Rochester was described by his contemporary Andrew Marvell as "the best English satirist", and he is generally considered to be the most considerable poet and the most learned among the Restoration wits.[5] His poetry was widely censored during the Victorian era, but enjoyed a revival from the 1920s onwards, with reappraisals from noted literary figures such as Graham Greene and Ezra Pound.[6] The critic Vivian de Sola Pinto linked Rochester's libertinism to Hobbesianmaterialism.[6]
John Wilmot was born at Ditchley House in Oxfordshire on 1 April 1647. His father, Henry, Viscount Wilmot, was created Earl of Rochester in 1652 for his military service to Charles II during the King's exile under the Commonwealth. Paul Davis describes Henry as "a Cavalier legend, a dashing bon vivant and war-hero who single-handedly engineered the future Charles II's escape to the Continent (including the famous concealment in an oak tree) after the disastrous battle of Worcester in 1651".[3] His mother, Anne St. John, was a strong-willed Puritan from a noble Wiltshire family.[6]
From the age of seven, Rochester was privately tutored, two years later attending the grammar school in nearby Burford.[7] His father died in 1658, and John Wilmot inherited the title of the Earl of Rochester in April of that year.[3] In January 1660, Rochester was admitted as a Fellow commoner to Wadham College, Oxford, a new and comparatively poor college.[8] Whilst there, it is said, the 13-year-old "grew debauched". In September 1661 he was awarded an honorary M.A. by the newly elected chancellor of the university, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, a family friend.[9]
As an act of gratitude towards the son of Henry Wilmot, Charles II conferred on Rochester an annual pension of £500. In November 1661 Charles sent Rochester on a three-year Grand Tour of France and Italy, and appointed the physician Andrew Balfour as his governor.[10] This exposed him to an unusual degree to European (especially French) writing and thought.[11] In 1664 Rochester returned to London, and made his formal début at the Restoration court on Christmas Day.[3][12]
It has been suggested by a number of scholars that the King took a paternal role in Rochester's life. Charles II suggested a marriage between Rochester and the wealthy heiress Elizabeth Malet. Her relatives opposed marriage to the impoverished Rochester, who conspired with his mother to abduct the young Countess. Samuel Pepys described the attempted abduction in his diary on 28 May 1665:
Thence to my Lady Sandwich's, where, to my shame, I had not been a great while before. Here, [I told] her a story of my Lord Rochester's running away on Friday night last with Mrs. Mallett, the great beauty and fortune of the North, who had supped at White Hall with Mrs. Stewart, and was going home to her lodgings with her grandfather, my Lord Haly, by coach; and was at Charing Cross seized on by both horse and foot men, and forcibly taken from him, and put into a coach with six horses, and two women provided to receive her, and carried away. Upon immediate pursuit, my Lord of Rochester (for whom the King had spoke to the lady often, but with no successe [sic]) was taken at Uxbridge; but the lady is not yet heard of, and the King mighty angry, and the Lord sent to the Tower.[13]
18-year-old Rochester spent three weeks in the Tower, and was released only after he wrote a penitent apology to the King.[3]
Rochester attempted to redeem himself by volunteering for the navy in the Second Dutch War in the winter of 1665, serving under the Earl of Sandwich.[14] His courage at the Battle of Vågen, serving on board the ship of Thomas Teddeman, made him a war hero.[14] Pleased with his conduct, Charles appointed Rochester a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in March 1666, which granted him prime lodgings in Whitehall and a pension of £1,000 a year.[15] The role encompassed, one week in every four, Rochester helping the King to dress and undress, serve his meals when dining in private, and sleeping at the foot of the King's bed.[3] In the summer of 1666, Rochester returned to sea, serving aboard HMS Victory under Edward Spragge.[14] He again showed extraordinary courage in battle, including rowing between vessels under heavy cannon fire, to deliver Spragge's messages around the fleet.[16][17]
Upon returning from sea, Rochester resumed his courtship of Elizabeth Malet.[18] Defying her family's wishes, Malet eloped with Rochester again in January 1667, and they were married at the Knightsbridge chapel.[19] They had four children: Lady Anne Wilmot (1669–1703), Charles Wilmot (1671–1681), Lady Elizabeth Wilmot (1674–1757) and Lady Malet Wilmot (1676–1708/1709).
