Pahari paintings, as the name suggests, were paintings executed in the hilly regions of India, in the sub-Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh.[7] It is in the development and modification of Pahari paintings, that the Kangra School features. Under the patronage of Maharaja Sansar Chand (c.1765–1823), it became the most important center of Pahari painting. The Maharaja Sansar Chand Museum has various masterpieces of Kangra art.[8] The museum is adjoining the Kangra Fort and was founded by the founded by the former Royal Family of Kangra.[8]
Kangra art are is also part of international collections and museums, including in the Reitberg Museum in Zurich, the London Museum, and the Boston Museum in the USA.[8]
The Kangra art style originated in Guler State, a small hill princely state in the Lower Himalayas in the first half of the 18th century when a family of Kashmiri painters trained in the Mughal painting style sought shelter at the court of Raja Dalip Singh (r. 1695–1741) of Guler. The rise of Guler paintings started in what is known as the Early phase of Kangra Kalam. The new arrivals mingled with the local artists and were greatly influenced by the atmosphere of the hills. Instead of painting flattering portraits of their masters and love scenes, the artistes adopted themes of eternal love between Radha and Krishna. The paintings were naturalistic and employed cool, fresh colors. The colors were extracted from minerals, vegetables, and possessed enamel-like luster. Verdant greenery of the landscape, brooks, springs were the recurrent images on the miniatures.
The artistry of Kangra paintings was significantly advanced by Nainsukh and Manaku, sons of Pandit Seu, a painter from the Guler state. A group of artists, including Manku, Khushala, Kishan Lal, Basia, Purkhoo, and Fatoo, played important roles in the development and proliferation of this art form between the 18th and 19th centuries.[9]
Nainsukh (1710–1778), succeeded by two generations of his family workshop, introduced a distinctive style that combined Mughal elements with personal innovations.
This style reached its zenith during the reign of Maharaja Sansar Chand Katoch (r.1776–1824), who was a great patron of Kangra art. Noted as a generous patron, the painters working at his atelier received large commissions while others accepted a permanent settlement in the form of lands. Chand Katoch was an ardent devotee of Krishna and used to commission artists to paint subjects based on the loves and life of Krishna.
The Guler-Kangra art is the art of drawing and the drawing is precise and fluid, lyrical, and naturalistic. In these styles, the faces are well modeled and shaded so judiciously that they possess almost porcelain-like delicacy.
Rama and Sita in the forest. Kangra, c. 1780. Kronos Collections
The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringara rasa. The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period. Bhakti cult was the driving force and the love story of Radha and Krishna was the main source of spiritual experience, which was also the base for the visual expression. Bhagavata Purana and the love poems Gita Govinda by Jayadeva were the most popular subjects dealing with the legends and the amorous plays of Radha and Krishna symbolizing the soul’s devotion to God. In some miniatures, the blue-god Krishna is seen dancing in the lush woodlands and every maiden’s eye is drawn to him. Krishna subjects, known commonly as Krishna-Lila predominate, while the themes of love, inspired by the Nayaks and nayikas and baramasa enjoyed great favor. The sentiment of love remained the inspiration and the central theme of Pahari painting. The Sat Sai depictions of the legendary lovers, on the other hand, were set against an architectural background with walls, balconies, and windows. Kangra paintings influenced by the Bhagavad Purana portrayed incidents from the life of the young Krishna, against the Brindavan forest or river Yamuna. The other popular themes were the stories of Nala and Damayanti, and those from Keshavdas's Baramasa.
One striking feature of Kangra paintings is the verdant greenery it depicts. The style is naturalistic, and great attention is paid to detail. The foliage depicted is vast and varied. This is made noticeable by using multiple shades of green. The Kangra paintings feature flowering plants and creepers, leafless trees, rivulets, and brooks.
The Kangra artists adopted various shades of the primary colors and used delicate and fresher hues. For instance, they used a light pink on the upper hills to indicate distance.
Kangra paintings depict the feminine charm in a very graceful manner. Facial features are soft and refined. The female figures are exceptionally beautiful.
Later Kangra paintings also depicted nocturnal scenes, and storms, and lightning. The paintings were often large and had complex compositions of many figures and elaborate landscapes. Towns and house clusters were often depicted in the distance.
The natural poison used in the painting is generated from waste of slow fire (known as Dhuna in local language). Fallen wings of Turtle Dove, a local migratory bird, were also used for creating the brushes used in the paintings.[11]
The Kangra painters used colors made of vegetable and mineral extracts. They employed cool and fresh colors. Kangra paintings are known for the lyrical blending of form and color.
Decline
As of the 2020s, Kangra art has suffered from a decline in popularity and the art style has been described as being on the verge of extinction.[12] Reasons for the decline include high costs of the paintings which resulted in less purchases or commissions form mass consumers, digital paintings gaining popularity in the art market than hand-painted art, and lack support from the Government of Himachal Pradesh and the Government of India.[12][13][14]
Preservation and revival
There have been efforts to persevere and revive Kangra art. The Government of Himachal Pradesh has undertaken preservation and revival initiatives. One of these initiatives is Project Srijan.[12][15] Project Srijan is an initiative that aims to preserve and promote traditional Kangra art by digitizing and making it accessible online, thereby broadening its reach.[15] This effort includes collaborations with local artists and craftspeople to ensure the continuity in cultural heritage.[15]
The Kangra Arts Promotion Society, an NGO in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, is working for the promotion of this art which is on the verge of extinction today. This NGO is running a school to train young boys and girls in this art. It also runs a workshop where genuine Kangra Paintings are made on traditional handmade paper using only mineral and vegetable colors.[16]
Independent artists also continue work in the Kangra painting style and promote Kangra paintings.[17] Other measures include building museums and centres to preserve the art and to attract art historians.[18] Local government institutions, academic institutions, and students have also begun efforts, including organizing workshops, to preserve and revive Kangra art.[19][20] As of 2021, the former Royal Family of Kangra, that had previously been a patron of the art, has encouraged local artists, including some who are descendants of the original master painters, to create new paintings while preserving traditional techniques of the art.[21]
^Bradnock, Robert W.; Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 512. ISBN1-904777-00-7. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^Pahari centresArchived 22 May 2023 at the Wayback MachineArts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft, by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. ISBN81-7017-209-8. Page 62.
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