Life imprisonment in Slovakia

Life imprisonment in Slovakia (doživotný trest odňatia slobody in Slovak) is a sentence of indeterminate length, lasting until the convict's death. In Slovak law, since the abolishment of the death penalty in 1990, it is the most severe punishment available. After 25 years, the prisoner can apply to the prosecutor to be released on probation. At any length of time, the prisoner may apply to President of Slovakia for clemency.

As of 2007 there were 28 people serving a life sentence in Slovakia,[1] all of them located in two high-security prisons in Ilava and Leopoldov. Two prisoners have committed suicide while serving their sentences and there were no amnesties or releases on probation in the history of Slovakia. The list of people convicted for life in Slovakia includes the serial killer Ondrej Rigo, mafia boss Mikuláš Černák or mafia hitman Alojz Kromka.

History

The last person to be executed in Slovakia is Štefan Svitek[2] who was hanged on June 8, 1989, in Bratislava, then Czechoslovakia. Svitek murdered his wife and two daughters with an axe on October 30, 1987. Since January 1990 a non-written moratorium on death penalty was in place in Czechoslovakia. The death sentence was abolished on July 1, 1990, with the newly created Slovak Republic taking over the law common in Czechoslovakia and the death sentence was never renewed.

Living conditions

People sentenced to life imprisonment in Slovakia are assigned three and a half meters squared space in their cell, which includes a bed, table, wardrobe, radio and electric lighting. Outside of their cells, they are always accompanied by a prison guard. They can only work inside their cells or in workplaces inside the prison. They are not allowed physical contact with their relatives.

List of people sentenced to life imprisonment in Slovakia

This is a list of people sentenced to life imprisonment in Slovakia after its creation on January 1, 1993. The list should be complete as of April 25, 2022.[3]