In October 1667, the monarch granted Rochester special licence to enter the House of Lords early, despite his being seven months underage.[3] The act was an attempt by the King to bolster his number of supporters among the Lords.[20]
Teenage actress Nell Gwyn "almost certainly" took him as her lover; she was later to become the mistress of Charles II.[3] Gwyn remained a lifelong friend and political associate, and her relationship with the King gave Rochester influence and status within the Court.[3]
The King dining yesterday at the Dutch ambassador's, after dinner they drank and were pretty merry; and among the rest of the King's company there was that worthy fellow my Lord of Rochester, and Tom Killigrew, whose mirth and raillery offended the former so much that he did give Tom Killigrew a box on the ear in the King's presence, which do give much offence to the people here at Court ...[22]
His actions were considered an offence against the King, or a lèse-majesté, and he was banned from the court, although the King soon called for his return.[3]
In 1673, Rochester began to train Elizabeth Barry as an actress.[3] She went on to become the most famous actress of her age.[3] He took her as his mistress in 1675.[3] The relationship lasted for around five years, and produced a daughter, before descending into acrimony after Rochester began to resent her success.[3] Rochester wrote afterwards, "With what face can I incline/To damn you to be only mine? ... Live up to thy mighty mind/And be the mistress of mankind".[23]
When the King's advisor and friend of Rochester, George Villiers, lost power in 1673, Rochester's standing fell as well.[3] At the Christmas festivities at Whitehall of that year, Rochester delivered a satire to Charles II, "In the Isle of Britain" – which criticized the King for being obsessed with sex at the expense of his kingdom.[3] Charles's reaction to this satirical portrayal resulted in Rochester's exile from the court until February.[3] During this time Rochester dwelt at his estate in Adderbury.[3] Despite this, in February 1674, after much petitioning by Rochester, the King appointed him Ranger of Woodstock Park.[3]
In June 1675 "Lord Rochester in a frolick after a rant did ... beat downe the dyill (i.e. sundial) which stood in the middle of the Privie Garding, which was esteemed the rarest in Europ".[24]John Aubrey learned what Rochester said on this occasion when he came in from his "revells" with Charles Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, and Fleetwood Sheppard to see the object: "'What ... doest thou stand here to fuck time?' Dash they fell to worke".[9] It has been speculated that the comment refers not to the dial itself, which was not phallic in appearance, but a painting of the King next to the dial that featured his phallic sceptre.[25] Rochester fled the court again.[3]
Rochester fell into disfavour again in 1676. During a late-night scuffle with the night watch, one of Rochester's companions, Roger Downes, was killed by a pike-thrust. Rochester was reported to have fled the scene of the incident, and his standing with the monarch reached an all-time low.[26] Following this incident, Rochester briefly fled to Tower Hill, where he impersonated a mountebank "Doctor Bendo". Under this persona, he claimed skill in treating "barrenness" (infertility), and other gynaecological disorders. Gilbert Burnet wryly noted that Rochester's practice was "not without success", implying his intercession of himself as a surreptitious sperm donor.[27] On occasion, Rochester also assumed the role of the grave and matronly Mrs. Bendo, presumably so that he could inspect young women privately without arousing their husbands' suspicions.[28]
The coffin of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, in its vault in Spelsbury church, OxfordshireThe coffin plate removed from Rochester's coffin
After hearing of Burnet's departure from his side, Rochester muttered his last words: "Has my friend left me? Then I shall die shortly". In the early morning of 26 July 1680, Rochester died "without a shudder or a sound".[30] He was buried at Spelsbury church in Oxfordshire.
A deathbed renunciation of libertinism and conversion to Anglican Christianity, Some Passages of the Life and Death of the Honourable John Wilmot Earl of Rochester, was published by Reverend Burnet.[31] Because this account appears in Burnet's own writings, its accuracy has been disputed by some scholars, who accuse Burnet with having shaped the account of Rochester's denunciation of libertinism to enhance his own reputation. On the other hand, Graham Greene, in his biography of Wilmot, calls Burnet's book "convincing".[32]
Rochester's poetic work varies widely in form, genre, and content. He was part of a "mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease",[33] who continued to produce their poetry in manuscripts, rather than in publication. As a consequence, some of Rochester's work deals with topical concerns, such as satires of courtly affairs in libels, to parodies of the styles of his contemporaries, such as Sir Carr Scrope. He is also notable for his impromptus,[34] one of which is a teasing epigram on King Charles II:
We have a pretty witty king,
Whose word no man relies on.
