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Joseph Galloway
Joseph Galloway
	Etching of Joseph Galloway
Member of the First Continental Congress from Pennsylvania
	In office; September 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774 Serving with Edward Biddle; John Dickinson; Charles Humphreys; Thomas Mifflin; John Morton; Samuel Rhoads; George Ross
Member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
	In office; 1776–1776
25th Speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly (1st term)
	In office; 1766–1769
Preceded by	Joseph Fox
Succeeded by	Joseph Fox
27th Speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly (2nd term)
	In office; 1769–1774
Preceded by	Joseph Fox
Succeeded by	Edward Biddle
Personal details
Born	1731; West River, Province of Maryland, British America
Died	August 29, 1803 (aged 71–72); Watford, Hertfordshire, England
Spouse	Grace Growden Galloway (m. 1753)
Residence(s)	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Profession	lawyer; politician;
Signature

Joseph Galloway (1731—August 29, 1803^[1]) was an American attorney and a leading political figure in the events immediately preceding the founding of the United States in the late 18th-century. As a staunch opponent of American independence, he would become one of the most prominent Loyalists in North America during the early part of the Revolutionary War.

The son of a wealthy landowner, Galloway became close friends with Benjamin Franklin through his law studies in the late 1740s. His association with Franklin and his father-in-law's relationship with the Penn family drew him into the political drama then unfolding in the American colonies.^[2]^[3] Galloway was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly in 1756 when he was just 25. He would go on to serve for 18 years, eight of them as assembly speaker.^[1]

In 1774, Galloway led the Pennsylvania delegation in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, where as a conservative he proposed a plan for forming a union between the colonies and Great Britain.^[4]^[3] After the Congress failed to adopt his Plan of Union, he signed the Continental Association, an agreement uniting the colonies in a boycott of British goods.^[2]^[4] Unhappy with the radical directions being taken, Galloway quit the Assembly and refused election to the Second Continental Congress in May 1775. Remaining loyal to the king, he opposed the adoption of the Declaration of Independence the next year.^[1]

Three months after the Declaration's signing, Galloway fled to New York to join the British.^[2] As a top advisor to William Howe, the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, he provided crucial intelligence, assisted in planning attacks on Continental Army troops, and personally recruited upwards of 80 spies.^[5] With the capture of Philadelphia in September 1777, Howe appointed Galloway to govern the city as Superintendent of both Police and Port.^[5]^[3]

When the British abandoned Philadelphia in June 1778, Galloway escaped to England and was convicted of high treason in absentia by the Pennsylvania Assembly; his estates were confiscated.^[1]^[5] Through the end of the war, Galloway was a leader of the loyalist cause in exile, a group of between 80,000 and 100,000 displaced colonists.^[3] He would never return to the Americas, nor again see his wife whom he had left behind in hopes of recovering his properties.^[6]

Early life

Galloway was born near West River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, the son of a landowner in the colony. He moved with his father to Pennsylvania in 1740 where he received a liberal schooling.^[1] He studied law, for a time alongside William Franklin, the son of Benjamin Franklin and later a fellow Loyalist,^[7] and he was admitted to the bar and began to practice law in Philadelphia.

Galloway married Grace Growdon on October 18, 1753. Her father, Laurence Growdon, was even wealthier than the Galloways, well placed in the political and social lives of Philadelphia. Both Galloway and his wife had strong personalities, and consequently, theirs was an unhappy union.^[6]^[3]

Political career

Galloway was a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from 1756 to 1774 and served as speaker of the House from 1766 to 1774.^[8] He was a prominent member of the faction which opposed Pennsylvania being a proprietary colony of the Penn family, and he called for it to be turned into a crown colony. He was a Loyalist, believing that most Americans would prefer to remain loyal to the Crown if only they were given a legitimate and effective government that would inspire their loyalty.^[9]

Galloway was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774, where he proposed a compromise plan for Union with Great Britain which would provide the colonies with their own parliament subject to the Crown. The Continental Congress rejected it by one vote. He signed the Continental Association, while he was opposed to independence for the Thirteen Colonies and remained loyal to the king.^[8] He was a resident of Philadelphia and an associate of Benjamin Franklin with whom he corresponded over the issues of American independence.^[10] In 1768, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society, which Franklin founded, and served as vice president of the organization from 1769 to 1776.^[11]