Name Reason Sentencing date Highest Court sentencing Notes
Tibor Polgári mass murderer (6 murders with others) February 2, 1993 -
Member of the 1991 Leopoldov Prison escape, the group killed 5 prison guards and one prisoner fighting their way out. Tibor Polgári was serving a 13-year sentence for extortion. He was the leader of the prison escape.
Miloš Uriga mass murderer (6 murders with others) February 2, 1993 -
Member of the 1991 Leopoldov Prison escape, the group killed 5 prison guards and one prisoner fighting their way out.
Jozef Slovák serial killer (4 murders) August 20, 1993 September 3, 1993
After serving just 8 years for the murder of a young Yugoslavian woman, serial killer Jozef Slovák was released on presidential amnesty. Together, he murdered at least 5 women aged 16 to 21 in Slovakia and Czech Republic. He is of above average intelligence and the holder of several patents in electronics.
Jaroslav Garaj mass murderer (4 murders) October 19, 1994 did not appeal to Highest Court
One morning, Jaroslav Garaj murdered his wife (34) and three children (two girls aged 3 and 2 and a boy aged 11 months) in the small village of Dubové, where they resided. Before drowning them, he raped the girls. He confessed to the murders, saying he wanted them to be free of pain, acting under the influence of Jehovah's Witnesses' literature.
Drahoslav Gembický murderer (2 murders) December 16, 1994 -
On March 14, 1993, in the village of Padarovce, Drahoslav Gembický murdered his father and grandmother with a wooden table leg, hitting their heads and beating them to death.
Róbert Matta mass murderer (5 murders with Hauser) May 24, 1995 -
Róbert Matta and Viliam Hauser from Bratislava murdered a Vietnamese family of five including a pregnant woman and a two-year-old child on April 8, 1994. They stormed the family's company DUK, s. r. o., on Stará Vajnorská cesta in Bratislava, shooting everyone with Škorpion vz. 61 sub-machine guns and suffocating the child with a pillow, stealing 1,5 million Slovak crowns.
Viliam Hauser mass murderer (5 murders with Matta) May 24, 1995 -
Viliam Hauser and Róbert Matta from Bratislava murdered a Vietnamese family of five including a pregnant woman and a two-year-old child on April 8, 1994. They stormed the family's company DUK, s. r. o., on Stará Vajnorská cesta in Bratislava, shooting everyone with Škorpion vz. 61 sub-machine guns and suffocating the child with a pillow, stealing 1,5 million Slovak crowns.
Štefan Mlynarovič (a.k.a. Džony) murderer (1 murder) September 11, 1995 -
After being sentenced to 25 years in 1976 for murdering his unfaithful girlfriend in Bratislava, Štefan Mlynarovič (1942) was released in 1991 on probation. At this point, he has spent 30 years of his life in prison. On July 4, 1992, he murdered Anna Mikuličová in her apartment in Bratislava and he is the main suspect in the murder of a girl, a crime for which he was never convicted.
Jozef Vígh murderer (1 murder with others) March 23, 2000 -
In the early hours of September 2, 1999, Jozef Vígh from Čenkovice and Stanislav Zimmermann from Malá Lehota strangled their cellmate in Leopoldov Prison with a leather belt and laid his body in a way to suggest suicide. At this time, Jozef Vígh was already serving 15-year-long sentence. They were both convicted of the murder and their sentences have been changed to life imprisonment.
Stanislav Zimmermann murderer (1 murder with others) March 23, 2000 -
In the early hours of September 2, 1999, Jozef Vígh from Čenkovice and Stanislav Zimmermann from Malá Lehota strangled their cellmate in Leopoldov Prison with a leather belt and laid his body in a way to suggest suicide. At this time, Stanislav Zimmerman was already serving 17-year-long sentence. They were both convicted of the murder and their sentences have been changed to life imprisonment.
Viliam Feigler murderer (2 murders with others) June 16, 2000 -
Viliam Feigler was already sentenced 10 times before when in July 1997 he was living in an abandoned house on Lamačská cesta in Bratislava with a group of other homeless people. Together with Božena Mlčová and with quiet cooperation of Ján Szabó and Peter Cinege, over several days he slowly tortured to death two other homeless - Madunický and Pastorek. Together with Mlčová, they were both drunk all the time when they poured pure ethanol down the throats of their victims, hit them with metal rods and bricks, burned them and in the end, cut off their genitals.
Marek Zivala serial killer (3 murders) October 17, 2002 December 18, 2002
In 1996, Marek Zivala murdered Jaroslava K. (34) in Most in the Czech Republic and robbed her apartment, later murdering Božena M. (20) in 1997 in Žilina and Oľga V. (52) in 1998 in Topoľčany with the same modus operandi. He was found to be sane, but suffering from a polymorphic sexual deviancy with sadistic tendencies.
Ladislav Boldižár murderer (3 murders) sentenced by Highest Court, no appeal possible November 21, 2002
The Highest Court overturned the decision of regional court in Nitra, which sentenced Ladislav Boldižár to 25 years in prison in favor of a life sentence for the shooting of his wife and her parents on July 16, 2000. Driving ahead of them, he forcibly stopped them near Nové Zámky and after an argument, he shot them all.
Alojz Kromka (a.k.a. Lojzo the Cleaner) mafia hitman (3 murders) September 30, 2003 June 10, 2004
