Liège (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

Liège
Luik
Lüttich
Constituency
for the Chamber of Representatives
Outline map
Location of Liège within Belgium
ProvinceLiège
RegionWallonia
Population1,115,518 (2023)[1]
Electorate794,378 (2019)
Area3,857 km2 (2023)[2]
Current Constituency
Created2003
Seats15 (2003–present)
Members[3]
List
Created from
List

Liège (Dutch: Luik; German: Lüttich) is one of the 11 multi-member constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives, the lower house of the Belgian Federal Parliament, the national legislature of Belgium. The constituency was established in 2003 following the re-organisation of constituencies across Belgium along provincial lines. It is conterminous with the province of Liège. The constituency currently elects 15 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 federal election the constituency had 794,378 registered electors.

Electoral system

Liège currently elects 15 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.[4][5] Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method.[6][7] Since 2003 only parties that reach the 5% threshold in the constituency compete for seats.[8][9]

Electors may vote for the list (party) or for individual candidates, either main candidates or substitute candidates or a combination, on the list.[10] They may vote for as many candidates as there are seats in the constituency.[11] Split-ticket voting (panachage) is not permitted and will result in the ballot paper being invalidated.[12] The minimum number of votes a candidate must obtain to get elected - the quotient - is calculated as the total votes received by the party divided by the number of seats in the constituency plus one.[13] Half the ballot papers where there are no votes for main candidates (i.e. the elector has voted for the list or for substitute candidates only) are redistributed amongst main candidates in the order they appear on the ballot paper so that the candidate's total votes (personal votes plus redistributed votes) equals the quotient.[13] The seats won by the party are then allocated to the candidates with the most number of total votes.[13]

Election results

Summary

Election Workers
PTB		 Ecolo
Ecolo		 Socialists
PS		 Democratic Federalists
DéFI / FDF		 Reformists
MR		 Les Engagés
LE / CDH		 Chez Nous
Chez Nous / PP		 National Front
FN
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
2019 101,860 16.45% 3 95,878 15.48% 3 154,232 24.91% 5 22,313 3.60% 0 121,732 19.66% 3 52,167 8.43% 1 21,998 3.55% 0
2014 50,603 8.08% 1 56,890 9.08% 1 187,897 30.00% 5 13,915 2.22% 0 158,046 25.23% 5 81,759 13.05% 2 32,229 5.15% 1
2010 18,706 3.09% 0 83,791 13.83% 2 216,827 35.79% 7 135,118 22.30% 4 84,393 13.93% 2 18,642 3.08% 0
2007 6,323 1.01% 0 84,604 13.55% 2 200,450 32.10% 6 190,699 30.54% 5 88,874 14.23% 2 28,177 4.51% 0
2003 4,606 0.76% 0 46,026 7.58% 1 216,293 35.62% 6 186,582 30.73% 6 91,469 15.06% 2 29,134 4.80% 0

(Figures in italics represent alliances.)

Detailed

2019

Results of the 2019 federal election held on 26 May 2019:[14][15][16]

Party Votes per arrondissement Total Votes % Seats
Huy Liège Ver- viers War- emme Expat- riates
Socialist Party PS 18,786 94,675 27,493 13,043 235 154,232 24.91% 5
Reformist Movement MR 12,996 57,985 37,190 13,171 390 121,732 19.66% 3
Workers' Party of Belgium PTB 10,684 65,845 18,365 6,865 101 101,860 16.45% 3
Ecolo Ecolo 11,943 50,175 26,746 6,560 454 95,878 15.48% 3
Humanist Democratic Centre CDH 4,580 21,836 21,859 3,821 71 52,167 8.43% 1
DéFI DéFI 2,784 12,895 4,546 2,061 27 22,313 3.60% 0
People's Party PP 2,029 11,794 6,567 1,563 45 21,998 3.55% 0
Belgians First 1,123 5,840 2,713 778 9 10,463 1.69% 0
Destexhe List 1,057 5,438 1,993 798 24 9,310 1.50% 0
DierAnimal 959 4,881 1,792 744 16 8,392 1.36% 0
Citizen Collective CC 1,492 3,653 1,501 737 12 7,395 1.19% 0
Vlaams Belang VB 357 1,771 1,595 356 14 4,093 0.66% 0
The Right 371 1,923 1,388 241 26 3,949 0.64% 0
Rebellious Wallonia 364 1,824 745 320 13 3,266 0.53% 0
Nation 172 1,342 497 120 6 2,137 0.35% 0
Valid votes 69,697 341,877 154,990 51,178 1,443 619,185 100.00% 15
Rejected votes 5,664 27,115 18,972 4,222 121 56,094 8.31%
Total polled 75,361 368,992 173,962 55,400 1,564 675,279 85.01%
Registered electors 85,868 441,510 202,759 62,141 2,100 794,378
Turnout 87.76% 83.58% 85.80% 89.15% 74.48% 85.01%