Galloway urged reform of the imperial administration and was critical of the trade laws, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts enacted in 1767, and he had a conciliatory plan to end the disputes between Britain and the colonies. He believed that the British had the right to tax and govern the colonies, keep the peace, and help the colonies to survive and flourish. Congress voted to expunge Galloway's plan from their journal, so he published it himself in 1775,^[12] reprimanding Congress for ignoring his analysis of Parliament's powers and colonial rights. He proposed a written constitution and joint legislature for the whole British Empire.^[9]

American War of Independence

In 1775, the Assembly rejected Galloway's urging that it abandon its struggle for independence from Britain, so Galloway left the Assembly and the Congress.^[13] In the winter of 1777, he joined General William Howe and accompanied him on his Philadelphia campaign. During the British occupation of Philadelphia, he was appointed superintendent of police and headed the civil government.^[9] He efficiently organized the Loyalists in Philadelphia, but the British were driven out of the city in 1778 following France's entry into the war. The British retreated to New York, and Galloway went with them.

When Benjamin Franklin departed for France in 1776, he left behind a chest of his papers, containing letters and manuscripts, and entrusted them to Galloway for safe keeping in his personal residence, Trevose Manor, just north of Philadelphia. At some point between 1776 and 1778, Trevose Manor was raided; some of Franklin's papers were stolen, while others were left scattered around as a result of the raid. The identities of the raiders were disputed, and modern historians note that no concrete information exists as to their identity.^[14]^[15]

Exile in Britain

In 1778, he fled to Britain with his daughter, never to return to the United States, becoming a leading spokesman of American Loyalists in London. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania convicted him of high treason and confiscated his estates, which included Trevose Manor, now known as Growdon Mansion, and much of the land that is now Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania.^[8] In 1779, he appeared as a government witness in a parliamentary enquiry into the conduct of Lord Howe and General Howe during the Philadelphia Campaign, of which he was deeply critical.^[16] When Galloway fled Philadelphia with the British, his wife Grace remained in the city with the hope of retaining the rights of their property (her ancestorial property). They expected that she would be able to join her daughter and husband afterwards, but Charles Willson Peale evicted her.^[17]

Galloway was influential in convincing the British that a vast reservoir of Loyalist support could be tapped by British initiatives, thus setting up the British invasion of the American South. After the war, he spent his remaining years in religious studies and writing.^[8] He died a widower in Watford, Hertfordshire on August 29, 1803;^[1] his wife had died on February 6, 1782.^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Galloway, Joseph 1731–1803". house.gov. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Werther, Richard J. (February 21, 2018). "Patriots Turned Loyalist - The Experiences of Joseph Galloway and Isaac Low". allthingsliberty.com. Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stewart, Graham (January 19, 2021). "Joseph Galloway – The Forgotten Founding Father". engelsbergideas.com. Engelsberg Ideas. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Werther, Richard J. (May 16, 2019). "Reconciliation Between the Colonies and Great Britain - A Close Call". allthingsliberty.com. Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Coleman, John M. (1963). "Joseph Galloway and the British Occupation of Philadelphia". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 30 (3): 272–300. JSTOR 27770193. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Baxter, Beverly (1978). "Grace Growden Galloway: Survival of a Loyalist, 1778-79". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 3 (1). University of Nebraska Press: 62–67. doi:10.2307/3345995. JSTOR 3345995. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ Middlekauff p.87
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress". Retrieved September 20, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Joseph Galloway (1731–1803), Pennsylvania Loyalist". Retrieved September 20, 2021.
^ "Franklin-Galloway Papers". Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
^ Bell.
^ "A candid examination of the mutual claims of Great-Britain, and the Colonies, with a plan of accommodation on constitutional principles," by Joseph Galloway
^ Ferling
^ Brands, 2000, pp. 640-651
^ Van Doren, 1938, pp. 564, 690
^ Syrett pp. 97–99
^ Kerber, p. 75

References

Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:114–117.
Ferling, John The Loyalist Mind: Joseph Galloway and the American Revolution. Pennsylvania State Univ Press, 1977; ISBN 0-271-00514-9.
Galloway, Joseph. Letters to a Nobleman, on the Conduct of the War in the Middle Colonies. London, printed for J. Wilkie, 1779
Kerber, Linda K., Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), p. 75
Middlekauff, Robert. Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies. University of California Press, 1998; ISBN 0-520-21378-5.
Brands, H. W. (2000). The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 978-0-385-49540-0.
Van Doren, Carl (1938). Benjamin Franklin. New York : Viking Press.