He never said a foolish thing,
And never did a wise one.[35]
To which Charles supposedly replied, "That's true, for my words are my own, but my actions are those of my ministers".[36]
Rochester's writings were at once admired and infamous. A Satyr Against Mankind (1675), one of the few poems he published (in a broadside in 1679), is a scathing denunciation of rationalism and optimism that contrasts human perfidy with animal wisdom.
The majority of his poetry was not published under his name until after his death. Because most of his poems circulated only in manuscript form during his lifetime, it is likely that much of his writing does not survive. Burnet claimed that Rochester's conversion experience led him to ask that "all his profane and lewd writings" be burned;[37] it is unclear how much, if any, of Rochester's writing was destroyed.
Scholarship has identified approximately 75 authentic Rochester poems.[40]
Three major critical editions of Rochester in the twentieth century have taken very different approaches to authenticating and organising his canon. David Vieth's 1968 edition adopts a heavily biographical organisation, modernising spellings and heading the sections of his book "Prentice Work", "Early Maturity", "Tragic Maturity", and "Disillusionment and Death". Keith Walker's 1984 edition takes a genre-based approach, returning to the older spellings and accidentals in an effort to present documents closer to those a seventeenth-century audience would have received. Harold Love's Oxford University Press edition of 1999, now the scholarly standard, notes the variorum history conscientiously, but arranges works in genre sections ordered from the private to the public.
Reception and influence
Rochester was the model for a number of rake heroes in plays of the period, such as Don John in Thomas Shadwell's The Libertine (1675) and Dorimant in George Etherege's The Man of Mode (1676).[3] Meanwhile he was eulogised by his contemporaries such as Aphra Behn and Andrew Marvell, who described him as "the only man in England that had the true vein of satire".[41]Daniel Defoe quoted him in Moll Flanders, and discussed him in other works.[42]Voltaire, who spoke of Rochester as "the man of genius, the great poet", admired his satire for its "energy and fire" and translated some lines into French to "display the shining imagination his lordship only could boast".[43]
By the 1750s, Rochester's reputation suffered as the liberality of the Restoration era subsided; Samuel Johnson characterised him as a worthless and dissolute rake.[44]Horace Walpole described him as "a man whom the muses were fond to inspire but ashamed to avow".[45] Despite this general disdain for Rochester, William Hazlitt commented that his "verses cut and sparkle like diamonds"[46] while his "epigrams were the bitterest, the least laboured, and the truest, that ever were written".[47] Referring to Rochester's perspective, Hazlitt wrote that "his contempt for everything that others respect almost amounts to sublimity".[47] Meanwhile, Goethe quoted A Satyr against Reason and Mankind in English in his Autobiography.[48] Despite this, Rochester's work was largely ignored throughout the Victorian era.
Rochester's reputation would not begin to revive until the 1920s. Ezra Pound, in his ABC of Reading, compared Rochester's poetry favourably to better-known figures such as Alexander Pope and John Milton.[49] Graham Greene characterised Rochester as a "spoiled Puritan".[50] Although F. R. Leavis argued that "Rochester is not a great poet of any kind", William Empson admired him. More recently, Germaine Greer has questioned the validity of the appraisal of Rochester as a drunken rake, and hailed the sensitivity of some of his lyrics.[51]
Rochester was listed #6 in Time Out's "Top 30 chart of London's most erotic writers". Tom Morris, the associate director, of the National Theatre said, "Rochester reminds me of an unhinged poacher, moving noiselessly through the night and shooting every convention that moves. Bishop Burnett, who coached him to an implausible death-bed repentance, said that he was unable to express any feeling without oaths and obscenities. He seemed like a punk in a frock coat. But once the straw dolls have been slain, Rochester celebrates in a sexual landscape all of his own."[52]
The play The Ministry of Pleasure by Craig Baxter also dramatises Wilmot's life and was produced at the Latchmere Theatre, London in 2004.
Rochester is the central character in Anna Lieff Saxby's 1996 erotic novella, No Paradise but Pleasure.