The following candidates were elected:[16] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 27,220 votes; Julie Chanson (Ecolo), 8,035 votes; Samuel Cogolati (Ecolo), 6,755 votes; Gaby Colebunders (PTB), 3,524 votes; Laura Crapanzano (PS), 10,850 votes; Frédéric Daerden (PS), 54,898 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 16,648 votes; Marc Goblet (PS), 9,504 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 14,717 votes; Raoul Hedebouw (PTB), 49,852 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 17,015 votes; Christophe Lacroix (PS), 17,094 votes; Vanessa Matz (CDH), 12,561 votes; Nadia Moscufo (PTB), 7,411 votes; and Sarah Schlitz (Ecolo), 17,728 votes.

Substitutions:[17]

2014

Results of the 2014 federal election held on 25 May 2014:[18][19][20]

Party Votes per arrondissement Total Votes % Seats
Huy Liège Ver- viers War- emme Expat- riates
Socialist Party PS 24,046 113,076 34,353 16,045 377 187,897 30.00% 5
Reformist Movement MR 17,992 76,936 47,173 15,638 307 158,046 25.23% 5
Humanist Democratic Centre CDH 8,676 36,885 30,103 5,976 119 81,759 13.05% 2
Ecolo Ecolo 9,023 27,846 16,123 3,716 182 56,890 9.08% 1
Workers' Party of Belgium PTB 4,822 37,400 5,748 2,614 19 50,603 8.08% 1
People's Party PP 3,223 17,087 9,782 2,112 25 32,229 5.15% 1
Francophone Democratic Federalists FDF 1,821 8,106 2,752 1,215 21 13,915 2.22% 0
Debout Les Belges! 936 5,885 1,962 587 11 9,381 1.50% 0
The Right 1,136 4,613 2,355 589 21 8,714 1.39% 0
Wallonia First 790 4,011 1,059 414 21 6,295 1.01% 0
Islam 82 3,367 823 46 14 4,332 0.69% 0
Pirate 420 2,196 1,063 250 9 3,938 0.63% 0
Pensioners Party PP 365 1,840 755 217 1 3,178 0.51% 0
Nation 195 1,583 393 169 2 2,342 0.37% 0
Citizen Liberal Values VLC 433 748 526 110 3 1,820 0.29% 0
Rassemblement Wallonie France RWF 305 836 332 146 3 1,622 0.26% 0
Belgische Unie – Union Belge BUB 221 559 302 104 12 1,198 0.19% 0
Left Movement MG 77 697 216 33 1 1,024 0.16% 0
Walloon Front FW 41 605 86 20 0 752 0.12% 0
CIM 134 210 71 15 0 430 0.07% 0
Valid votes 74,738 344,486 155,977 50,016 1,148 626,365 100.00% 15
Rejected votes 5,468 20,164 17,941 3,775 84 47,432 7.04%
Total polled 80,206 364,650 173,918 53,791 1,232 673,797 86.42%
Registered electors 92,847 425,429 200,290 59,531 1,595 779,692
Turnout 86.39% 85.71% 86.83% 90.36% 77.24% 86.42%

The following candidates were elected:[20] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 46,230 votes; Aldo Carcaci (PP), 6,282 votes; Caroline Cassart-Mailleux (MR), 13,169 votes; Frédéric Daerden (PS), 30,484 votes; Willy Demeyer (PS), 45,590 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 15,959 votes; Gilles Foret (MR), 14,760 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 11,242 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 12,883 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 15,664 votes; Raoul Hedebouw (PTB), 16,586 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 19,742 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 20,523 votes; Vanessa Matz (CDH), 10,205 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 34,780 votes.

Substitutions:[21]

2010

Results of the 2010 federal election held on 13 June 2010:[22][23][24]

