. Hongos liquenícolas de Gomera". Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence (in Spanish). 47: 93–110.
^ abcGrube, M.; Matzer, M.; Hafellner, J. (1995). "A preliminary account of the lichenicolous Arthonia species with reddish, K+ reactive pigments". The Lichenologist. 27 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1006/lich.1995.9999.
^ abcFollmann, G.; Werner, B.C. (2003). "Lichenicolous fungi occurring on Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) I. New species from South America". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 94: 261–292.
^Hafellner, J. (1999). "Beiträge zu einem Prodromus der lichenicolen Pilze Österreichs und angrenzender Gebiete. IV. Drei neue Arten und weitere bemerkenswerte Funde hauptsächlich in der Steiermark" [Contributions to a prodromus of the lichenicolous fungi in Austria and neighboring areas. IV. Three new species and other notable finds mainly in Styria]. Linzer Biologische Beiträge (in German). 31 (1): 507–532.
^Joshi, S.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S. (2013). "A new lichenicolous Arthonia species (Arthoniaceae) on Diorygma from India". The Lichenologist. 5 (3): 323–327. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000042.
^ abcEtayo, J.; Sancho, L.G. (2008). Hongos liquenícolas del sur de Sudamérica, especialmente de Isla Navarino (Chile). Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 98. pp. 1–302.
^ abZhurbenko, M.P.; Stepanchikova, I.S.; Himelbrant, D.E. (2020). "New species and new records of lichenicolous fungi from the Kamchatka Territory of Russia". Herzogia. 33 (2): 512–524. doi:10.13158/heia.33.2.2020.512.
^Anzi, Martinus (1860). Catalogus lichenum quos in provincia sondriensi et circa Novum-Comum collegit et in ordinem systematicum digessit (in Latin). Ex officina C. Franchi. p. 94.
^ abSantesson, R. (1960). "Lichenicolous fungi from northern Spain". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 54 (4): 499–522.
^Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Santos, Lidiane Alves dos (2024). "The taxonomy of sterile Arthoniaceae from Brazil: white crusts on overhanging tropical trees can be named". The Lichenologist. 56 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000021.
^Diederich, P. (1995). "Arthonia follmanniana, a new species from the Galápagos Islands". In Daniels, Fred J.A.; Schultz, Margot; Peine, Jörg (eds.). Flechten Follmann. Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann. Botanical Institute, University of Cologne. pp. 179–182. ISBN978-3-87429-380-8.
^ abBerger, F.; Zimmermann, E. (2016). "Ergänzungen zur Flechtenflora von Madeira mit besonderer Berücksichtigung lichenicoler Pilze" [Supplements to the lichen flora of Madeira with special reference to lichenicolous fungi]. Herzogia (in German). 29 (2/1): 235–276. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.235.
^ abLendemer, J.C.; Ray, D. (2017). "Two new pinicolous Arthonia (Arthoniaceae; Arthoniomycetes) from the Delmarva Peninsula of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in eastern North America". The Bryologist. 120 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.011.
^Kalb, K.; Hafellner, J.; Staiger, B. (1995). "Haematomma-Studien. II. Lichenicole Pilze auf Arten der Flechtengattung Haematomma". Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). 59: 199–222.
^Hafellner, J.; John, V. (2006). "Über Funde lichenicoler nicht-lichenisierter Pilze in der Türkei, mit einer Synopsis der bisher im Land nachgewiesenen Taxa" [Finds of lichenicolous non-lichenized fungi in Turkey, with a synopsis of the taxa found in the country so far]. Herzogia (in German). 19: 155–176.
^van den Boom, P.P.G.; Moniri, M.H. (2018). "Notes on the lichen genus Lecania (Ramalinaceae) in Iran, with the description of a new Arthonia species (Arthoniaceae)". Nova Hedwigia. 107 (3–4): 407–421. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2018/0479.
^Lücking, Robert; Leavitt, Steven D.; Hawksworth, David L. (2021). "Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics". Fungal Diversity. 109 (1): 99–154. doi:10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7.
^ abNylander, W. (1863). "Lichenographia Novogranatensis prodromus". Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae. 7 (2): 415–504.
^Lücking, R.; Kalb, K. (2001). "New Caledonia, foliicolous lichens and island biogeography". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 78: 247–274.
^Knight, C. (1882). "Contributions to the Lichenographia of New South Wales". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2: 37–51.
^Triebel, D. (1989). Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten [Lecideicolous Ascomycetes. A revision of the obligate lichenicolous ascomycetes on lecideoid lichens]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 35. p. 62.
^Aptroot, André (2011). "A new species of Arthonia is a pest in an orchid nursery". The Lichenologist. 43 (3): 199–201. doi:10.1017/s0024282911000053.
^Zhurbenko, M.P.; Grube, M. (2010). "Arthonia pannariae (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales), a new lichenicolous fungus from northern Holarctic". Graphis Scripta. 22: 47–51.
^Aptroot, A.; Sparrius, L.B. (2003). "New microlichens from Taiwan". Fungal Diversity. 14: 1–50.
^Etayo, J.; Pérez-Ortega, S. (2016). "Lichenicolous lichens and fungi from Monfragüe National Park (western Spain)". Herzogia. 29 (2/1): 315–328. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.315.