While suspected by the Slovak police of numerous contract killings, including several mafia bosses and a ritual slaying of an ex-police officer, Alojz Kromka was finally sentenced for the murder of mafia boss Milan Holáň a.k.a. Gorila and two of his associates. After hearing the sentence, he tried—unsuccessfully—to escape from the courtroom.
Štefan Gemer murderer (3 murders) sentenced by regional court in Nitra, date unknown September 22, 2004
In August 2002, Štefan Gemer murdered Marek Tilz, Júlia Galová and Marián Tilz (1) and attempted to shoot another two persons in the village Tupá. He was sentenced for 3 cases of murder, 2 cases of attempted murder and unlawful possession of a weapon.
Anton Tichý murderer (2 murders) February 15, 2005 June 14, 2005
Anton Tichý murdered Štefan Gaduš (67) in 1992 and František Kľúčiar (36) in 1994. He committed both crimes in Žilina and hid the bodies.
Henrich Masár murderer (3 murders) October 12, 2005 April 21, 2006
Henrich Masár murdered Mária Dananyová (74), Margita Šajtlavová and Peter Hanták. After a massive manhunt, he entered the house of the Rovenský family, where he took the family hostage. He was neutralized after trading the hostages for his girlfriend. He confessed to the murders, stating he was under the influence of drugs. His motivation was to rob the victims of money to buy drugs (presumably heroin).
František Jančo murderer (2 murders) March 2006 June 20, 2006
In August 2005, Jančo stabbed his girlfriend Helena Rudincová a total of 47 times, 44 in the neck and 3 in the chest. He had previously murdered his wife in a similar manner in 1993, stabbing her seven times during an argument.
Peter Grofčík serial killer (3 murders) 2006 May 3, 2007
He was found guilty of committing three separate murders from 1992 to 2002, including that of his father.
Róbert Čačko murderer (2 murders) July 13, 2007 2009
Shortly after being paroled from serving a sentence for murder, he stabbed his father 14 times with a knife, killing him.[4]
Peter Laduna spree killer (3 murders) sentenced by Highest Court, no appeal possible November 7, 2007
Together with accomplices Jaroslav Bridzikov and Ľuboš Audy, engaged in robberies that resulted in Laduna killing a 48-year-old saleswoman at a jewelry store in Šurany and a 27-year-old jewelry store employee in Nové Mesto nad Váhom. He also killed his 17-year-old girlfriend Katarina H., who was buried in a shallow grave.[5]
Rastislav Šitta organized crime (4 murders) September 17, 2007 October 27, 2009
See Jozef Kákoni below
Ján Karvai theft (3 robberies) December 3, 2008 May 21, 2009
Convicted on the basis of prevention from further crimes.[6]
Branislav Adamčo organized crime (2 murders) February 24, 2009 September 13, 2010
Reaffirmed on May 22, 2015 		Alleged boss of the Zemplín criminal group. He was convicted in February 2016 by a three-member senate of the Supreme Court for the murder of Arpád Nistor and other serious offenses. Adamčo is also facing other lawsuits in other Slovak courts, for example in the case of a double murder in Most pri Bratislave in 2004, among four other defendants.[7]
Volodymyr J. organized crime (4 murders with others) February 27, 2009 appealed the sentence, waiting for verdict
-
Eduard V. organized crime (4 murders with others) February 27, 2009 appealed the sentence, waiting for verdict
-
Vasyl P. organized crime (4 murders with others) February 27, 2009 appealed the sentence, waiting for verdict
-
Jurij R. organized crime (4 murders with others) February 27, 2009 appealed the sentence, waiting for verdict
-
Tibor P. murderer (1 murder with others) November 6, 2009 appealed the sentence, waiting for verdict
In 2007, Tibor P. brutally murdered a security guard in a company based in Stupava, Malacky District. He denied the intent to kill, stating he went there only to steal.
Mikuláš Černák organized crime (minimum 20 murders with others) November 10, 2009 September 22, 2010 At one time, Mikuláš Černák, the boss of mafia in Banská Bystrica was considered to be one of the most powerful figures in the Slovak mafia. He was sentenced for life for the murder of Jozef Filip in 1994, Jozef Štefan in 1994, Pavel Lenhart in 1997, Milan Sipos and Emil Potasch in 1997, Gustáv Slivenský in 1997 and ordering the murder of Marián Karcel from prison in 2000. Originally convicted of personally murdering six people and ordering another, but he confessed to 20 more crimes in 2020.[8]
Zoltán Keka murderer (2 murders) 2010 June 1, 2010 In August 2009, Zoltán Keka murdered his father with a stick and a wooden log in the Slovak village of Kleňany. After the murder, he had 2,7 per mil blood alcohol content and his father was also drunk. He was abused by both his father and grandfather, whom he murdered in 1993 and served some time for this murder.
Miroslav Borbély murderer (2 murders with others) June 21, 2010 April 2011 Together with Zdeno M., Miroslav Borbély kidnapped and murdered a Bratislava couple Erik (35) and Miroslava (22) and shot them to death in October 2008. He confessed to the murder of Erik, but claims that Miroslava was murdered by Zdeno M., who was acquitted by the court.[9]
Miroslav Dubaj murderer (2 murders) 2010 April 6, 2011 Suffocated his father-in-law with a pillow in 2007, and later beat a postman to death in February 2010. His ex-wife was also convicted and sentenced to 25 years imprisonment.[10]