Party Votes per arrondissement Total Votes % Seats
Huy Liège Ver- viers War- emme Expat- riates
Socialist Party PS 23,850 136,100 39,182 17,489 206 216,827 35.79% 7
Reformist Movement MR 14,167 68,058 39,248 13,343 302 135,118 22.30% 4
Humanist Democratic Centre CDH 8,172 40,105 30,152 5,834 130 84,393 13.93% 2
Ecolo Ecolo 12,855 42,229 22,305 6,166 236 83,791 13.83% 2
Workers' Party of Belgium PTB 1,404 14,693 1,836 766 7 18,706 3.09% 0
People's Party PP 1,857 9,912 5,238 1,616 19 18,642 3.08% 0
Wallonia First 1,295 4,814 2,208 818 35 9,170 1.51% 0
Rassemblement Wallonie France RWF 1,233 4,417 2,043 768 13 8,474 1.40% 0
Left Front 741 4,220 1,511 352 9 6,833 1.13% 0
Pensioners Party PP 481 4,740 1,160 303 4 6,688 1.10% 0
Vivant Vivant 333 1,475 4,131 257 15 6,211 1.03% 0
Belgische Unie – Union Belge BUB 550 2,910 1,548 379 42 5,429 0.90% 0
MP Éducation 86 1,564 848 69 5 2,572 0.42% 0
Wallon+ W+ 144 1,148 296 82 5 1,675 0.28% 0
Socialist Movement Plus MS+ 568 508 162 53 2 1,293 0.21% 0
Valid votes 67,736 336,893 151,868 48,295 1,030 605,822 100.00% 15
Rejected votes 5,018 17,677 16,227 3,525 81 42,528 6.56%
Total polled 72,754 354,570 168,095 51,820 1,111 648,350 86.43%
Registered electors 82,619 414,009 194,935 57,368 1,171 750,102
Turnout 88.06% 85.64% 86.23% 90.33% 94.88% 86.43%

The following candidates were elected:[24] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 17,777 votes; Guy Coëme (PS), 20,038 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 72,194 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 10,069 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 11,760 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 14,657 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 9,153 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 15,515 votes; Éric Jadot (Ecolo), 5,782 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 9,945 votes; Mauro Lenzini (PS), 8,487 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 42,730 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 61,848 votes; Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH), 19,346 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 30,563 votes.

Substitutions:[25]

2007

Results of the 2007 federal election held on 10 June 2007:[26][27]

Party Votes per arrondissement Total Votes % Seats
Huy Liège Ver- viers War- emme Expat- riates
Socialist Party PS 22,717 125,766 35,217 16,496 254 200,450 32.10% 6
Reformist Movement MR 21,280 98,656 52,606 17,710 447 190,699 30.54% 5
Humanist Democratic Centre CDH 8,591 40,622 33,964 5,528 169 88,874 14.23% 2
Ecolo Ecolo 14,569 44,206 19,917 5,652 260 84,604 13.55% 2
National Front FN 2,732 16,186 7,671 1,549 39 28,177 4.51% 0
Workers' Party of Belgium PTB 292 5,339 481 203 8 6,323 1.01% 0
Rassemblement Wallonie France RWF 679 2,839 1,261 354 12 5,145 0.82% 0
Communist Party of Wallonia PC 646 1,999 1,031 297 20 3,993 0.64% 0
Wallon 407 2,164 461 142 26 3,200 0.51% 0
Vivant Vivant 245 1,265 1,541 125 5 3,181 0.51% 0
Federal Christian Democrats CDF 261 1,327 715 96 25 2,424 0.39% 0
New Belgian Front FNB 183 903 601 141 5 1,833 0.29% 0
National Force 222 685 580 111 22 1,620 0.26% 0
Committee for Another Policy CAP 145 1,027 222 71 3 1,468 0.24% 0
MP Éducation 86 815 418 32 11 1,362 0.22% 0
Union for a Popular Movement – Belgium UMP-B 106 857 106 36 1 1,106 0.18% 0
Valid votes 73,161 344,656 156,792 48,543 1,307 624,459 100.00% 15
Rejected votes 4,706 15,483 13,943 2,974 151 37,257 5.63%
Total polled 77,867 360,139 170,735 51,517 1,458 661,716 89.07%
Registered electors 87,403 407,730 190,564 55,521 1,678 742,896
Turnout 89.09% 88.33% 89.59% 92.79% 86.89% 89.07%

The following candidates were elected:[27] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 18,435 votes; Guy Coëme (PS), 29,126 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 92,922 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 10,764 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 14,866 votes; Philippe Henry (Ecolo), 7,106 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 14,765 votes; Hervé Jamar (MR), 19,235 votes; Pierre-Yves Jeholet (MR), 20,046 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 9,096 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 24,574 votes; Linda Musin (PS), 9,851 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 102,762 votes; Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH), 21,482 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 28,538 votes.

Substitutions:[28]

2003

Results of the 2003 federal election held on 18 May 2003:[29][30]