The story of Lord Rochester's life in Susan Cooper-Bridgewater's historical fiction Of Ink, Wit and Intrigue – Lord Rochester in Chains of Quicksilver, 2014. ISBN978-1783063-079
Nick Cave's 2004 song "There She Goes, My Beautiful World", from the album Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus, includes the lines "John Wilmot penned his poetry / Riddled with the pox".
Germaine Greer published a piece called "Doomed to Sincerity"[54] about the life of the Earl.
^www.astro.com, Astrodatabank by Lois Rodden and Astrodienst AG Zollikon, Switzerland-astro com- (27 October 2014). "John Wilmot". Astro-Databank. Retrieved 1 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcFrank H. Ellis, "Wilmot, John, second earl of Rochester (1647–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 12 July 2012
^Treglown, Jeremy. "Rochester and the second bottle." Times Literary Supplement [London, England] 10 Sept. 1993: 5. Times Literary Supplement Historical Archive. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.
^Frank H. Ellis, "Wilmot, John, second earl of Rochester (1647–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 April 2013
^Ballantyne, Iain; Eastland, Jonathan (2005). Warships of the Royal Navy: HMS Victory. Barnsley, Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Maritime. p. 28. ISBN1844152936.
^Google books Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn: Mistress to a King (New York: Grove, 2005), 272.
^Pepys, Samuel (31 October 2004). Braybrooke, Richard Griffin; Wheatley, Henry B. (Henry Benjamin) (eds.). Diary of Samuel Pepys – Complete 1669 N.S. Translated by Bright, Mynors.
^Suckling, John; Rochester, John Wilmot; Sedley, Charles (1906). "Upon Leaving his Mistress". Ballads and other poems. Pembroke booklets. First series; 4. Hull: J. R. Tutin. pp. 55, 56.
^Timbs, John. Doctors and patients, or, Anecdotes of the Medical World and Curiosities of Medicine. London: Richard Bentley and Son (1876), p. 151.
^Alcock, Thomas. "Epistle Dedicatory" to Lord Rochester, The Famous Pathologist or The Noble Mountebank. Ed. and introd. Vivian de Sola Pinto. Nottingham: Sisson and Parker (1961), pp. 35–38
^Richards, Carol (2011). Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness: the Life of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester.
^Norton, D. A History of the English Bible as Literature Cambridge 2000 pp. 172–73 ISBN0-52177807-7
^Greene, Graham (1974). Lord Rochester's Monkey, being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester. New York: The Bodley Head. p. 208
^Alexander Pope, "First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace", line 108.
^Rochester composed at least 10 versions of Impromptus on Charles II luminarium.org
^Papers of Thomas Hearne (17 November 1706) quoted in Doble, C. E. (editor) (1885) Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne Volume 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press for the Oxford Historical Society, p. 308
^A thorough discourse concerning this epigram and the king's response can be found from the 19th to 21st paragraph of the foreword of "The Tryal of William Penn and William Mead"
[1]
^Great Books Online, François Marie Arouet de Voltaire (1694–1778). "Letter XXI—On the Earl of Rochester and Mr. Waller" Letters on the English. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14, Bartleby.com, Accessed 15 May 2007
^Pound, Ezra. ABC of Reading (1934) New Directions (reprint). ISBN0-8112-1893-7
^Lord Rochester's Monkey: Being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester by Graham Greene Review by: G. S. Avery The Modern Language Review, Vol. 70, No. 4 (October 1975), pp. 857-858
Greene, Graham (1974). Lord Rochester's Monkey, being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester. New York: The Bodley Head. ASIN B000J30NL4.
Griffin, Dustin H. (1973). Satires Against Man. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN0-520-02394-3.
Larman, Alexander (2014). Blazing Star: The Life And Times of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester. Head of Zeus. ISBN9781781851098.
Wilmot, John (2002). David M. Vieth (ed.). The Complete Poems of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (New ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 256 pages. ISBN0-300-09713-1.
Wilmot, John (2002). The Debt to Pleasure. New York: Routledge. pp. 140 pages. ISBN0-415-94084-2.
Combe, Kirk (1998). A Martyr for Sin: Rochester's Critique of Polity, Sexuality, and Society. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press. p. 186. ISBN0-87413-647-4.
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