Jozef Koky robbery 2005 2012 Convicted on the basis of prevention from further crimes.
Arpád Nagy sexual abuse of children 2011 - Convicted on the basis of prevention from further crimes.
Štefan Szabó murderer (2 murders) October 16, 2013 2014 (?) Murdered creditors Andrej Wolf and Tibor Kováč to avoid paying them money.[11]
Jaroslav Potučko organized crime (6 murders with others) February 17, 2009 April 11, 2018 Member of Róbert Okoličány's gang. (see below)
Ladislav Somogyi abduction attempt October 18, 2018 - Sentenced for egregious blackmail, attempted abduction and falsification of documents.
Róbert Lališ [sk] organized crime (6 murders with others) - June 13, 2018 Businessman who heads the Sýkorov group, a criminal organization. Convicted for complicity in six murders.
Ivan Cupper organized crime (6 murders with others) - June 13, 2018 Member of the Sýkorov group, a criminal organization. Convicted for complicity in six murders.
Ján Molnár murderer (2 murders, one with accomplice) January 17, 1991 - Together with accomplice Ľubor Masár, they raped and strangled Dutch national Gabriela Widdershoven-Groen in Linz, Austria on August 23, 1990. Her husband René was seriously injured during the attack. They were the first Slovak nationals to be convicted for crimes committed abroad since the fall of Czechoslovakia. Molnár had previously been convicted of killing his girlfriend.[12]
Ľubor Masár murderer (1 murder with accomplice) January 17, 1991 - See Molnár.[12]
Vladimír Lazovský spree killer (3 murders) December 3, 2004 - Killed three pensioners during a robbery spree in September 2002.
Karol Pota murderer (2 murders) November 2011 January 9, 2013 Murdered retiree Jozef Z. in front of a tavern in Seňa in October 2000 after an argument. He later murdered his wife in May 2009 after she filed a complaint against him.[13]
Miroslav Štolc murderer (2 murders) September 13, 2017 - On February 19, 2017, Štolc stabbed his 28-year-old girlfriend in a boarding house in Radvaň, Banská Bystrica. He had previously poured sulfuric acid on another girlfriend in 1989 and had served an 11-year prison sentence for strangling an 18-year-old student in 1999.[14]
Ivan Skalický hired killer (2 murders with two others) July 29, 2012 January 30, 2013 On the morning of July 20, 2010, Skalický and three other men shot 33-year-old businessman Jozef Mišenka in his car in Topoľčianky. The hit had been ordered by another businessman, Milan Pavlovič. Skalický, who had previously been convicted of murder, later attempted suicide in prison.[15]
Ján Krajčík organized crime (1 murder with others) June 29, 2016 March 20, 2018 One of the perpetrators of the bombing of August 25, 2009, bombing of the Euromont company, in which courier Peter Hertel died.[16]
Ladislav Molnár murderer (2 murders) January 15, 2018 September 4, 2018 Murdered two pensioners in Trnava on separate occasions in 2015.[17]
Ondřej Holub murderer (2 murders) June 2002 October 2002 (Czech court)
September 2005 (Slovak court) 		In August 2001, Holub, a Slovak citizen who had served time for murder, heavily injured 26-year-old saleswoman Anna P. during a robbery a store in Prague, Czech Republic, with the victim succumbing to her injuries in November. Upon his request, he was extradited to serve his life sentence in a Slovak prison in September 2005.
Štefan Kollárik terrorism July 9, 2018 - During November 2016, Kollárik, an employee at a chemical factory, sent threatening letters contaminated with americium to the Ministry of Justice, the regional court in Prešov and several district courts.[18]
Roman Chocholáč murderer (2 murders) 2012 March 27, 2018 Murdered his aunt and cousin in the village of Kotešová in November 2009.[19]
Roman Barančík murderer (1 murder) - July 3, 2018 Murdered his friend, a lawyer, while under the influence of alcohol. Had previously been convicted of juvenile delinquency in 1992.
Miroslav Kavický murderer (2 murders) September 17, 2018 February 5, 2019 Kavický, who had served a prison sentence for murder as a juvenile in 1978, was convicted of murdering 78-year-old bank clerk Ľudmila Kalinková in 2011. He had an accomplice who has never been identified.[20]
Dávid Krátky organized crime, production of illicit substances and murder September 25, 2020 July 7, 2021 Together with his brother Dominik, the pair were convicted of running an organized criminal group, conspiring to support a criminal group, producting of illicit psychotropic substances, murder and other egregious offences.[21]
Dominik Krátky organized crime, production of illicit substances and murder September 25, 2020 July 7, 2021 See Dávid Krátky (above)
Štefan Kozub murderer (1 murder and 1 attempted murder) December 16, 2021 - Originally sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for shooting his girlfriend 70 times at their home in the village of Neded, but his sentence was changed to life on the recommendation of a psychologist. Kozub had previously been convicted of stabbing another girlfriend 43 times in 2004, but she survived her injuries.[22]
Miroslav Vlček murderer June 20, 2024 - According to the indictment, Miroslav Vlček ordered the kidnapping of his ex-wife to the premises of the warehouse in Veľký Ripňany, where he killed her. He then dissolved her remains in a plastic barrel with sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.[23]