Party Votes per arrondissement Total Votes % Seats
Huy Liège Ver- viers War- emme Expat- riates
Socialist Party PS 25,432 134,115 39,909 16,582 255 216,293 35.62% 6
Reformist Movement MR 22,029 94,919 52,306 16,819 509 186,582 30.73% 6
Humanist Democratic Centre CDH 9,141 43,992 32,409 5,770 157 91,469 15.06% 2
Ecolo Ecolo 6,529 25,206 11,206 2,845 240 46,026 7.58% 1
National Front FN 2,958 17,976 6,578 1,590 32 29,134 4.80% 0
Vivant Vivant 1,163 4,850 4,302 632 24 10,971 1.81% 0
Federal Christian Democrats CDF 813 3,533 2,570 484 35 7,435 1.22% 0
Rassemblement Wallonie France RWF 802 2,648 1,366 360 16 5,192 0.86% 0
Workers' Party of Belgium PTB 346 3,419 671 156 14 4,606 0.76% 0
French People United in a National
Action of Co-operation and Emancipation		 FRANCE 329 1,617 512 162 13 2,633 0.43% 0
Communist Party and
Resistance, Democracy, Socialism		 PC/RDS 182 1,896 354 84 6 2,522 0.42% 0
Socialist Movement MS 127 990 447 487 6 2,057 0.34% 0
Animal Protection PDA 122 646 575 70 2 1,415 0.23% 0
Workers' Defence Movement MDT 60 680 137 35 2 914 0.15% 0
Valid votes 70,033 336,487 153,342 46,076 1,311 607,249 100.00% 15
Rejected votes 5,476 16,995 15,019 3,288 160 40,938 6.32%
Total polled 75,509 353,482 168,361 49,364 1,471 648,187 89.55%
Registered electors 85,025 398,392 185,809 52,962 1,671 723,859
Turnout 88.81% 88.73% 90.61% 93.21% 88.03% 89.55%

The following candidates were elected:[31] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 15,835 votes; Pierrette Cahay-André (MR), 7,418 votes; Jacques Chabot (PS), 11,668 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 55,565 votes; Robert Denis (MR), 10,865 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 12,780 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 6,865 votes; José Happart (PS), 28,057 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 11,446 votes; Sabine Laruelle (MR), 10,929 votes; Anne-Marie Lizin (PS), 29,327 votes; Philippe Monfils (MR), 15,788 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 96,854 votes; Louis Smal (CDH), 16,881 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 24,154 votes.

Substitutions:[32]

References

  1. ^ "Population by place of residence, nationality (Belgian/non-Belgian), marital status, age and gender". Brussels, Belgium: Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Land use according to the land register". Brussels, Belgium: Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  3. ^ "DOC 55 0001/015 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 24 October 2023. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  4. ^ "Election for Belgian Chamber of Representatives". Election Guide. Arlington, U.S.A.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  5. ^ "Electoral Assistance: ElecData, Compendium of Electoral Data - Belgium". Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Belgium: Chambre des Représentants (House of Representatives)". PARLINE database on national parliaments. Geneva, Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Informations générales: Dépouillement, répartition des sièges et désignation des élus - Chambre des représentants". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Elections 2019: The 5% electoral threshold". VRT. Brussels, Belgium. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Parliamentary information sheets: N° 09.00 The House of Representatives - Election" (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 1 August 2019. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Électeurs: Comment voter ?". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  11. ^ Wall, Alan (2 June 2021). "Open List Proportional Representation: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 15. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Électeurs: Comment voter ? - Vote papier". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "Informations générales: Dépouillement, répartition des sièges et désignation des élus". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  14. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 26 mai 2019 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres de votes obtenus par les listes répartis par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 26 mai 2019 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres d'inscrits, de bulletins déposés, de bulletins valables, de bulletins blancs ou nuls par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 26 mai 2019 - Circonscription de Liège". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  17. ^ "DOC 55 0001/015 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 24 October 2023. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  18. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 25 mai 2014 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres de votes obtenus par les listes répartis par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 25 mai 2014 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres d'inscrits, de bulletins déposés, de bulletins valables, de bulletins blancs ou nuls par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 25 mai 2014 - Circonscription de Liège". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  21. ^ "DOC 54 0001/03 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 24 August 2016. pp. 10–11. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 13 juin 2010 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres de votes obtenus par les listes répartis par circonscription et par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  23. ^ "Résultats – Archives: Elections du 13 juin 2010 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres d'inscrits, de bulletins déposés, de bulletins valables, de bulletins blancs ou nuls par canton". Elections (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 13 juin 2010 - Circonscription de Liège". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  25. ^ "DOC 53 0001/004 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 25 April 2014. p. 15. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  26. ^ Elections Législatives du 10 juin 2007: Résultats officiels - Chambre des Représentants (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 10 juin 2007 - Circonscription de Liège". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  28. ^ "DOC 52 0001/008 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 27 November 2009. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  29. ^ Elections Législatives du 18 mai 2003: Résultats officiels - Chambre des Représentants (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  30. ^ "Résultat Chambre des Représentants 18 mai 2003 - Liège". Résultats électoraux (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Interior. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  31. ^ Elections Législatives du 18 mai 2003: Résultats officiels - Chambre des Représentants (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. pp. 172–225. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  32. ^ "DOC 51 0001/005 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Chamber of Representatives. 30 April 2006. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 1 June 2024.