^Nylander, W. (1853). "Collectanea lichenologica in Gallia meridionali et Pyrenaeis". Botaniska Notiser. 3 (in Latin). 1853: 151–165.
^Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Sheil, Douglas (2014). "Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Nova Hedwigia. 98: 295–312. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0155.
^Lücking, R.; Kalb, K. (2002). "New species and further additions to the foliicolous lichen flora of Kenya (East Africa), including the first lichenicolous Aulaxina (Ostropales: Gomphillaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00058.x.
^Etayo, J. (2010). "Hongos liquenícolas de Perú Homenaje a Rolf Santesson" [Lichenicolous fungi from Peru homage to Rolf Santesson]. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence. 61: 83–128.
^van den Boom, P.P.G. (2021). Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi in Macaronesia and atlantic Europe. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 111. p. 30.
^Etayo, J.; Diederich, P. (2009). "Arthonia protoparmeliopseos, a new lichenicolous fungus on Protoparmeliopsis muralis from Spain and Luxembourg". Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois. 110: 93–96.
^Wedin, M. (1993). "Arthonia pseudocyphellariae, a new lichenicolous fungus from the Southern Hemisphere". The Lichenologist. 25 (3): 301–303. doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1037.
^Seavey, F.; Seavey, J.; Gagnon, J.; Guccion, J.; Kaminsky, B.; Pearson, J.; Podaril, A.; Randall, B. (2017). "The lichens of Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park, Key Largo, Florida, USA". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 53 (5): 201–268 [214].
^Carroll, I. (1859). "Contributions to Irish Lichenology. II". Natural History Review and Quarterly Journal of Science Dublin. 6: 531–533.
^Leighton, W.A. (1876). "New British lichens". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 1: 145–147.
^Brackel, W. von (2015). "Lichenicolous fungi from Central Italy with notes on some remarkable algicolous, lichenized and muscicolous fungi". Herzogia. 28: 212–281 [224]. doi:10.13158/heia.28.1.2015.212.
^Grube, M.; Lendemer, J.C. (2009). "Arthonia rubrocincta: Belated validation of a name for a common species endemic to Sabal palmetto in the southeastern United States". Opuscula Philolichenum. 7: 7–12.
^Hawksworth, D.L. (1991). "Charcotia Hue, and Arthonia species lichenicolous on Umbilicaria". Systema Ascomycetum. 10: 127–134.
^ abKantvilas, G.; Vězda, A. (1992). "Additions to the lichen flora of Tasmania". Telopea. 4 (4): 661–670. doi:10.7751/telopea19814953.
^Ertz, D.; Christnach, C.; Wedin, M.; Diederich, P. (2005). "A world monograph of the genus Plectocarpon (Roccellacreae, Arthoniales)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 91: 91.
^Frisch, A.; Grube, M.; Kashiwadani, H.; Ohmura, Y. (2018). "Arthoniaceae with reddish, K+ purple ascomata in Japan". Phytotaxa. 356 (1): 19–33. doi:10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.356.1.2.
^Aptroot, André; da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia (2018). "New lichen species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil". The Bryologist. 121 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.067.
^Ertz, D. (2009). Revision of the corticolous Opegrapha species from the Paleotropics. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 102. p. 143.
^Etayo, J. (2008). "Líquenes y hongos liquenícolas del LIC de Ablitas (S. Navarra, España)". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 29 (1): 63–94.
^Krempelhuber, A von (1861). "Die Lichenflora Bayerns oder Aufzählung der bisher in Bayern (diesseits des Rheins) aufgefundenen Lichenen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der verticalen Verbreitung dieser Gewächse in den Alpen". Denkschriften der Königlich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg (in German). 4 (2): 296.
^Lendemer, J.C.; Harris, R.C.; Tripp, E.A. (2013). The Lichens and allied fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: an annotated checklist with comprehensive keys. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 104. p. 43. ISBN978-0-89327-521-1.
^Kärnefelt, I.; Kondratyuk, S.; Søchting, U.; Frödén, P.; Arup, U. (2002). "Two new species of Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) from the southern hemisphere". The Bryologist. 105 (3): 301–309. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0301:TNSOCT]2.0.CO;2.
^Ertz, Damien; Sanderson, Neil; Łubek, Anna; Kukwa, Martin (2018). "Two new species of Arthoniaceae from old-growth European forests, Arthonia thoriana and Inoderma sorediatum, and a new genus for Schismatomma niveum". The Lichenologist. 50 (2): 161–172. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000688.
^Frisch, A.; Holien, H. (2018). "Arthonia toensbergii, a new lichenicolous fungus on Mycoblastus affinis from the boreal rainforests in Norway". Graphis Scripta. 30 (6): 34–43.
^Zhurbenko, M. (2002). "Arthonia triebeliae (Arthoniales), a new lichenicolous fungus from the Arctic". Mycological Progress. 1 (2): 137–141. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0012-0.
^Wirth, V. (1975). "Neue und bemerkenswerte Flechtenfunde in Deutschland" [New and remarkable lichen finds in Germany]. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 46: 111–123.