Prisoners no longer serving their sentence

Name Reason Sentencing date Crime Reason
Ondrej Harvan mass murderer (6 murders with others) February 2, 1993 Member of the 1991 Leopoldov Prison escape, the group killed 5 prison guards and one prisoner fighting their way out. Committed suicide on May 29, 1993, in his cell.
Ondrej Rigo serial killer (9 murders) December 7, 1994 The most prolific serial killer in Slovak history. Known as the Sock killer or International killer, Ondrej Rigo murdered 9 women in Bratislava, Munich and Amsterdam in the early 1990s. After smashing their heads, he would copulate with their bodies. Died of a heart attack on June 16, 2022 aged 66.
Marián Kočiščák murderer (1 murder) March 29, 2001 During the midnight of September 23, 1999, 45-year-old Kočiščák struck his wife with an axe at least ten times at the family house in Čab, and then hit his 13-year-old son on the head at least four times. He left the scene believing that his victims were dead, but the son survived with severe injuries. Kočiščák committed suicide in prison "several months" after being sentenced by the Highest Court.
Jozef Kákoni organized crime (4 murders) May 3, 2006 Member of the Kyselinári case, an organized crime scheme active in 2000–2001, which included carousel trading with fake computer software and several murders. The victims, including the gang's boss, were shot, dissolved in acid (hence the name in Slovak) and disposed of in the sewers, causing almost 4 million euro damage in taxes. Died of a heart attack on March 1, 2015, aged 65.[24]
Ondrej Neupauer organized crime (3 murders with others) June 6, 2006 Member of the Devín Bank scandal, a sophisticated scheme of economic crime (with estimated damages of 57 million Slovak crowns) that included the murders of Anton Bujňák, Zoltán Nyitrai and Štefan Holub. Died in Leopoldov Prison in 2010.
Róbert Okoličány organized crime (6 murders with others) April 11, 2018 (in absentia) The head of the East Slovak criminal group, Róbert Okoličány, and other members of the group were found guilty by the court of several acts, including conspiracy and support of the criminal group, several murders, violent attacks, extortion, illegal weapons or car theft. Members of the group Róbert Nigut and Jaroslav Potučko also received life sentences. Okoličány escaped from prison and is currently on the run.[25]
Róbert Nigut organized crime (6 murders with others) April 11, 2018 (in absentia) Member of Róbert Okoličány's gang. (see above) Police announced that Nigut was murdered by rival mafia members in Dolný Chotár sometime after his disappearance in 2013. Four men have been accused of his murder, but his body is yet to be found.[26]
Jozef Roháč organized crime (6 murders with others December 10, 2018 (in absentia) Mafioso and terrorist responsible for numerous underworld assassinations in Slovakia and Hungary Currently serving a life sentence in a Hungarian prison for two murders and a bomb attack.[27]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Ako tieň šibenice prestal dopadať na Slovensko". 28 February 2010.
  3. ^ "Potvrdené. Černák dostal doživotie".
  4. ^ "Doživotie pre vraždiace monštrum" [Lifetime for murderous monster] (in Slovak). Pluska.sk. July 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022.
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