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His Excellency
The Duke of Saldanha
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His Excellency The Duke of Saldanha GCSMOM GCC GCTS GSJS GCICVV FC
	Portrait by John Simpson
Prime Minister of Portugal
	In office; 19 May 1870 – 29 August 1870
Monarch	Luís I
Preceded by	Duke of Loulé
Succeeded by	Marquis of Sá da Bandeira
	In office; 1 May 1851 – 6 June 1856
Monarchs	Maria II and Fernando II
Preceded by	Duke of Terceira
Succeeded by	Duke of Loulé
	In office; 6 October 1846 – 18 June 1849
Monarchs	Maria II and Fernando II
Preceded by	Duke of Palmela
Succeeded by	Marquess of Tomar
	In office; 27 May 1835 – 18 November 1835
Monarch	Maria II
Preceded by	Count of Linhares
Succeeded by	José Jorge Loureiro
President of the Rio Grande do Sul Province
	In office; 22 February 1822 – 29 August 1822
Monarch	João VI
Succeeded by	Viscount of São Gabriel
Captain-General of the Rio Grande do Sul Province
	In office; 20 August 1821 – 22 February 1822
Monarch	João VI
Preceded by	Antônio Rodrigues da Costa
Personal details
Born	17 November 1790; Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	20 November 1876 (aged 86); London, United Kingdom
Signature

João Carlos Gregório Domingos Vicente Francisco de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha (17 November 1790 – 20 November 1876; Portuguese pronunciation: [salˈdɐɲɐ]) was a Portuguese marshal and statesman.

Early life and schooling

Saldanha was born on 17 November 1790, in Azinhaga. He was a grandson of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, the Secretary of the State of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to King Joseph I of Portugal.^[1]

Saldanha studied at Coimbra, served against the French, and was made a prisoner in 1810. On his release he went to Brazil, where he was employed in the military and diplomatic services. He returned to Portugal after the declaration of the independence of Brazil.^[1]

Liberal Wars

The Duke of Saldanha, as he is commonly known, was one of the most dominating personalities of war and politics in Portugal, from the revolution of 1820 to his death in 1876. During that period he led no less than seven coups d'état. He played an important part in the struggle between brothers Pedro IV of Portugal (I of Brazil) and Miguel of Portugal during the Liberal Wars.^{[citation needed]}

Saldanha became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and was governor of Porto in 1826–27. He joined Dom Pedro against the usurper Dom Miguel. He fought in the Belfastada, the Siege of Porto and Battle of Almoster. In 1833, he was rewarded with the title of Marshal of Portugal and one year later, he concluded the Concession of Evoramonte with the defeated usurper Dom Miguel.
In 1835 he was made Minister of War and President of the Council but resigned the same year. After the revolution of 1836, which he had instigated he went into exile until recalled in 1846.^[1]

Later life

After his return from exile in 1846 Saldanha was made Duke of Saldanha,^[2] and formed a Ministry which fell in 1849.^[1] In 1851 he organized a new revolt and became chief Minister as the leader of a coalition party formed of Septembrists and dissatisfied Chartists. He remained in power until the accession of Pedro V. in 1856. and was subsequently Minister to Rome (1862–64 and 1866–69). He became Prime Minister once more for a few months in 1870 (May–August), and was sent in 1871 to London as Ambassador, where he died.^[1]

Assessment

Terence Hughes wrote a character sketch of Saldanha in 1846:

The Marshal Duke de Saldanha ... is a very noble-looking old soldier, whose appearance, manners, and accomplishments would do honour to any noblesse in Europe. His hair, moustache, and whiskers, which he wears rather full, are as white as snow and contrast extremely well with the soldiery brown of his complexion. His nose is a little blunt, but his mouth is benevolent, his eyes bright and expressive, and his forehead expansive. He is about the middle height, and has an easy and gentlemanly figure—remarkably upright for a man who must be at least sixty-two years of age.
The Duke is equally distinguished in arms and diplomacy, having served during the entire Peninsular War, and subsequently took an active part in the war against Dom Miguel. He is by far the ablest general in Portugal, and about the eminence of his strategic talents there is no dispute whatever.
... He is said to be descended from the famous Bernardo del Carpio, whose father was the Conde de Saldana. ....
— Terence Hughes.^[3]

Works

Saldanha was an accomplished linguist (he spoke English, French, and German with perfect fluency) and a general scholar. He wrote On the Connexion between true Sciences and Revealed Religion which was published in Berlin.^[4]

Family

Saldanha had a son who died in Berlin in 1845.^[5]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gilman, Peck & Colby 1905, p. 478.
^ Hughes 1847, p. 436.
^ Hughes 1847, p. 436–438.
^ Hughes 1847, p. 437, 438.
^ Hughes 1847, p. 437.

References

Hughes, Terence McMahon (1847), An Overland Journey To Lisbon at the Close Of 1846; with a Picture of the actual State of Spain and Portugal (In two volumes), vol. II, London: Henry Colburn, pp. 436–438

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Saldanha". New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 17 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 478.